Posted on 02/22/2019 11:10:06 AM PST by ETL
UC Berkeley scientists have obtained more precise dates for the Deccan Traps volcanic lava flows, linking peak activity more closely to the asteroid or comet impact 66 million years ago and the coincident mass extinction. But if greenhouse gases emitted before the impact created a hothouse climate that set life up for a fall when the impact cooled the planet, those gases did not coincide with the largest lava flows from the Deccan Traps.
Based on new data published today in the journal Science, it seems increasingly likely that an asteroid or comet impact 66 million years ago reignited massive volcanic eruptions in India, half a world away from the impact site in the Caribbean Sea.
But it leaves unclear to what degree the two catastrophes contributed to the near-simultaneous mass extinction that killed off the dinosaurs and many other forms of life.
The research sheds light on huge lava flows that have erupted periodically over Earth's history, and how they have affected the atmosphere and altered the course of life on the planet.
In the study, University of California, Berkeley, scientists report the most precise and accurate dates yet for the intense volcanic eruptions in India that coincided with the worldwide extinction at the end of the Cretaceous Period, the so-called K-Pg boundary. The million-year sequence of eruptions spewed lava flows for distances of at least 500 kilometers across the Indian continent, creating the so-called Deccan Traps flood basalts that in some places are nearly 2 kilometers thick.
"Now that we have dated Deccan Traps lava flows in more and different locations, we see that the transition seems to be the same everywhere. I would say, with pretty high confidence, that the eruptions occurred within 50,000 years, and maybe 30,000 years, of the impact, which means they were synchronous within the margin of error," said Paul Renne, a professor-in-residence of earth and planetary science at UC Berkeley, director of the Berkeley Geochronology Center and senior author of the study, which will appear online Feb. 21. "That is an important validation of the hypothesis that the impact renewed lava flows."
The new dates also confirm earlier estimates that the lava flows continued for about a million years, but contain a surprise: three-quarters of the lava erupted after the impact. Previous studies suggested that about 80 percent of the lava erupted before the impact.
If most of the Deccan Traps lava had erupted before the impact, then gases emitted during the eruptions could have been the cause of global warming within the last 400,000 years of the Cretaceous Period, during which temperatures increased, on average, about 8 degrees Celsius (14.4 degrees Fahrenheit). During this period of warming, species would have evolved suited to hothouse conditions, only to be confronted by global cooling from the dust or by climate cooling gases caused by either the impact or the volcanos.
The cold would have been a shock from which most creatures would never have recovered, disappearing entirely from the fossil record: literally, a mass extinction.
But if most of the Deccan Traps lava emerged after the impact, this scenario needs rethinking.
"This changes our perspective on the role of the Deccan Traps in the K-Pg extinction," said first author Courtney Sprain, a former UC Berkeley doctoral student who is now a postdoc at the University of Liverpool in the United Kingdom. "Either the Deccan eruptions did not play a role—which we think unlikely—or a lot of climate-modifying gases were erupted during the lowest volume pulse of the eruptions."
The hypothesis that climate-altering volcanic gases leak out of underground magma chambers frequently, and not just during eruptions, is supported by evidence from present-day volcanos, such as those of the gas-spewing Mt. Etna in Italy and Popocatepetl in Mexico, the researchers said. Magma stewing below the surface is known to transmit gases to the atmosphere, even without eruptions.
"We are suggesting that it is very likely that a lot of the gases that come from magma systems precede eruptions; they don't necessarily correlate with eruptions," Renne said. In the case of the K-Pg extinction, the symptoms of significant climate change occurred before the peak in volcanic eruptions.
Flood basalts
Renne, Sprain and their colleagues are using a precise dating method, argon-argon dating, to determine when the impact occurred and when the Deccan Traps erupted to clarify the sequence of catastrophes at the end of the Cretaceous Period and beginning of the Tertiary Period—the K-Pg boundary, formerly referred to as the K-T boundary.
In 2013, using rocks from Montana, they obtained the most precise date yet for the impact, and in 2018, they updated that to 66,052,000 years ago, give or take 8,000 years. Then, in 2015, they determined from a handful of samples in India that, in at least one spot, the peak of the Deccan Traps eruptions occurred within about 50,000 years of that date, which means, in geologic time, that the incidents were basically simultaneous.
Now, with three times more rock samples from areas covering more of the Deccan Traps, the researchers have established that the time of peak eruptions was the same across much of the Indian continent. This supports the group's hypothesis that the asteroid impact triggered super-earthquakes that caused a strong burst of volcanism in India, which is almost directly opposite the impact site, the Chicxulub crater in the Caribbean Sea.
Sprain and Renne argue that the coincident catastrophes likely delivered a one-two punch to life on Earth, but the details are unclear. Volcanic eruptions produce lots of gases, but some, like carbon dioxide and methane, warm the planet, while others, like sulfur aerosols, are cooling. The impact itself would have sent dust into the atmosphere that blocked sunlight and cooled the Earth, though no one knows for how long.
"Both the impact and Deccan volcanism can produce similar environmental effects, but these are occurring on vastly differing timescales," Sprain said. "Therefore, to understand how each agent contributed to the extinction event, assessing timing is key."
Which gases in the Deccan Traps are emitted when is a question that's hard to answer, because there are no flood basalt eruptions going on today, despite numerous ones in Earth's history. The most recent, near the Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest, dwindled 15 million years ago after 400,000 years of eruptions.
The paucity of information about flood basalts is one reason Renne and Sprain are interested in the Deccan Traps, which are still young enough to contain information about the sequence, effects and scale of the eruptions, and perhaps the cause.
"It makes we wonder whether we may see some external forcing mechanism, like the impact for the Deccan Traps, for other flood basalts that lead up to major peaks in eruptions, like the Columbia River basalts or the Siberian Traps," Renne said. "Could a major earthquake in nearby subduction zones or the accumulation of pressure due to rising magma unleash these major episodes in flood basalts?"
Sprain noted that, in the same issue of Science, a research group at Princeton University also will publish new dates related to the Deccan Traps, some of which differ from those of the Berkeley group. Whereas the Berkeley group dated the mineral plagioclase from the actual lava flows, the Princeton group dated zircons in the sediment deposited between flows. Because it's unclear where the zircons came from, however, those dates provide only a maximum age for the lava, she said.
Explore further: Did dinosaur-killing asteroid trigger largest lava flows on Earth?
More information: C.J. Sprain el al., "The eruptive tempo of Deccan volcanism in relation to the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary," Science (2019). science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi … 1126/science.aav1446
B. Schoene el al., "U-Pb constraints on pulsed eruption of the Deccan Traps across the end-Cretaceous mass extinction," Science (2019). science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi … 1126/science.aau2422
Journal reference: Science 
Gary Larson was light years ahead of these guys.
I studied the Traps a few weeks ago. The word is derived from a Swedish term meaning steppe, as in a landform, re: Russian steppes.
A key coincidence between the Deccan Traps and the Yucatan impact crater is that they are anitpodel to each other at the exact same time, but the Traps burned for tens of thousands of years after.
Large asteroid hits Chicxulub resulting in massive local destruction and formation of a crater 100 miles across. The shock wave from its impact travels through the center of the earth and exits at the opposite site producing many deep cracks in the crust that leak large volumes of lava for millennia as well as large volumes of gases that change the climate. The net effect of these direct and indirect effects from the asteroid hit is a mass extinction. Although the Deccan traps so linked are a very large ‘flood basalt eruption’ they aren’t the largest such known on land. That would be the Siberian Traps, the date of which at least roughly coincides with the largest of all mass extinctions, the end Permian extinction. Its reasonable to guess an even larger asteroid hit triggered those ‘Traps’ although a corresponding crater has yet to confirmed.
Swedish I think.
I knew it, I knew it, I knew it.
Without your post, I remembered.
What does that say about Larson’s work?
Thanks ETL. Volcanoes my ass.
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Yes, I've heard that idea around, that the force from the Yucatan impact "radiated" around the globe and met at the precise opposite side, at, more or less, the location of the Deccan Traps, *perhaps*, triggering the eruptions.
However, I heard at a recent lecture that scientists were having difficulty in coming up with a possible mechanism for that triggering.
It was Trump’s fault.
Dinosaurs wiped themselves out by smoking. Everyone knows that.
s/
Think of all the culinary dishes we missed out on ....
Drilling in 2016 into the Chicxulub crater found a dearth of gypsum, a sulfate mineral, which is common in the surrounding bedrock. Their theory is that the gypsum that had been in the crater itself was aerosolized by the impact and the gaseous sulfur encircled the planet, causing a nukular winter.
One brontosaurus would have provided a lot of meals. Of course you would not want to try to roast one whole.
Exxon and BP sent the Asteroid. They were forward thinking.
It does, but it's tough. I've tried it once a few years ago.
Yum!
If you marinate it in a mixture of red wine and vinegar, and then cook it in a crock pot, it comes out amazingly tender. The taste is a bit gamy, though.
Thanks for the warning. It looks pretty expensive—55.26 euros for a package that size?
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