Posted on 04/12/2021 6:51:34 PM PDT by Kevmo
Neutron Energy Bands in the Compound and Composite CF Materials – Speculation on the Bases of the TNCF and ND Models –+ Hideo Kozima
Cold Fusion Research Laboratory; http://www.kozima-cfrl.com/ 597-16 Yatsu, Aoi, Shizuoka, 421-1202 Japan
E-mail; hjrfq930@ybb.ne.jp +
This is an extended version of the paper with the same title to be published in Proceedings of JCF21, 21-4 (2021), ISSN 2187-2260.
Abstract Using a phenomenological approach by the TNCF (trapped neutron catalyzed fusion) and the ND (neutron drop) models, we have given a unified explanation of the complex features of the cold fusion phenomenon (CFP). In the phenomenological approach, the necessary and sufficient condition for the cold fusion phenomenon (CFP) has been established as the formation of the neutron energy bands in the super-lattice of host elements and the hydrogen isotopes realized by the self-organization in complexity. In this paper, the bases and applicability of the TNCF and the ND models are investigated in the CF materials with rather complicated structures in the compound (multilayered materials and materials on substrates with interfaces) and composite (alloys, ceramics and polymers) structures investigated very often recently.
In the investigation we used analogy of the neutron energy bands (neutron bands) to the electron energy bands (electron bands). The neutron bands in the compound CF materials are investigated with reference to the electron bands in PN junctions.
On the other hand, the neutron bands in the composite materials are investigated with reference to the characteristics of the electron bands in alloys at around symmetrical points in the Brillouin zone. The analogy between the electron bands and the neutron bands legitimates qualitatively the use of the concepts of the neutron bands for investigation of the CFP in compound and composite CF materials.
In the investigation of the neutron band in alloys, we noticed two kinds of effects of 2 the minor elements to the CFP, active (or positive) elements including the 3d and 4d transition elements and inactive (negative) elements including other than those in the active ones.
The former enhances the nuclear reactions in the CFP and the latter reduces them. Direct evidence of this classification was given by experimental data by Claytor et al. and indirect evidence was given by the HER (hydrogen electrode reaction) and the UPD (underpotential deposition) in the electrochemistry.
This problem will be discussed extensively in another paper. It is shown that the effects of the interfaces of the CF materials on the CFP are essential to induce the nuclear reactions between the neutrons in the bands and nuclei at disordered positions generated by the thermal motion, by the statistical distribution at a finite temperature, and by the specific situation at around interfaces.
Contents 1. Introduction – Phenomenological Approach to the Complex Phenomenon 2. Formation of Neutron Energy Bands in Simple CF Materials 3. Neutron Bloch Waves at Interfaces of the Compound CF Material 4. Neutron Energy Bands in the Compound and Composite CF Materials 5. Conclusion
Appendices A1. Meditations of Geniuses A2. The Trapped Neutron Catalyzed Fusion (TNCF) Model A3. The Neutron Drop (ND) Model A4. Valence Neutrons in Exotic Nuclei A5. Neutron Energy Bands (Neutron Bands) due to the Super-nuclear Interaction mediated by Interstitials and Halo Neutrons A6. Electron Energy Bands (Electron Bands) in Alloys and Neutron Energy Bands (Neutron Bands) in Composite CF Materials (Alloys and Ceramics) – CF Active and CF Inactive Elements A7. Electron Energy Bands (Electron Bands) at P/N Junctions in Semiconductors A8. Surface States at the Boundary between CF
That must have been an interesting ride.
So you’re a Mitch McConnell fan?
You don’t seem to want to take cold fusion seriously. Please leave these LENR threads. I ask politely. Look at the updated thread trolling rules from JimRob.
When someone asks you to leave, then leave. ~Jim Robinson
I’m kinda in the same boat. Some theories take a lot of time to absorb.
You misread me. That post it in response to Jamestown1630’s post #4. Nothing more, nothing less.
Back in the day I was right in there with Fleischmann and Pons, I proposed here on FR that the mechanism was the hydrogen/deuterium was crowded close together in the platinum, and that those atoms lost their close association with their own electrons in the sea of electrons that define a metal. Effectively naked nuclei crammed together.
That, to me, sounds like a recipe for fusion.
I further speculated that the history of the platinum was crucial, the structure needed to be just right, perhaps a very fine grained structure with zillions of grain boundaries to gather hydrogen would work better than a single crystal chunk? That’s why there was little success in duplicating their work.
Just my 2¢. I want cold fusion to get figured out and go commercial!
Pd not Pt, that’s what I get for posting at 3:39 AM while up sick.
I keep hoping someone will pursue tungsten seriously. Langmuir was convinced that he was seeing excess heat on his studies of the tungsten filament with hydrogen fill gas. I don't think there has ever been an experimental physicist to top Langmuir.
As I read it extra loose neutrons help and extra energy is crucial.
Statistical variations in individual deuterium nuclei would result in a few ‘hot’ ones colliding. That would give sporadic results. Which, oddly enough, is what is observed.
Could the bell curve of energies be shifted a bit higher with focused acoustic energy? I’m thinking something like a lithotripsy machine, pinpoint delivery of enough energy to break up kidney stones, still below the 8 orders of magnitude needed, but if it shifts the curve, more nuclei would ‘be over the cliff’.
Adding neutrons with a External Neutron Initiator “hair drier”? hmmm...
The thing to keep in mind is that cold fusion threads are unique in the scientific pursuit genre. They attract seagulls on a massive scale. So when you start joking around
[Which we don’t mind] it attracts dozens of seagulls who make Lotsa noise and leave their droppings behind [which we do mind].
Or, just maybe, laser pulses...a la Holmlid.
Point made.
The thing about the laser pulses of .4 joule would be that the energy content is small relative to any nuclear process, even if tightly focused. The laser energy affects the electrons such as to cause a rapid migration out of the illuminated spot. The relatively massive protons, bereft of the electron’s charge shielding, now strongly repel one another. It generates a repulsive driven explosion.
The cluster fragment’s velocity allows calculation of the length of the hydrogen bonds, given the mass of the fragments. This is described as taking place in a special dense form of hydrogen of unusually short bonds, which were found to correspond to an energy of about 650 eV.
The elephant in the room is that some of the debris fragments coming forth from the experiment are particles composed of quarks that are not present in the hydrogen’s proton nucleus. There are no antiquarks or strange quarks in normal matter hydrogen, but the different flavors of Kaons detected in the experiment are formed from the combined pairing of them.
The only place to observe Kaons are from cosmic ray particle showers in the atmosphere, or particle accelerator collision experiments such as at the Brookhaven National Lab. These Kaon are created by high energy (velocity) collisions. How they are otherwise created is the essential question.
I think there is more than one elephant in that room. What frustrates me no end is that the intellects that stand the best chance of figuring out what is going on refuse to even entertain the notion that “something different” is going even happening....
hopefully not too overbearing
If so, then please accept my apology.
Is it safe to say that kaons are proof that it’s a nuclear reaction, similar to finding neutrons?
No offense taken!
Good. I wouldn’t want our relationship to be null and void.
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