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'Intelligent Design Creationism and Its Critics': Supernatural Selection
The New York Times ^ | 14 April 2002 | JIM HOLT

Posted on 04/14/2002 12:31:25 AM PDT by sourcery

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April 14, 2002

'Intelligent Design Creationism and Its Critics': Supernatural Selection

By JIM HOLT

INTELLIGENT DESIGN CREATIONISM AND ITS CRITICS
Philosophical, Theological, and Scientific Perspectives.

Edited by Robert T. Pennock.
Illustrated. 805 pp. Cambridge, Mass.: A Bradford Book/The MIT Press. Cloth, $110. Paper, $45.



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In the last decade or so, creationism has grown sophisticated. Oh, the old-fashioned creationists are still around, especially in the Bible Belt. They're the ones who believe that the earth is only a few thousand years old, that God created it and all its inhabitants in six days and that fossils are a product of Noah's flood. In the early 1990's, however, a new breed of creationists appeared. These ''neo-creos,'' as they have been called, are no Dogpatch hayseeds. They have Ph.D.'s and occupy positions at some of the better universities. The case they make against Darwinism does not rest on the authority of Scripture; rather, it proceeds from premises that are scientific and philosophical, invoking esoteric ideas in molecular biology, information theory and the logic of hypothesis testing.

When the neo-creos go public -- as they did recently in a hearing before the Ohio Board of Education, which they were petitioning for equal time in the classroom with Darwinism -- they do not stake any obviously foolish claims. They concede that the earth is billions of years old, and that some evolution may have taken place once the basic biochemical structures were brought into being. What they deny is that the standard Darwinian theory, or any other ''naturalistic'' theory that confines itself to mindless, mechanical causes operating gradually over time, suffices to explain the whole of life. The biological world, they contend, is rife with evidence of intelligent design -- evidence that points with near certainty to the intervention of an Intelligent Designer.

''Intelligent Design Creationism and Its Critics'' is a great fat collection of essays, some three dozen in all, that examine this thesis from every imaginable angle. Its editor, the philosopher Robert T. Pennock, has himself written a book opposing the neo-creos (''Tower of Babel,'' 1999), and he admits that his selection here is stacked against them by about two to one. Yet most of the major proponents of intelligent design are represented: Phillip E. Johnson, a law professor at the University of California, Berkeley, and the father of the movement; the biochemist Michael J. Behe; the mathematician William A. Dembski; and the philosopher of logic Alvin Plantinga. They are given the chance not only to present their reasoning but also to defend it against their more prominent Darwinian critics, including the biologists Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Dawkins and the philosophers of science Philip Kitcher and Michael Ruse. The debate ranges freely over genetics, theology, the history of science and the theory of knowledge. The rhetoric is spirited, if sometimes barely civil, and the to-and-fro of ideas can be impressive.

Before we get to the scientific arguments of the neo-creos, a word should be said about their motivation. Just what do they have against Darwinism? Unlike the old-fashioned creationists, they are not especially worried about evolution conflicting with a literal reading of Genesis. Then why can't they join with the mainstream religions, which have made their peace with Darwinism? In 1996, for example, Pope John Paul II said that the theory of evolution had been ''proved true'' and asserted its consistency with Roman Catholic doctrine. Stephen Jay Gould, though agnostic himself, salutes the wisdom of this papal pronouncement, arguing that science and religion are ''nonoverlapping magisteria.'' But the neo-creos aren't buying this. They think that belief in Darwinism and belief in God are fundamentally incompatible. Here, ironically, they are in agreement with their more radical Darwinian opponents. Both extremes concur that evolution is, in the words of Phillip Johnson, ''a purposeless and undirected process that produced mankind accidentally'' and, as such, must be at odds with the idea of a purposeful Creator.

The neo-creos are right to think that evolution is not religiously neutral. If nothing else, it undercuts what has traditionally been the most powerful argument for God's existence, the ''argument from design.'' No longer is the God hypothesis required to explain the intricate complexity of the living world. Christian intellectuals who accept Darwinism insist that evolution still leaves ample scope for a Creator-God, one who got the universe rolling in just the right way so that, by sheer chemistry and physics, beings like us would inevitably appear without further supernatural meddling. Ernan McMullin, a philosopher of science at Notre Dame who also happens to be a Catholic priest, argues that the resources of God's original creation ''were sufficient for the generation of the successive orders of complexity that make up our world.'' (Another contributor wonders whether the creationist idea of divine action hasn't been ''unduly affected by the 'special effects' industry.'') But this deistic notion of God holds little appeal for the neo-creos. They remain vexed that, as Richard Dawkins pointedly observes, ''Darwin made it possible to be an intellectually fulfilled atheist.''

To regain the advantage for religion, the neo-creos have devised a two-part strategy. First, they try to establish their intelligent-design theory as the only alternative to Darwinism for explaining life. (The content of intelligent design is deliberately left vague: it can mean either creation by the designing agent or purposefully ''guided'' evolution.) Then they proceed negatively, deploying various arguments to show that Darwinian mechanisms could not possibly do the trick. The logic of this strategy is impeccable: Either Darwinism or intelligent design. Not Darwinism. Therefore, intelligent design. Armed with that conclusion, they hope to pry scientifically minded people away from a purely secular worldview.

AT the moment, there is no serious scientific rival to Darwinism. Indeed, if the explanation for the origin and complexity of life must be sought in physical mechanisms, then an evolutionary theory of some sort would seem to be inevitable. But why, the neo-creos ask, should other sorts of explanations -- those positing intelligent causes, supernatural interventions -- be ruled out by fiat? To do so betrays a commitment to ''metaphysical naturalism,'' the doctrine that nature is a system of material causes and effects sealed off from outside influences; and that, they say, is a matter of faith, not proof. But the Darwinians have a devastating retort to the charge of metaphysical naturalism: nothing succeeds like success. As Michael Ruse points out, modern science's refusal to cry miracle when faced with explanatory difficulties has yielded ''fantastic dividends.'' Letting divine causes fill in wherever naturalistic ones are hard to find is not only bad theology -- it leaves you worshiping a ''God of the gaps'' -- but it is also a science-stopper.

Besides, the evidence for Darwinism looks awfully strong. Yes, there are internal disagreements over the mechanisms and tempo of evolution. But the core thesis that all living things have a common ancestry, long supported by the pattern of structural similarities among them and by the fossil record, has received stunning new confirmation from molecular genetics. Johnson does his lawyerly best to cast doubt on the evidence for common ancestry. However, the more tough-minded of the neo-creos are willing to accept the historical claim that organisms evolved from one another. They even acknowledge a role for the standard Darwinian mechanism (natural selection operating on random variation) in the process. To make good on the second part of their strategy, the Not Darwinism part, they instead try to show that for deeper reasons Darwinism is bound to fall short of telling the whole story. They have three main arguments, all of which seem clever at first blush.

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TOPICS: Philosophy
KEYWORDS: creationism; crevolist; evolution
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To: Virginia-American
The argument from design is the inference from an apparently designed system to a designer, not the hypothesis that each living organism was designed. It is a philosophial or theological argument, not a biological theory.

A huge, complex, recursive system of the sort I propose for modelling fitness looks even more like the most refined and abstract results of human design---computer programs---than a living organism looks like any kind of artifact.

Of course once design resides in the overall system (cf. the anthropic principle in cosmology) one can always deny it by saying that every possible system (even ones which attain stasis in short order and onew which produce such random or chaotic results that nothing like life is present in them) actually occur, say in parallel universes. To do so, however, violates Occam's razor--a single designer is more parsimonious (and equally unfalsifiable) to an infinitude of parallel universes all with different physics, and consquently different chemistries (if the physics allows it) and different biologies (if the chemistry allows it).

281 posted on 04/18/2002 1:12:09 PM PDT by The_Reader_David
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To: F16Fighter
Come on "Q" -- hyperbole of this magnitude is not only what's "scary", but absurdly unfounded, and you know it.

Like the best history professor I've ever known said (and he was a conservative) "Fundamentalism on any side is the greatest danger to civilization today. Muslim, Christian or Hare Krishna, it doesn't matter -- they're dangerous."

282 posted on 04/18/2002 11:39:34 PM PDT by Quila
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To: F16Fighter
What's extremely interesting is the fact that the Bible had prophecied all the events you've referred to hundreds of years earlier

And that the betrayal, murder and subsequent reincarnation of the god happened long before those Bible prophesies?

Just read about religions around in those days in that area. There were a lot of them, and the virgin mother idea appeared prominently in many far before and during Christ's time.

283 posted on 04/18/2002 11:42:17 PM PDT by Quila
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To: F16Fighter
Now while pagan worshippers for thousands of years prior to this manifestation

Prior to and during. When seen objectively, this is not a bad thing. The Christians took the most beloved of symbols, with all positive connotations, as their own. Knowing that no religion grows in a vacuum (look at the parts of Islam founded on Christianity, and the parts of Christianity founded on Judaism for clear examples) it's not surprising.

284 posted on 04/18/2002 11:45:18 PM PDT by Quila
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To: Quila
"Like the best history professor I've ever known said (and he was a conservative) "Fundamentalism on any side is the greatest danger to civilization today. Muslim, Christian, Hare Krishna, it doesn't mater -- they're dangerous."

Just the kind of broad-sweeping indictment of religious beliefs and indoctrination I would expect from the "anointed" purveyors of "truth" -- the synapse-challanged U.S. [re]education industry. Dr. Goebbells had nothing on them.

Anyone who would attempt to equate Christians who believe that the Bible is the absolute word of God, with Islam and the Koran is either ignorant, OR masqerading as a "teacher", Q.

285 posted on 04/19/2002 8:10:57 AM PDT by F16Fighter
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To: Quila
"And that the betrayal, murder and subsequent reincarnation of the god happened long before those Bible prophecies?... [While] the virgin mother idea appeared prominently in many before and during Christ's time."

Which stories can you document regarding these claims and where? Or perhaps I am misunderstanding your post?

You'd find the book of Isaiah is pretty explicit about addressing prophecies about Christ in detail, of which 600-700 years later were in fact fullfilled totally. And BTW, Christ wasn't "reincarnated", but was "resurrected."

286 posted on 04/19/2002 8:32:03 AM PDT by F16Fighter
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To: Quila
"The Christians took most of beloved symbols, with all positive connotations, as their own. Knowing no religion grows in a vacuum [Judaism - Christianity- Islam linkage]..."

True, Christians adopted many pagan symbols as their own, and especially Catholicism to a fault IMO. Additionally "idol worship" is clearly forbidden by the Bible, but I'd digress if I went any further on the subject.

As to you assertion of the linkage of the afore mentioned "major" religions, that also is true. However, neither "religion" has accepted THE crucial element and difference -- the Christ mentioned in the Biblical prophecies AND ergo fullfillment of those prophecies as "Saviour" or "redeemer" of the believer's soul.

287 posted on 04/19/2002 8:51:35 AM PDT by F16Fighter
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To: F16Fighter
True, Christians adopted many pagan symbols as their own, and especially Catholicism to a fault IMO. Additionally "idol worship" is clearly forbidden by the Bible, but I'd digress if I went any further on the subject.

I think the Muslims borrowed the ban on idol worship from you. But they're doing a bit better at it. :)

288 posted on 04/21/2002 2:25:47 AM PDT by Quila
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To: F16Fighter
You'd find the book of Isaiah is pretty explicit about addressing prophecies about Christ in detail, of which 600-700 years later were in fact fullfilled totally. And BTW, Christ wasn't "reincarnated", but was "resurrected."

Nostradamus predicted a lot of stuff, too. Sorry about "reincarnated." Wrong word. The previous gods were resurrected.

289 posted on 04/21/2002 2:28:08 AM PDT by Quila
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To: F16Fighter
Just the kind of broad-sweeping indictment of religious beliefs and indoctrination I would expect from the "anointed" purveyors of "truth" -- the synapse-challanged U.S. [re]education industry.

This particular professor is German, and I don't know if he's ever been in the U.S.

So, if there were no more fundamentalism in the world, would 9/11 have happened? BTW, he said this about five years ago, and was predicting that fundamentalism was getting too strong, and that something very big would eventually have to happen.

Christians who believe that the Bible is the absolute word of God, with Islam and the Koran is either ignorant,

But the Koran is the absolute word of God too. At least that's what about 100 million or more people think.

290 posted on 04/21/2002 2:32:31 AM PDT by Quila
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To: Quila
"Nostradamus predicted a lot of stuff, too [as opposed to the Book of Isaiah]"

But herein lies THE difference: NONE of ANY Biblical prophecies have failed to come true thus far. The same cannot be said of Nostradamus. OR Jeanne Dixon, for that matter. ;-)

291 posted on 04/21/2002 8:43:08 AM PDT by F16Fighter
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To: Quila
"So if there were no more fundamentalism in the world, would 9/11 have happened?"

Sloppy and absurd posit. Shall we also be asking the Professor: "If there were no 'Nazism' in Germany in 1933, would WWII have occurred? And were all Germans, Nazis??"

Ok Q, let us briefly first define "fundamentalism". Is it fair to say "fundamentalism" is based upon a strict, literal and absolute belief of a particular philosophy, and thus not subject to change? If so, is there such a thing as a U.S. Constitutional "Fundamentalist"? Mathematical "Fundamentalist"? Bad things? Is there is any word that has been subverted and coded more by the Left than "Fundamentalism"?? Oh year -- there is the word, "discriminate".

Anyway, taken in the context of its absolute, "fundamentally" speaking, the Koran clearly addresses "Infidels" as an entity subject to "elimination" at worst, while Christian "fundamentalism" teaches the quite the opposite, unless your "conservative German" professor could prove otherwise scripturally. But perhaps it is easier for the Professor to lump all "Fundamentalists" of the world together, as they though they were ONE BIG CAMP. If so, that is a very sloppy understanding and teaching of the word "fundamentalism."

292 posted on 04/21/2002 9:30:38 AM PDT by F16Fighter
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To: F16Fighter
Which stories can you document regarding these claims and where? Or perhaps I am misunderstanding your post?

Mainly brush up on your Egyptian, Babylonian, Indian and Mediterranean religion starting from far before the Jews. For betrayal, death and resurrection, Osiris is an easy pick.

293 posted on 04/22/2002 1:10:19 AM PDT by Quila
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To: F16Fighter
But herein lies THE difference: NONE of ANY Biblical prophecies have failed to come true thus far. The same cannot be said of Nostradamus.

A simple quick search shows one down. I especially like about the coming of the prophet "...Micah 5:6, which says: '...thus shall he deliver us from the Assyrian when he cometh into our land,....'" I didn't know Christ freed them from the Assyrians, who had perished c. 600 BCE.

294 posted on 04/22/2002 1:42:50 AM PDT by Quila
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To: F16Fighter
Ok Q, let us briefly first define "fundamentalism".

Sorry again, my misquote, should be "religious fundamentalism."

But perhaps it is easier for the Professor to lump all "Fundamentalists" of the world together, as they though they were ONE BIG CAMP

Of course Christian fundamentalists aren't dangerous. No Nuernburg Files, no dead abortion clinic workers. His main fear is that, unlike others, fundamentalists are free to do any atrocity because their strict interpretation of the holy books told them it was okay. No law or societal norm of man can supersede the holy word. And you can find lots of justified killings, even genocide, in the Bible. It's all there for someone who wants to use it, all you need is for the verse to match with a particular current cause.

295 posted on 04/22/2002 1:50:02 AM PDT by Quila
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To: Quila
"Of course Christian fundamentalists aren't dangerous. No Nuernberg Files, no dead abortion clinic workers."

Congratulations. With these silly ameobic statements you have null and voided any shred of brain-cell activity I thought you may have had.

Therefore, by all means carry on with your curiously paranoid and delusional life that Christian fundamentalists armed with AK47s are out to get you, humanity has been spawned by the weight of a mathematically impossible one in 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000+ random chance, and Gaia herself is alive and well.

296 posted on 04/22/2002 11:26:03 AM PDT by F16Fighter
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To: F16Fighter
With these silly ameobic statements you have null and voided any shred of brain-cell activity I thought you may have had.

So you believe that religious fundamentalism is good? From my point of view you are just several religions jockeying for supremacy. From your point of view, Islam is the competition, somehow a lesser religion than yours. That's fine, as looking down on other religions is pretty much a standard creed in most religions.

For the most part, you all have your good and bad adherents, your benign and downright dangerous sects and proponents (for the record, Christians truly following Christ as I see him I regard as quite benign). Some sects in Christianity, as well as in Islam are dangerous, you can't deny that. They have suicide bombers, you have abortion clinic bombers, all because some warped sense that murder is justified by God.

297 posted on 04/23/2002 12:07:57 AM PDT by Quila
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