Posted on 01/13/2021 9:51:51 AM PST by Borges
This year marks 80 years since the death of the great Irish writer James Joyce (1882-1941). His most famous novel, Ulysses (1922), is one of those books, like Moby Dick or Infinite Jest, that more people begin than finish. The tome is widely believed to be a stream of consciousness novel and you could certainly be forgiven for thinking that if, like many, you only made it 100 pages or so in.
I often advise against starting at the beginning of the novel. In the case of Ulysses, you are thrown headfirst into the difficult stream of consciousness of Stephen Dedalus, a precocious 22-year-old writer. The fourth chapter, instead, is a much more accessible opening. It too offers a stream of consciousness but an easier sort belonging to the novel’s other main character, Leopold Bloom, a hapless but loveable 38-year-old advertising canvasser. On the day the novel is set, 16 June 1904, Stephen and Bloom strike up an unlikely friendship in Dublin. To read Bloom’s thoughts is to be taken into a stream of sensations, trivia, and wonder.
However, venture further and you’ll discover that Ulysses morphs, becoming instead a great anti-stream of consciousness novel.
Bergson’s stream of consciousness For French philosopher Henri Bergson (1859-1941), our stream of consciousness is our continuous sense of time, in which past, present and future merge. It is the fluid life at the heart of our identity. According to Bergson, these streams are at the centre of every object and every person.
Bergson believed we can either “analyse” or “intuit” things or people. When we “analyse” something, we remain outside its stream. We superimpose on its fluid life our own static symbols, like language. Using words means “we do not see the actual things themselves” just “the labels attached to them”.
Another example is numbers. We impose minutes and hours on fluid life. For instance, you can “analyse” a day, breaking it into 24 hours. But to “intuit” it, to see it from within the stream, is to see that time is not so rigid or easily quantifiable – it moves slower when you’re bored or faster when you’re having fun.
In our workaday lives, “analysis” is a necessary shortcut. We need words and numbers, labels and time, to get things done. Artists, according to Bergson, however, have the gift of intuition.
For example, authors’ imaginative use of language makes words a gateway to the streams at the heart of life, rather than distracting labels imposed upon it. Borrowing such ideas, literary critics posited that the stream of consciousness novelist is one who can “intuit” the stream of consciousness of characters and so become them.
Joyce tries for a moment, becomes his characters but soon gets bored with Stephen and Bloom’s streams of consciousness. By the seventh chapter, he begins a long firework display of other styles. Here on, Stephen and Bloom’s streams of consciousness are elbowed out of the way by newspaper headlines, expressionist drama and even romantic fiction. Or they’re shushed by a scientific manual or an encyclopedia of English prose styles.
Joyce fails to find the stream
So Ulysses is a much less consistent stream of consciousness novel than many. But it’s also an anti-stream of consciousness novel as Joyce comically demonstrates his and his characters’ failure to intuit streams.
Joyce enjoys showing us that people are mechanically absent-minded, often because language itself is a mechanism which gets in the way of our efforts to intuit fluid reality.
Painting of James Joyce holding a cigarette while leaning against a table.
For example, Stephen, though a creative writer, isn’t at all intuitive. All he can see is the labels attached to things, albeit highly literary labels. When he sees a dog on the beach, his love of words conjures a horse, a hare, a calf, a bear, a wolf, a leopard, a panther and a stag. He can’t focus on the dog.
Bloom’s mechanical behaviour is less literary (words) and more scientific (numbers). True, he is better at intuiting his cat than Stephen is the dog: “Wonder what I look like to her?” he muses, trying to intuit himself into her stream of consciousness. But soon his mind turns to numbers: “Height of a tower? No, she can jump me.” Here he reverts to analysis as he strains to make sense of their difference in height using his human scale, not the cat’s.
Just as Joyce’s characters can’t intuit streams of consciousness, nor can he. He knows that static literary words can’t account for the fluidity of our interiors. Every time he reaches for a new style, in each new chapter, he acknowledges these failures and moves on with glee to the next.
A stream of consciousness does dominate the last chapter. Here we tune into Bloom’s wife Molly’s stream and hear about her afternoon of sex with a colleague. Is this the stream we have been waiting for? Yes and no.
Molly’s thoughts do flow through past, present and future, uninterrupted and unpunctuated. But the Molly we get to know, while charismatic, is something of a static symbol herself, the stock character of the sexually frustrated wife. As we reflect on 80 years since Joyce’s death, Ulysses reminds us that consciousness will always elude the novel but, really, that’s where the fun lies.
They are all decent writers. The educational system of their times made sure of that, unlike today’s college grads that can’t write a complete sentence, or read ‘cursive’. It’s the subject matter that they chose to write about that is difficult to read.....................
So you’re telling us that the book is NOT about that ancient Greek guy?
Then why bother with it?
Faulkner could be hit-or-miss, depending on his mood, I guess. He always gets raves for his short story BARN BURNING; but, personally, one of my favorite Faulkner short stories is TWO SOLDIERS.
I’ll have to check my collections of short stories...............................
I heard that when you read Moby Dick a second time, Ahab and the whale become good friends.
Does drinking heavily help?
But that Baker column appeared when I was 36 so I thought I would give Moby Dick a try again. What a great book, it is!
ML/NJ
I like Cream’s version best.
Cream - Tales of Brave Ulysses
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J2CCfxiQ5QY
Read Dubliners. There’s no way you would think that.
I loved everything Cream did..................................Saw Eric Clapton live on the Layla - Derek & The Dominoes tour!...........................................
Your favorite.
Joyce - she’s my favorite writer!
Now, wait for it........
Is Ulysses the kind of book that is good to listen to, instead of reading? I mean, when you are in the car, or waiting for the doctor appointment.
Here is a funny idea: instead of “On Hold” music, businesses could stream books like Moby Dick and Ulysses (suggest others if you like).
You think Ulysses is difficult try Finnigan’s Wake.
That was interesting. I’ve seen many attempt to analyze “Ulysses,” but far fewer dare to approach “Finnegans Wake.”
How would you characterize “The Great Gatsby”?
He was great!!!
Shakespeare for everybody!
“Well, maybe you can help me straighten out my Longfellow.”
I’ll tell you something else:
Whoever wrote that paper doesn’t know the first thing about Vonnegut.
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