Posted on 07/09/2011 8:43:04 AM PDT by Kevmo
Professor Y.E.Kim: his theoretical analysis could explain the E-Cat? By admin On 7 luglio 2011 Fonte : Purdue University
Generalized Theory of Bose-Einstein Condensation Nuclear Fusion for Hydrogen-Metal System
Yeong E. Kim , Department of Physics, Purdue University
June 18, 2011
ABSTRACT
Generalized theory of Bose-Einstein condensation nuclear fusion (BECNF) is used to carry out theoretical analyses of recent experimental results of Rossi et al. for hydrogen-nickel system. Based on incomplete experimental information currently available, preliminary theoretical explanations of the experimental results are presented in terms of the generalized BECNF theory. Additional accurate experimental data are needed for obtaining more complete theoretical descriptions and predictions, which can be tested by further experiments.
I. Introduction
Over the last two decades, there have been many publications reporting experimental observations of excess heat generation and anomalous nuclear reactions occurring in metals at ultra-low energies, now known as „low-energy nuclear reactions‟ (LENR). Theoretical explanations of the LENR phenomena have been described based on the theory of Bose-Einstein condensation nuclear fusion (BECNF) in micro/nano-scale metal particles [1-3]. The BECNF theory is based on a single basic assumption capable of explaining the observed LENR phenomena; deuterons in metals undergo Bose-Einstein condensation. While the BECNF theory is able to make general qualitative predictions concerning LENR phenomena it is also a quantitative predictive physical theory. Some of the theoretical predictions have been confirmed by experiments reported recently. The BECNF theory was generalized for the case of two species of Bosons [4].
Recently, there were two positive demonstrations (January and March, 2011) of a heat generating device called "Energy Catalyzer" [5]. The Energy Catalyzer is an apparatus built by inventor Andrea Rossi, Italy. The patent application [5] states that the device transforms energy stored in its fuel (hydrogen and nickel) into heat by means of nuclear reaction of the two fuel components, with a consequent observed production of copper [5,6]. According to Rossi‟s patent application [5], heating of the sample is accomplished by an electric resistance heater. Details of March 2011 demonstration were reported by Essen and Kullander [7]. The report [7] also contains references to January 2011 demonstration. In the following, we describe hydrogen-nickel reactions in section II. Other possible reactions are discussed in section III. Conclusions are given in section IV.
Purdue Nuclear and Many Body Theory Group (PNMBTG) Preprint PNMBTG-6-2011 (June 2011) 2
II. Hydrogen-Nickel Reactions
The generalized BECNF theory [4] can be applied to the case of hydrogen-nickel fusion reactions observed in Rossi‟s device (the energy catalyzer) [5] under the following two conditions: (1) additives used (not disclosed in the patent application) form Ni alloy and/or Ni metal/alloy oxide in the surface regions of nickel nano-scale particles, so that Ni atoms/nuclei become mobile with a sufficiently large diffusion coefficient and (2) local magnetic field is very weak in the surface regions, providing a suitable environment in which two neighboring protons can couple their spins anti-parallel to form spin-zero singlet state (S=0). Relatively low Curie temperature (nickel has the Curie temperature of 631
oK (~358 oC)) is expected to help to maintain the weak magnetic field in the surface regions. If Rossi‟s device is operated at temperatures greater than the Curie temperature ~ 358 oC and with hydrogen pressures of up to ~ 22 bars, the conditions (1) and (2) may have been achieved in Rossi‟s device.
The mobility of Ni atoms/nuclei (condition (1)) is enhanced by the use of an electric resistance heater to maintain higher temperatures. This may provide a suitable environment in which more of both Ni atoms/nuclei and protons become mobile, thus creating a favorable environment for the case of two species of Bosons (Ni nuclei and composite Bosons of paired two protons). If the velocities of mobile Ni atoms/nuclei under the condition (1) are sufficiently slow, their de-Broglie wavelengths become sufficiently large and may overlap with neighboring two-proton composite Bosons which are also mobile, thus creating Bose-Einstein condensation of two species of Bosons. The generalized BECNF theory can now be applied to these two-species of Bosons and provides a mechanism for the suppression/cancellation of the Coulomb barrier, as shown in [4].
Once the Coulomb barrier is overcome in the entrance reaction channel, many possible allowed exit reaction channels may become open such as reactions (i)
ANi(2p(S=0), p)A+1Cu, with even A=58, 60, 62 and 64. These reactions will produce radioactive isotopes 59Cu and 61Cu with A = 58 and 60, respectively. 59Cu has a half-life of 81.5 seconds and decays by the electron capture to the 59Ni ground state (58.1%) which has a half-life of 7.6 x 104 years and to the 59Ni excited states (41.9%) which in turn decay to the 59Ni ground state by emitting gamma-rays with energies ranging from 310.9 keV to 2682.0 keV [8]. 61Cu has a half-life of 3.333 hours and decays by the electron capture to the stable 61Ni ground state (67%) and to the 61Ni excited states (33%) which in turn decay to the 61Ni ground state by emitting gamma-rays with energies ranging from 67.412 keV to 2123.93 keV [8]. Gamma-rays (and neutrons) have not been observed outside the reactor chamber during the experiment [6]. These gamma-rays may have been present inside the reaction chamber. If no radiations are observed, reactions (i) are ruled out.
Focardi and Rossi [6] reported that the experimental results of Rossi et al. indicate the production of stable isotopes
63Cu and 65Cu with an isotopic ratio of 63Cu /65Cu ~ 1.6 (natural abundance is 63Cu/ 65Cu = 2.24). This production of Cu may be due to reactions (i). The production of 63Cu and 65Cu with isotopic ratio of 63Cu /65Cu different from the natural isotopic ratio is expected and can be explained by estimating the reaction rates for 62Ni(2p(S=0), p)63Cu and 64Ni(2p(S=0), p)65Cu. Reaction rates estimates based on transmission probability calculated from a barrier tunneling model similar to the alpha-decay theory indicate that the reaction rates for stable Cu productions, 62Ni(2p(S=0), p)63Cu and 64Ni(2p(S=0), p)65Cu, are expected to be Purdue Nuclear and Many Body Theory Group (PNMBTG) Preprint PNMBTG-6-2011 (June 2011) 3
much larger than the reaction rates for production of radioactive Cu,
58Ni(2p(S=0), p)59Cu and 60Ni(2p(S=0), p)61Cu. This leads to the prediction that intensities of the gamma-rays from the decays of 59Cu and 61Cu are expected to be weak and do not commensurate with the observed heat production, which is mostly from stable Cu production reactions 62Ni(2p(S=0), p)63Cu and 64Ni(2p(S=0), p)65Cu.
There are other exit reaction channels which are (nearly) radiation-less, such as reactions (ii)
ANi(2p(S=0), α)A-2Ni, (even A=58, 60, 62, and 64) [9]. For this case, we expect that the natural isotopic ratio of Ni isotopes will be changed in a particular way, which can be checked from the sample after each experiment. Even though reactions (ii) produce radioactive isotope 56Ni, it can be shown using the alpha-decay theory that its reaction rate is much slower (by many order of magnitudes) than those of other reactions.
Other exit reaction channels,
ANi(2p(S=0), d)ACu, ANi(2p(S=0), 3He)A-1Ni, and ANi(2p(S=0), t)A-1Cu (all with even A=58, 60, 62, and 64) are ruled out since these reactions all have negative Q-values. There are possibilities of neutron-emission exit reaction channels, such as reactions (iii) ANi(2p(S=0), n)A+1Zn, (even A= 62, and 64; Q is negative for A = 58 and 60). However, reaction rates for reactions (iii) are expected be substantially smaller than those for reaction (i). Reactions (iii) involve emission of a tightly bound neutron (62Ni → 61Ni + n, Q = -10.597MeV or 64Ni → 63Ni + n, Q = -9.657MeV) while reactions (i) involve emission of a loosely bound proton from an excited compound nuclear state consisting of ANi (even A) and 2p(S=0). Therefore, the transmission probability of a neutron tunneling through the centrifugal barrier in reactions (iii) is expected to be substantially smaller than that of a proton tunneling through the centrifugal barrier in reactions (i).
The branching ratios of reactions (i) and (ii) need to be determined by measurements of gamma-ray energies and changes in isotopic ratios from future Ross-type experiments. Theoretically, the branching ratios can be estimated by calculating transmission probability of an emitted charged particle tunneling through both Coulomb and centrifugal barriers in the exit reaction channel, as done in the alpha-decay theory.
III. Other Possible Reactions
In addition to the above reactions described in II, there are possibilities of reactions involving additives used (not disclosed so far). For an example, if lithium is added as an additive, reaction (iv)
6Li(2p(S=0), p 3He)4He may be possible. As in cases of reactions (i) and (ii), Ni nano-particles would be still playing an important role of providing two-proton singlet composite Bosons for reaction (iv). Reaction (iv) would not change the isotopic ratios of Ni.
IV. Conclusions
In order to explore validity and to test predictions of the generalized BECNF theory for the hydrogen-metal system, it is very important to carry out Rossi-type experiments independently in order to establish what are exact inputs and outputs of each experiment. If the entrance and exit reaction channels are established experimentally, we can investigate selection rules as well as estimates of the reaction rates for different exit reaction channels, based on the generalized
Purdue Nuclear and Many Body Theory Group (PNMBTG) Preprint PNMBTG-6-2011 (June 2011) 4
BECNF theory [1-4]. Once these experimental results are established, further application of the generalized BECNF theory can be made for the purpose of confirming the theoretical mechanism and making theoretical predictions, which can then be tested experimentally.
Basic description of the above theoretical concepts for BECNF in the hydrogen-metal system will be included in an invited talk at a forthcoming nuclear physics conference [10], and will be published in the conference proceedings [10].
References
1.
Y. E. Kim, "Theory of Bose-Einstein Condensation Mechanism for Deuteron-Induced Nuclear Reactions in Micro/Nano-Scale Metal Grains and Particles", Naturwissenschaften 96, 803 (2009) and references therein.
2.
Y. E. Kim, "Bose-Einstein Condensate Theory of Deuteron Fusion in Metal", J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci. 4, 188 (2010), Proceedings of Symposium on New Energy Technologies, the 239th National Meeting of American Chemical Society, San Francisco, March 21-26, 2010.
3.
Y. E. Kim, "Theoretical interpretation of anomalous tritium and neutron productions during Pd/D co-deposition experiments", Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. 52, 31101 (2010).
4.
Y. E. Kim and A. L. Zubarev, "Mixtures of Charged Bosons Confined in Harmonic Traps and Bose-Einstein Condensation Mechanism for Low Energy Nuclear Reactions and Transmutation Processes in Condensed Matter", Condensed Matter Nuclear Science, Proceedings of the 11th International conference on Cold Fusion, Marseilles, France, 31 October – 5 November, 2006,
World Scientific Publishing Co., pp. 711-717.
5.
Andrea Rossi, "METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CARRYING OUT NICKEL AND HYDROGEN EXOTHERMAL REACTION", United States Patent Application Publication (Pub. No.: US 2011/0005506 A1, Pub. Date: Jan. 13, 2011);
http://www.wipo.it/pctdb/en/wo.jsp? WO+2009125444
6.
S. Focardi and A. Rossi, "A new energy source from nuclear fusion", March 22, 2010.
http://www.nyteknik.se/incoming/article3080659.ece/BINARY/Rossi-Forcardi_paper.pdf
http://www.journal-of-nuclearphysics.com/?p=66, February 2010
7.
H. Essen and S. Kullander, "Experimental test of a mini-Rossi device at the Leonardocorp, Bologna, 29 March 2011", a travel report, April 3, 2011;
http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3144827.ece
8.
Table of Isotopes, 8th Edition, Volume I: A = 1-150, edited by R. B. Firestone et al., published by John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (1999), pages 270 and 284.
9.
Reactions (ii) were suggested by T. E. Ward, private communication, May 11, 2011.
10.
Y. E. Kim, "Deuteron Fusion in Micro/Nano-Scale Metal Particles", an invited talk to be presented at the Fifth Asia Pacific Conference on Few-Body Problems in Physics 2011(APFB2011), August 22-26, 2011, Seoul, Korea.
(http://www.apctp/conferences/2011/APFB2011/)
PDF-files of [1-3] are available at:
http://www.physics.purdue.edu/people/faculty/yekim.shtml
As I read the article, the heater was needed to bring the material above the Curie temperature, destroying ferromagnetism, and allowing a couplet to be formed with no net magnetic spin.
At risk of being untrue to my "scientist" background, I personally don't care whether or not he can explain it. What counts is that it works. EXPERIMENT RULES, BABY!!
And if it does work, he will have redeemed his somewhat stormy past.....BIG TIME. My own personal take is that he is really a stifled idealist who has had some really bad breaks, but every time things have turned to sh*t, he has come back to trying to do things that benefit both mankind and the environment. EVERY technical effort he has worked on has been to those ends. And those choices are NOT the actions of a "scammer".
Heck, if he wanted to make big bucks with scams, he needed to go into financial management.
No less than Dick Feynman agrees with you.
And yes, my doctorate is in quantum mechanical scattering theory.
Cheers!
Rossi has, in essence, said that the units thus far developed are rudimentary and will likely be improved as time and experimentation goes on.
It could be that the LENR reaction is still so sporadic that it cannot be counted on reliably to produce the heat.
Talk about *Mr. Frog's wild ride* if this thing proves out.
Powder..patch..ball FIRE!
I’m so excited!
I’m beginning to think this could be put together in a well equipped machine shop anywhere in the world....
Tie a closed circuit turbine or stirling cycle engine and run a small town.
Powder..patch..ball FIRE!
Steam boilers w/turbines...
http://www.tradelinemachinery.com/list2.php?group=15
One more time...
Coal fired plant... plug in an E-Cat in place of the coal fired boilers voila - Zero carbon emissions.
Well my believability meter has switched to slightly positive.....again.
***My believability meter has been notched positive for some time now. When Krivit’s criticisms were dismantled by the folks at Vortex-L, it notched positive and has been staying there, inching forward.
Here’s another thing that makes my believability meter stay positive:
http://www.esowatch.com/en/index.php?title=Focardi-Rossi_Energy-Catalyzer
In June 2011, U.S. attorney David Niebauer from San Francisco added an entry to his blog, reporting he had met with Rossi. Rossi explained he was still looking for a partner to realize a 1 MW small power plant in the United States. He claimed to have offered a demonstration to NASA, but only if they agree to purchase an operating plant once his device obtained the expected efficiency.[76]
Read more: http://www.esowatch.com/en/index.php?title=Focardi-Rossi_Energy-Catalyzer#ixzz1RiDxNdsa
Someone who’s pushing a scam would not tell NASA to buzz of if they don’t wanna buy a plant. The Wright brothers took this approach in the 1905 timeframe. For about 2 years they knew they had a good working aeroplane and had perfected it as much as they could. They were getting constant requests for demonstrations. Their answer was, “we’d be happy to demonstrate it to you, if you will order x number of our airplanes as a result”. For 2 years, no one would sign on the dotted line. (What does that say about the folks who were asking/demanding demonstrations?) Finally, the US Army said they would order some, and the Wright brothers were happy to demonstrate it.
Coal fired plants seem to be shutting down, about 1 or 2 a month. Rossi could pick them up for pennies on the dollar.
“Coal fired plants seem to be shutting down, about 1 or 2 a month. Rossi could pick them up for pennies on the dollar.
Yes...but how long before an enviro friendly EPA drafts regulations to shackle these e-cat power plants? The fact that are no longer primarily coal fired will make little difference. To the enviro whackos they are still, or were, dirty power plants. They will find something “dangerous” that must be regulated...for our own good, of course.
I wrote “primarily coal fired” because one of these threads speculated that the e-cat generated steam wasn’t sufficient to run turbines at the level of optimum electricity generation. Meaning that coal fired superheaters would be needed to raise the temperature of the steam. >>>So, to the EPA et al., they will still be “dirty power plants”, if this is so.
So you're saying this holds promise?
So you're saying this holds promise?
Note to self: I suppose that natural gas could be used instead of coal to superheat the e-cat steam. This would remove the coal stigma from the equation but it would come at what would seem to be an unnecessary expence. Instead, why not use coal and put the cost of converting to natural gas into scrubbing the emissions from the coal combustion used in the superheaters? Even in an e-cat world, we would be foolish not to continue using our abundant coal resources wherever possible.
ping for later
I found this basic primer on Bose-Einstein condensate for those of you like me who need it.
http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/bec/index.html
Thanks.
I got lost here. It seems counterintuitive that shining lasers on atoms would cool them; it seems like a laser would warm them.
the first step here is to shine laser light on the atoms to cool them to about 1/10,000 of a degree above Absolute zero
> 304375th
If you go to the next step, he explains the concept. By the way, it’s our current secretary of energy, Steven Chu, who got a nobel price in physics for coming up with the idea.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.