Posted on 04/16/2009 9:05:38 AM PDT by AreaMan
Don't Sleep, There Are Snakes: Life and Language in the Amazonian Jungle
Daniel L. Everett
Pantheon
The Pirahã are the "Show me!" tribe of the Brazilian Amazon. They don't bother with fiction or tall tales or even oral history. They have little art. They don't have a creation myth and don't want one. If they can't see it, hear it, touch it or taste it, they don't believe in it.
Missionaries have been preaching to the Pirahãs for 200 years and have converted not one. Everett did not know this when he first visited them in 1977 at age 26. A missionary and a linguist, he was sent to learn their language, translate the Bible for them, and ultimately bring them to Christ.
Instead, they brought him to atheism. "The Pirahãs have shown me that there is dignity and deep satisfaction in facing life and death without the comfort of heaven or the fear of hell and in sailing toward the great abyss with a smile."
Not that they have escaped religion entirely. Spirits live everywhere and may even caution or lecture them at times. But these spirits are visible to the Pirahãs, if not to Everett and his family, who spent 30 years, on and off, living with the tribe.
But they don't have marriage or funeral ceremonies. Cohabitation suffices as the wedding announcement and divorce is accomplished just as simply, though there may be more noise involved. Sexual mores are governed by common sense rather than stricture, which means that single people have sex at will while married people are more circumspect.
People are sometimes buried with their possessions, which are few, and larger people are often buried sitting "because this requires less digging." But there is no ritual for each family to follow.
"Perhaps the activity closest to ritual among the Pirahãs is their dancing. Dances bring the village together. They are often marked by promiscuity, fun, laughing, and merriment by the entire village. There are no musical instruments involved, only singing, clapping, and stomping of feet."
Everett's language studies began without benefit of dictionary or primer. None of the Pirahãs spoke any English or more than the most rudimentary Portuguese. (Among their many eccentricities is their total lack of interest in any facet of any other culture including tools or language — not that they won't use tools, like canoes, they just won't make them or absorb them into their culture.)
Amazingly, "Pirahã is not known to be related to any other living human language."
At first it seems rather deprived. There are only 11 phonemes (speech sounds). There are no numbers, no words for colors. No words for please, thank you or sorry. There are, however, tones, whistles and clicks. And the language comes in three forms — regular plus Humming speech and Yelling speech.
Over the years, Everett comes to the conclusion that the Pirahã language reflects and arises from their culture in its directness, immediacy and simplicity. Ultimately he defies Noam Chomsky's theory of Universal Grammar (Pirahã lacks a basic requirement) and starts a firestorm in the linguistics field. Everett alludes mildly to this in the book, but a little Internet browsing will leave readers shocked — shocked! — at the way linguists talk to one another.
There are plenty of anecdotes involving the reader in Everett's adventures, hardships, terrors, epiphanies and the pure strangeness of daily life with a people who live in the immediate present and whose most common "good night" is "Don't sleep, there are snakes." (sound sleep is dangerous and, besides, toughening themselves is a strong cultural value — foodless days are also common).
Fascinating as both anthropological memoir and linguistic study, Everett's book will appeal to those interested in very not-North American cultures and in the ways people shape language and it shapes us.
It's a book that rouses a sense of wonder and gives rise to even more questions than it answers.
Lynn Harnett, of Kittery, Maine, writes book reviews for Seacoast Sunday. She can be reached at lynnharnett@gmail.com.
Obviously you've never been to Hollywood.
Octomom pregnant from the sound of it.
They sound like animals in human form.
Bad news dude.
There is more to the book than just their rejection of Christianity (notice how they still talk to their "spirirts") and it is laughable how this tribe's behavior is nothing unique but is nevertheless lauded.
Have a Scotch to refresh your palate ;-).
Honestly, I was unable to find anything positive about the culture, even though the author thought it was great. The headhunters in Borneo and New Guinea are more sympathetic! If nothing’s left in a few years but the language analysis Mr. Everett did, no great loss; the people will be better off as semi-assimilated Brazilian riberenos.
Maybe he's from Detroit.
“The Pirahãs population numbers about 400.
Pretty small gene pool.”
Pretty bad hunters too. Not a large population to feed.
Here’s a thought experiment I frequently employ when talking to these people who have fallen in extasy for a simple culture not interested in the video camera they are filmed with.
Imagine you were going about your business one day and all of a sudden a spaceship lowers from the sky and hovers silently in front of you. Would you think as a society we should:
a) ignore it and go about our business exploding gasoline in a tiny cilinder to move round? Or,
b) immediately make contact and try to find out how they’ve achieved levitation?
The lack of this curiousity and desire for betterment in these tribes is very interesting. It puts them at odds with humans from all around the world and throughout time, who could not sit still either figuratively, from a development point of view, or literaly, from an exploration point of view.
I am not saying this is bad or good, just that they are different from the rest of us. So it is intellectually vacuous to go on about how they are “not interested” in what we have, which is where these books usually end up.
And they have decorative penis sheaths! That's always a plus.
I’d suppressed that detail ...
I've been married twice so I'm familiar with that last one.
That’s half of our liberal society, in a nutshell.
Chronically sleep deprived and hungry? You'd hallucinate too...
I have friends who go all gushy over "the ancients", you know, Myans, Aztecs, ancient Egyptians, any damn fool group that is mystical and romantic by virtue of time passed. My response to this hero-worship is always "Well, yeah...but their all dead now, right? Either becuase they stupidly rotted from within, or because they were conquered by someone bigger, faster, and hungrier?"
As in "The heathen riberenos shot arrows at my Sea-Doo as I sped past their dilapidated village, ignoring their poorly constructed "NO WAKE" sign".
Here’s the missionary’s story: http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/everett07/everett07_index.html
After reading it I can’t help but think about Blish’s classic novel, A Case of Conscience.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Case_of_Conscience#cite_note-0
Hey people in this society talk to spirits too, but most of them are called Johnnie Walker, Ron Rico or Jack Daniels.
Nothing decorative about them, FRiend. They protect your nuts from the wombats. Frankly, I never leave my house without wearing one.
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