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The Upper South
Old Virginia Blog ^ | 06/02/2009 | Douglas Harper

Posted on 06/02/2009 4:45:48 AM PDT by Davy Buck

No one can deny the importance of slavery to the feud that split the United States, or that the CSA states made protection of slavery one of their central purposes. But the Southern confederacy -- that is, the national government of the CSA -- was no more built on slavery than was the Northern Union . . .

(Excerpt) Read more at oldvirginiablog.blogspot.com ...


TOPICS: Books/Literature; Education; History; Military/Veterans
KEYWORDS: apologistforslavery; confederacy; dixie; revisionistnonsense; secession; slavery; whitesupremacists; yankee
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To: Ditto
Slaves were a very valuable liquid asset.

No, they weren't. Although they may have been considered no better than cattle, slaves required housing, food, clothing and medical care. Cattle only required food and medical care. And, despite what you might think, most slaves were not ill-treated by their owners because the owners still couldn't afford to have the slaves revolt. A revolt could cost him him his crops, his livestock and, possibly, the lives of his family and himself. Too much at stake.

Like many other things in our history that get blown out of proportion, the ill-treatment of slaves that we hear so much about tended to be isolated incidents. But, why let the facts get in the way of a good story, eh? Kind of like Rahm Emmanuel's advice to Zero, "Never let a crisis go to waste!"

41 posted on 06/03/2009 4:56:06 AM PDT by DustyMoment (FloriDUH - proud inventors of pregnant/hanging chads and judicide!!)
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To: x
I've found various figures on line for cotton prices in the 1850s and 1860s. 10-12 cents per pound for upland cotton is a common figure. Prices and yields per acre and the ratio of lint to seed varied greatly.

Those are very dubious numbers. We're talking about a time when a loaf of bread went for about a penny and a fancy woman's dress might have cost upwards of $30.00 to $40.00.

42 posted on 06/03/2009 5:00:22 AM PDT by DustyMoment (FloriDUH - proud inventors of pregnant/hanging chads and judicide!!)
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To: DustyMoment; Ditto
Like many other things in our history that get blown out of proportion, the ill-treatment of slaves that we hear so much about tended to be isolated incidents.

____________________________________________

Any rational Christian man would argue that the very concept of slavery constitutes ill-treatment.

You may of course argue that the buying and selling of men, women and children, the denial of their freedoms, the denial of the fruits of their forced labor, the forcing upon them a lifetime of servitude and uncertainty, the forced break-up of their families does not qualify as ill-treatment but you'd look damned stupid doing so.

43 posted on 06/03/2009 5:02:55 AM PDT by wtc911 ("How you gonna get back down that hill?")
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To: wtc911
You may of course argue that the buying and selling of men, women and children, the denial of their freedoms, the denial of the fruits of their forced labor, the forcing upon them a lifetime of servitude and uncertainty, the forced break-up of their families does not qualify as ill-treatment but you'd look damned stupid doing so.

That's not what I said and trying to put words in my mouth won't float your boat. Try reading the following article:

UNDERSTANDING THE CAUSES OF THE UNCIVIL WAR
A Brief Explanation of the Impact of the Morrill Tariff
By Mike Scruggs for the Tribune Papers

Most Americans believe the U. S. “Civil War” was over slavery. They have to an enormous degree been miseducated. The means and timing of handling the slavery issue were at issue, although not in the overly simplified moral sense that lives in postwar and modern propaganda. But had there been no Morrill Tariff there might never have been a war. The conflict that cost of the lives of 650,000 Union and Confederate soldiers and perhaps as many as 50,000 Southern civilians and impoverished many millions for generations might never have been.

A smoldering issue of unjust taxation that enriched Northern manufacturing states and exploited the agricultural South was fanned to a furious blaze in 1860. It was the Morrill Tariff that stirred the smoldering embers of regional mistrust and ignited the fires of Secession in the South. This precipitated a Northern reaction and call to arms that would engulf the nation in the flames of war for four years.

Prior to the U. S. “Civil War” there was no U. S. income tax. Considerably more than 90% of U. S. government revenue was raised by a tariff on imported goods. A tariff is a tax on selected imports, most commonly finished or manufactured products. A high tariff is usually legislated not only to raise revenue, but also to protect domestic industry form foreign competition. By placing such a high, protective tariff on imported goods it makes them more expensive to buy than the same domestic goods. This allows domestic industries to charge higher prices and make more money on sales that might otherwise be lost to foreign competition because of cheaper prices (without the tariff) or better quality. This, of course, causes domestic consumers to pay higher prices and have a lower standard of living. Tariffs on some industrial products also hurt other domestic industries that must pay higher prices for goods they need to make their products. Because the nature and products of regional economies can vary widely, high tariffs are sometimes good for one section of the country, but damaging to another section of the country. High tariffs are particularly hard on exporters since they must cope with higher domestic costs and retaliatory foreign tariffs that put them at a pricing disadvantage. This has a depressing effect on both export volume and profit margins. High tariffs have been a frequent cause of economic disruption, strife and war.

Prior to 1824 the average tariff level in the U. S. had been in the 15 to 20 % range. This was thought sufficient to meet federal revenue needs and not excessively burdensome to any section of the country. The increase of the tariff to a 20% average in 1816 was ostensibly to help pay for the War of 1812. It also represented a 26% net profit increase to Northern manufacturers.

In 1824 Northern manufacturing states and the Whig Party under the leadership of Henry Clay began to push for high, protective tariffs. These were strongly opposed by the South. The Southern economy was largely agricultural and geared to exporting a large portion of its cotton and tobacco crops to Europe. In the 1850’s the South accounted for anywhere from 72 to 82% of U. S. exports. They were largely dependent, however, on Europe or the North for the manufactured goods needed for both agricultural production and consumer needs. Northern states received about 20% of the South’s agricultural production. The vast majority of export volume went to Europe. A protective tariff was then a substantial benefit to Northern manufacturing states, but meant considerable economic hardship for the agricultural South.

Northern political dominance enabled Clay and his allies in Congress to pass a tariff averaging 35% late in 1824. This was the cause of economic boom in the North, but economic hardship and political agitation in the South. South Carolina was especially hard hit, the State’s exports falling 25% over the next two years. In 1828 in a demonstration of unabashed partisanship and unashamed greed the Northern dominated Congress raised the average tariff level to 50%. Despite strong Southern agitation for lower tariffs the Tariff of 1832 only nominally reduced the effective tariff rate and brought no relief to the South. These last two tariffs are usually termed in history as the Tariffs of Abomination.

This led to the Nullification Crisis of 1832 when South Carolina called a state convention and “nullified” the 1828 and 1832 tariffs as unjust and unconstitutional. The resulting constitutional crisis came very near provoking armed conflict at that time. Through the efforts of former U. S. Vice President and U. S. Senator from South Carolina, John C. Calhoun, a compromise was effected in 1833 which over a few years reduced the tariff back to a normal level of about 15%. Henry Clay and the Whigs were not happy, however, to have been forced into a compromise by Calhoun and South Carolina’s Nullification threat. The tariff, however, remained at a level near 15% until 1860. A lesson in economics, regional sensitivities, and simple fairness should have been learned from this confrontation, but if it was learned, it was ignored by ambitious political and business factions and personalities that would come on the scene of American history in the late 1850’s.

High protective tariffs were always the policy of the old Whig Party and had become the policy of the new Republican Party that replaced it. A recession beginning around 1857 gave the cause of protectionism an additional political boost in the Northern industrial states.

In May of 1860 the U. S. Congress passed the Morrill Tariff Bill (named for Republican Congressman and steel manufacturer, Justin S. Morrill of Vermont) raising the average tariff from about 15% to 37% with increases to 47% within three years. Although this was remarkably reminiscent of the Tariffs of Abomination which had led in 1832 to a constitutional crisis and threats of secession and armed force, the U. S. House of Representatives passed the Bill 105 to 64. Out of 40 Southern Congressmen only one Tennessee Congressman voted for it.

U. S. tariff revenues already fell disproportionately on the South, accounting for 87% of the total. While the tariff protected Northern industrial interests, it raised the cost of living and commerce in the South substantially. It also reduced the trade value of their agricultural exports to Europe. These combined to place a severe economic hardship on many Southern states. Even more galling was that 80% or more of these tax revenues were expended on Northern public works and industrial subsidies, thus further enriching the North at the expense of the South.

In the 1860 election, Lincoln, a former Whig and great admirer of Henry Clay, campaigned for the high protective tariff provisions of the Morrill Tariff, which had also been incorporated into the Republican Party Platform. Lincoln further endorsed the Morrill Tariff and its concepts in his first inaugural speech and signed the Act into law a few days after taking office in March of 1861. Southern leaders had seen it coming. Southern protests had been of no avail. Now the South was inflamed with righteous indignation, and Southern leaders began to call for Secession.

At first Northern public opinion as reflected in Northern newspapers of both parties recognized the right of the Southern States to secede and favored peaceful separation. A November 21, 1860, editorial in the Cincinnati Daily Press said this:

“We believe that the right of any member of this Confederacy to dissolve its political relations with the others and assume an independent position is absolute.”

The New York Times on March 21, 1861, reflecting the great majority of editorial opinion in the North summarized in an editorial:

“There is a growing sentiment throughout the North in favor of letting the Gulf States go.”

Northern industrialists became nervous, however, when they realized a tariff dependent North would be competing against a free trade South. They feared not only loss of tax revenue, but considerable loss of trade. Newspaper editorials began to reflect this nervousness. Lincoln had promised in his inaugural speech that he would preserve the Union and the tariff. Three days after manipulating the South into firing on the tariff collection facility of Fort Sumter in volatile South Carolina, on April 15, 1861, Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to put down the Southern rebellion. This caused the Border States to secede along with the Gulf States. Lincoln undoubtedly calculated that the mere threat of force backed by more unified Northern public opinion would quickly put down secession. His gambit, however, failed spectacularly and would erupt into a terrible and costly war for four years. The Union Army’s lack of success early in the war, the need to keep anti-slavery England from coming into the war on the side of the South, and Lincoln’s need to appease the radical abolitionists in the North led to increasing promotion of freeing the slaves as a noble cause to justify what was really a dispute over just taxation and States Rights.

Writing in December of 1861 in a London weekly publication, the famous English author, Charles Dickens, who was a strong opponent of slavery, said these things about the war going on in America:

“The Northern onslaught upon slavery is no more than a piece of specious humbug disguised to conceal its desire for economic control of the United States.”

“Union means so many millions a year lost to the South; secession means loss of the same millions to the North. The love of money is the root of this as many, many other evils. The quarrel between the North and South is, as it stands, solely a fiscal quarrel.”

Karl Marx, like most European socialists of the time favored the North. In an 1861 article published in England, he articulated very well what the major British newspapers, the Times, the Economist, and Saturday Review, had been saying:

“The war between the North and South is a tariff war. The war, is further, not for any principle, does not touch the question of slavery, and in fact turns on the Northern lust for power.”

A horrific example of the damage that protective tariffs can exact was also seen in later history. One of the causes of the Great Depression of 1930-1939 was the Hawley-Smoot Act, a high tariff passed in 1930 that Congress mistakenly thought would help the country. While attempting to protect domestic industry from foreign imports, the unanticipated effect was to reduce the nation’s exports and thereby help increase unemployment to the devastating figure of 25%. It is fairly well known by competent and honest economists now that protective tariffs usually do more harm than good, often considerably more harm than good. However, economic ignorance and political expediency often combine to overrule longer-term public good. As the Uncivil War of 1861-5 proves, the human and economic costs for such shortsighted political expediency and partisan greed can be enormous.

The Morrill Tariff illustrates very well one of the problems with majoritarian democracy. A majority can easily exploit a regional, economic, ethnic, or religious minority (or any other minority) unmercifully unless they have strong constitutional guarantees that can be enforced, e. g., States Rights, Nullification, etc. The need to limit centralized government power to counter this natural depravity in men was recognized by the founding fathers. They knew well the irresistible tendencies in both monarchy and democracy for both civil magistrates and the electorate to succumb to the temptations of greed, self-interest, and the lust for power. Thus they incorporated into the Constitution such provisions as the separation of powers and very important provisions enumerating and delegating only certain functions and powers to the federal government and retaining others at the state level and lower. Such constitutional provisions including the very specific guaranty of States Rights and limits to the power of the Federal Government in the 10th Amendment are unfortunately now largely ignored by all three branches of the Federal Government, and their constant infringement seldom contested by the States.

The Tariff question and the States Rights question were therefore strongly linked. Both are linked to the broader issues of limited government and a strong Constitution. The Morrill Tariff dealt the South a flagrant political injustice and impending economic hardship and crisis. It therefore made Secession a very compelling alternative to an exploited and unequal union with the North.

How to handle the slavery question was an underlying tension between North and South, but one of many tensions. It cannot be said to be the cause of the war. Fully understanding the slavery question and its relations to those tensions is beyond the scope of this article, but numerous historical facts demolish the propagandistic morality play that a virtuous North invaded the evil South to free the slaves. Five years after the end of the War, prominent Northern abolitionist, attorney and legal scholar, Lysander Spooner, put it this way:

“All these cries of having ‘abolished slavery,’ of having ‘saved the country,’ of having ‘preserved the Union,’ of establishing a ‘government of consent,’ and of ‘maintaining the national honor’ are all gross, shameless, transparent cheats—so transparent that they ought to deceive no one.”

Yet apparently many today are still deceived, are deliberately deceived, and even prefer to be deceived.

Unjust taxation has been the cause of many tensions and much bloodshed throughout history and around the world. The Morrill Tariff was certainly a powerful factor predisposing the South to seek its independence and determine its own destiny. As outrageous and unjust as the Morrill Tariff was, its importance has been largely ignored and even purposely obscured. It does not fit the politically correct images and myths of popular American history. Truth, however, is always the high ground. It will have the inevitable victory.

In addition to the devastating loss of life and leadership during the War, the South suffered considerable damage to property, livestock, and crops. The policies of “Reconstruction” and “carpetbagger” state governments further exploited and robbed the South, considerably retarding economic recovery. Further, high tariffs and discriminatory railroad shipping taxes continued to favor Northern economic interests and impoverish the South for generations after the war. It is only in relatively recent history that the political and economic fortunes of the South have begun to rise.

One last point needs to be made. The war of 1861-65 was not a “civil” war. To call it the “Civil War” is not a historically accurate and honest use of language. It is the propaganda of the victors having attained popular usage. No one in the South was attempting to overthrow the U. S. government. Few Southerners had any interest in overthrowing their own or anyone else’s state governments. The Southern states had seen that continued union with the North would jeopardize their liberties and economic wellbeing. Through the proper constitutional means of state conventions and referendums they sought to withdraw from the Union and establish their independence just as the American Colonies had sought their independence from Great Britain in 1776 and for very similar reasons. The Northern industrialists, however, were not willing to give up their Southern Colonies. A more appropriate name for the uncivil war of 1861-65 would be “The War for Southern Independence.”

But had it not been for the Morrill Tariff there would have been no rush to Secession by Southern states and very probably no war. The Morrill Tariff of 1860, so unabashed and unashamed in its short-sighted, partisan greed, stands as an astonishing monument to the self-centered depravity of man and to its consequences. No wonder most Americans would like to see it forgotten and covered over with a more morally satisfying but largely false version of the causes of the Uncivil War.

Mike Scruggs is an historian who now lives in Hendersonville, NC

44 posted on 06/03/2009 5:37:56 AM PDT by DustyMoment (FloriDUH - proud inventors of pregnant/hanging chads and judicide!!)
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To: I Buried My Guns
I take offense at those that would defend that genocide.

You use the word 'genocide' the same way that the NAACP uses the word 'racist'. You trivialize it to such an extent that it loses all meaning. What ever the South suffered as a result of the war were entirely self inflicted and were minor when compared to the fate of the losing side in other rebellions throughout history.

Next time, instead of "assclown", I will use the more accurate term "culture-destroying, genocidal murderers".

How about "Lost Cause Mythologists"?

45 posted on 06/03/2009 5:48:16 AM PDT by Non-Sequitur
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To: Davy Buck

gotta mark this , gonna be good


46 posted on 06/03/2009 5:53:56 AM PDT by piroque
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To: DustyMoment
No, they weren't.

Sure they were. You could take a slave into any market and convert him into ready cash. With the laws against slave imports constricting the supply, and with demand rising, the value of a slave increased through much of his working life. For a slave owner like Jefferson Davis, the value of his 113 slaves exceeded the value of all the rest of the property on his plantation combined - houses, land, goods, everything.

Although they may have been considered no better than cattle, slaves required housing, food, clothing and medical care. Cattle only required food and medical care.

By your definition then the plantation owners shouldn't have raised cattle. Slaves were a reliable source of labor, could be hired out at a profit during slower periods. Unlike cattle, slaves raised their own food which was rudimentary at best. Housing was not a continuing expense since slave quarters were build once and then used for generations. Medical care for people, including slaves, was as sketchy as medical care for cattle was. Slave labor was a perfect fit for plantation agriculture - low cost of maintenance, liquid, available whenever needed for as long as needed. It is what made rich Southern planters, rich Southern planters.

Like many other things in our history that get blown out of proportion, the ill-treatment of slaves that we hear so much about tended to be isolated incidents.

And who around here is suggesting that every slave owner was a Simon Legree? The fact that the overwhelming majority of slave owners did not abuse their property doesn't change the fact that slaves were looked on as property rather than people.

47 posted on 06/03/2009 6:01:21 AM PDT by Non-Sequitur
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To: Non-Sequitur

Please see my post #44.


48 posted on 06/03/2009 6:06:52 AM PDT by DustyMoment (FloriDUH - proud inventors of pregnant/hanging chads and judicide!!)
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To: DustyMoment
Your exact words.....

"Like many other things in our history that get blown out of proportion, the ill-treatment of slaves that we hear so much about tended to be isolated incidents."

_______________________________________________________

Sure looks to me like you are painting slavery as something other than ill-treatment except in isolated cases, but hey, I only have your own words to go by.

As I said, to any rational Christian man slavery itseld constitutes ill-treatment. You seem to think otherwise.

49 posted on 06/03/2009 6:18:49 AM PDT by wtc911 ("How you gonna get back down that hill?")
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To: DustyMoment
Considerably more than 90% of U. S. government revenue was raised by a tariff on imported goods.

And upwards of 95% of that was raised in three Northern ports, an indication that the vast majority of those imports were destined for Northern consumers. Why should the South complain about a tax that hit the North disproportionately?

The vast majority of export volume went to Europe. A protective tariff was then a substantial benefit to Northern manufacturing states, but meant considerable economic hardship for the agricultural South.

That makes very little sense. Tariffs were applied on any goods landed regardless of the port of entry. Northern consumers paid exactly the same inflated price for goods protected by tariff as did Southerners. How can you say it hit the South hardest?

U. S. tariff revenues already fell disproportionately on the South, accounting for 87% of the total. While the tariff protected Northern industrial interests, it raised the cost of living and commerce in the South substantially

Complete nonsense.

They feared not only loss of tax revenue, but considerable loss of trade.

How would it result in loss of trade?

Even more galling was that 80% or more of these tax revenues were expended on Northern public works and industrial subsidies, thus further enriching the North at the expense of the South.

More nonsense. The suggestion that 80% of the federal budget went to public works projects is ridiculous.

Three days after manipulating the South into firing on the tariff collection facility of Fort Sumter in volatile South Carolina, on April 15, 1861...

Now Mr. Scruggs is drifting into idiocy. Fort Sumter was that, a fort. It was not a 'tariff collection facility', was never meant to be a 'tariff collection facility'. It was a fort, an army post. The 'tariff collection facility' in Charleston was the Customs House on East Bay Street. And to say that Lincoln 'manipulated the South into firing' is saying that the confederate leadership were idiots. Would you agree with that assessment?

The war of 1861-65 was not a “civil” war. To call it the “Civil War” is not a historically accurate and honest use of language.

It was a rebellion, as Mr. Scruggs correctly referred to it as earlier in his...essay.

But had it not been for the Morrill Tariff there would have been no rush to Secession by Southern states and very probably no war.

The rush to secession occured before the Morrill Tariff had been voted on, not after.

50 posted on 06/03/2009 6:23:02 AM PDT by Non-Sequitur
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To: DustyMoment
You wrote...

"Slavery was not a desireable industry, but was a means to an end that allowed Southern farmers to have an income from their land at a price they could afford"

_______________________________________

Well, then I guess slavery was ok, strictly as a means to a profitable end of course.

51 posted on 06/03/2009 6:24:27 AM PDT by wtc911 ("How you gonna get back down that hill?")
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To: DustyMoment
Please see my post #44.

Please see my post #50.

52 posted on 06/03/2009 6:25:19 AM PDT by Non-Sequitur
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To: DustyMoment
In May of 1860 the U. S. Congress passed the Morrill Tariff Bill.

No, it had only passed the House of Representatives. Had the southerners really cared about fighting the tariff and mot promoting slavery, they would have not split the Democratic party over the supposed minor issue of slavery in the territories and instead untied with Douglas in the interest of fighting for the so-called major issue of tariff reduction. The secessionists' own actions condemn themselves. Like they said themselves, the Confederates' cause was thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery.

53 posted on 06/03/2009 6:29:55 AM PDT by Colonel Kangaroo
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To: Colonel Kangaroo

Please see my post #44.


54 posted on 06/03/2009 6:41:22 AM PDT by DustyMoment (FloriDUH - proud inventors of pregnant/hanging chads and judicide!!)
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To: wtc911
As I said, to any rational Christian man slavery itseld constitutes ill-treatment. You seem to think otherwise.

DO NOT put words in my nmouth. Taking tangents with this discussion will NOT be tolerated. What I have categorically stated is that slavery was NOT what the Civil War was about, PERIOD!!! Your interpretation of my comments are absurd and out of context.

Oh, and by the way, in case you haven't noticed, the South was and remains centered in Christianity. That's why the South is noted as the buckle on the Bible belt!!

55 posted on 06/03/2009 6:51:31 AM PDT by DustyMoment (FloriDUH - proud inventors of pregnant/hanging chads and judicide!!)
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To: wtc911
It's a matter of keeping things in perspective. The New World appeared enormous to European eyes. They felt that slave labor was necessary to develop such a huge land. They were wrong about this, but that was the feeling. Since slavery was illegal in Europe, they bought slaves in Africa, because African blacks had never even considered outlawing slavery (they'd still be practicing it today if it hadn't been for Western intervention).

There were efforts to institute slavery in the North, but eventually they went to a different system. Being more urban, they instituted sweatshops and had a steady supply of discardable immigrants whom they employed at low wages. In the South, slaves were owned so they were valued assets. They were even cared for in their old age or if injured. Yankee sweatshop owners simply replaced a worker if he was injured. Often they were children. If they got too old to work, they were tossed out on the street and replaced.

It isn't that slavery was a good thing. It just needs to be seen in perspective. Those were tough times and harsh things were done in those days because it was a tough world.

56 posted on 06/03/2009 6:51:42 AM PDT by puroresu (Enjoy ASIAN CINEMA? See my Freeper page for recommendations (REALLY & TRULY updated!).)
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To: Non-Sequitur

I see your nonsense and raise you a head buried in the sand - as in yours. Slavery was not worth going to war over and most wars are not fought over such issues. Most wars ultimately involve greed and economics.


57 posted on 06/03/2009 6:53:47 AM PDT by DustyMoment (FloriDUH - proud inventors of pregnant/hanging chads and judicide!!)
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To: DustyMoment
Slavery was not worth going to war over and most wars are not fought over such issues. Most wars ultimately involve greed and economics.

And considering the Southern economy and Southern society was dependent on slavery, then their willingness to go to war to defend it makes perfect sense in your scenario.

58 posted on 06/03/2009 7:05:24 AM PDT by Non-Sequitur
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To: DustyMoment
Oh, and by the way, in case you haven't noticed, the South was and remains centered in Christianity

_____________________________________

Which makes your rationalization of slavery as ill-treatment only in the exception and as an understandable means to a profitable end even more troubling.

59 posted on 06/03/2009 8:06:31 AM PDT by wtc911 ("How you gonna get back down that hill?")
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To: wtc911

Dude, I have told you before, That I DID NOT SAY THAT and your continued harping on it WILL NOT MAKE IT SO!!!! YES, I AM YELLING!! Take $20 and go buy a clue!!


60 posted on 06/03/2009 9:52:57 AM PDT by DustyMoment (FloriDUH - proud inventors of pregnant/hanging chads and judicide!!)
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