Posted on 09/27/2021 7:16:43 AM PDT by Brookhaven
Abstract
Background: The lung cancer incidence in Chinese women is among the highest in the world, but tobacco smoking accounts for only a minority of the cancers. Epidemiologic investigations of lung cancer among Chinese women have implicated exposure to indoor air pollution from wok cooking, where the volatile emissions from unrefined cooking oils are mutagenic.
Purpose: This study was conducted to identify and quantify the potentially mutagenic substances emitted from a variety of cooking oils heated to the temperatures typically used in wok cooking.
Methods: Several cooking oils and fatty acids were heated in a wok to boiling, at temperatures (for the cooking oils) that ranged from 240 degrees C to 280 degrees C (typical cooking temperatures in Shanghai, China). The oils tested were unrefined Chinese rapeseed, refined U.S. rapeseed (known as canola), Chinese soybean, and Chinese peanut in addition to linolenic, linoleic, and erucic fatty acids. Condensates of the emissions were collected and tested in the Salmonella mutation assay (using Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA98 and TA104). Volatile decomposition products also were subjected to gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. Aldehydes were detected using high-performance liquid chromatography and UV spectroscopy.
Results: 1,3-Butadiene, benzene, acrolein, formaldehyde, and other related compounds were qualitatively and quantitatively detected, with emissions tending to be highest for unrefined Chinese rapeseed oil and lowest for peanut oil. The emission of 1,3-butadiene and benzene was approximately 22-fold and 12-fold higher, respectively, from heated unrefined Chinese rapeseed oil than from heated peanut oil. Lowering the cooking temperatures or adding an antioxidant, such as butylated hydroxyanisole, before cooking decreased the amount of these volatile emissions. Among the individual fatty acids tested, heated linolenic acid produced the greatest quantities of 1,3-butadiene, benzene, and acrolein. Separately, the mutagenicity of individual volatile emission condensates was correlated with linolenic acid content (r = .83; P = .0004). Condensates from heated linolenic acid, but not linoleic or erucic acid, were highly mutagenic.
Conclusions: These studies, combined with experimental and epidemiologic findings, suggest that high-temperature wok cooking with unrefined Chinese rapeseed oil may increase lung cancer risk. This study indicates methods that may reduce that risk.
Implications: The common use of wok cooking in China might be an important but controllable risk factor in the etiology of lung cancer. In the United States, where cooking oils are usually refined for purity, additional studies should be conducted to further quantify the potential risks of such methods of cooking.
I’d like them to run the Vaxx through this in their spare time:
Condensates of the emissions were collected and tested in the Salmonella mutation assay (using Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA98 and TA104).
Volatile decomposition products also were subjected to gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. Aldehydes were detected using high-performance liquid chromatography and UV spectroscopy.
Never used that except in chocolate.
Now you have me curious.
How do you use it?
Only for that. I think it’s healthy and tastes good.
Every once in a while I spoil myself with pancakes cooked on a pan coated with shortening. Mouth-feel that just can’t be beat.
Armor is fine if that’s all that’s available. I use it when I cannot get lard from my favorite tortilla factory. Jalisco Tortilla Factory in Shelton, Washington makes batches and sells it in their little market attached to their industrial tortilla factory. When I cannot get that, I use El Mexicano Lard, Walmart carries it, Amazon has it too.
John Morrell lard is pretty good too but I have a hard time finding it here on the left coast.
I’m very glad to see chefs and cooking magazines using lard in recipes again. They must face daunting pushback from the vested rapeseed industrial complex and the misguided who still follow the USDA Food Pyramid.
What do you think of MCT oil?
I recently started putting that in my coffee. It’s pretty tasty.
Thank you. I’ll look those up, and see what I can find here in South Carolina.
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