Posted on 09/30/2004 1:56:48 PM PDT by Tailgunner Joe
Obscenity is not encompassed within the phrases "freedom of speech" or "freedom of the press." There is no constitutional protection for obscenity, federal or state. Since this is so, Congress and the state legislative bodies may adopt laws to proscribe and punish those who manufacture, distribute, exhibit, or advertise obscene materials. Since no inroads are made by such legislation on protected speech, it is not necessary to look for a "clear and present danger"; nor even is it required to find a "compelling" or "substantial" federal or state interest to justify such laws. Unless the one challenging such laws can show that they are "irrational" under the due process clauses of the Fifth or Fourteenth Amendments, they will be upheld. Of course, passage of such laws is an exercise in police power, and under our concept of "ordered liberty," laws find their philosophical underpinnings in the protection of the health, safety, welfare or morals of the people. Under the principle of majority rule, therefore, laws with such underpinnings, those which are not irrational, may be passed by a simple majority of the legislature. To those who say "I don't like such laws" or "You are forcing me to comply with moral standards other than my own," we say, "You are living in a democratic republic where majority rule is the law. If you don't like it, short of revolution, your democratic response is to either change the Constitution or prevail upon the legislatures to repeal the obscenity laws -- but don't try to obsfucate the law by making false claims that such regulation is unconstitutional."
The inherent danger to "public morality" (or "collective morality" -- a term used by Dallin H. Oaks, President of Brigham Young University) of obscene publications and the necessity to proscribe the same by legislation has been recognized from the time of Aristotle who said:
"The legislator ought to banish from the state, as he would any other evil, all unseemly talk. The indecent remark, lightly dropped, results in conduct of like kind. Especially, therefore, it must also forbid pictures or literature of the same kind."
Our common law tradition from England always considered obscenity a proscribable utterance. Sir William Blackstone, the compiler of that tradition, said:
"Every free man has an undoubted right to lay whatever sentiments he pleases before the public . . . but if he publishes what is illegal, he must take the consequence of his own temerity . . . [It is necessary] to punish . . . offensive writings . . . for the preservation of peace and good order."
Obscenity has always similarly been considered proscribable in the United States. Following Blackstone and the English common law, we have applied the punishment after the fact on the purveyor of obscenity.
In 1682 a bill was introduced and enacted as a General Law of the province of East New Jersey providing punishment for those who uttered "obscene words." This was followed by a similar law in West New Jersey in 1683. As early as 1712 the province of Massachusetts adopted a law against publishing "filthy or obscene" pamphlets.
In other states, in our early history, obscenity was looked upon as a common law crime. In 1808, Connecticut indicted an individual for the display of "an indecent picture or sign." In 1815 Pennsylvania courts upheld an indictment for exhibiting an obscene picture for money as a common law offense, the court stating that "neither is there any doubt that the publication of an obscene book is indictable." The presiding Judge Yeates noted:
"Where the offense charged is destructive of morality in general . . . it is punishable at common law. The destruction of morality renders the power of government invalid, for government is no more than public order. It weakens the bands by which society is kept together. The corruption of the public mind, in general, and debauching the manners of youth, in particular, by lewd and obscene pictures . . . must necessarily be attended with the most injurious consequences. We find that in 1770 in the case of King v. Wilkes, that the defendant was convicted for an obscene "Essay on Women."
In 1821, Massachusetts courts convicted one Holmes of the misdemeanor of publishing an obscene book. In 1824, Vermont passed an obscenity statute. In 1842, the Congress of the United States prohibited the importation of obscene materials. In 1865, the predecessor of the present federal mail statute was passed. In 1897, Congress adopted a criminal statute against interstate transportation of obscenity and in 1929 prohibited the broadcasting of obscenity.
Since no one seriously thought that the First Amendment protected objectionable material of this sort, there were no direct First Amendment challeges. It was not until 1957 that the issue was seriously presented to the United States Supreme Court in the Roth-Alberts case. In Roth, Justice Brennan speaking for the majority of the Court said:
"It is apparent that the unconditional phrasing of the First Amendment was not intended to protect every utterance. . . . At the time of the adoption of the First Amendment . . . obscenity . . . was outside the protection intended for speech and press. The protection given speech and press was fashioned to assure unfettered interchange of ideas for the bringing about of political and social changes desired by the people. Implicit in the history of the First Amendment is the rejection of obscenity as utterly without redeeming social importance. This rejection . . . is mirrored in the universal judgment that obscenity should be restrained, reflected in the international agreement of over 50 nations, in the obscenity laws of all forty-eight states and in the 20 obscenity laws enacted by the Congress from 1842 to 1956. There are certain well defined and narrowly limited classes of speech, the prevention and punishment of which have never been thought to raise any constitutional problem. These include the lewd and obscene. We hold that obscenity is not within the area of constitutionally protected speech or press."
The question of whether it is necessary to show that obscene materials induce criminal acts arises because of the legal theory produced in Schneck v. United States in which Mr. Justice Holmes stated:
"The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater causing a panic . . . The question . . . is whether . . . the words are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent."
Holmes indicates thatt you cannot constitutionally inhibit "free speech" unless failure to do so is likely to create a clear and present danger of substantive evil. There are people who argue that you can't prove that obscenity produces such an evil; hence, you ought not to legislate against it. The complete answer to such an argument is that obscenity has been determined on many occasions not to be "free speech" (even though it is an utterance) and therefore there is no necessity to prove that antisocial effects will eminate from it.
Notes Justice Brennan in Roth-Alberts at 354 US 486:
"It is insisted that the Constitutional guarantees are violated because convictions may be had without proof either that obscene material will perceptibly create a clear and present danger of anti-social conduct or will probably induce its recipients to such conduct. But in the light of our holding that obscenity is not free speech . . . it is unnecessary for us or the state court to consider the issues behind the phrase 'clear and present danger'. . . "
Added Justice Harlan in a concurrance at 354 US 501:
"It seems to me clear that it is not irrational in our present state of knowledge, to consider that pornography can induce a type of sexual conduct which a state may deem obnoxious to the moral fabric of society. Even assuming that pornography cannot be deemed to cause, in an immediate sense, criminal sexual conduct, other interests within the proper cognizance of the States may be protected by the prohibition placed on such materials. The state can reasonably draw the inference that over a long period of time the indiscriminate dissemination of materials, the essential character of which is to degrade sex, will have an eroding effect on moral standards."
In the 1973 Paris Adult Theater decision, the Supreme Court again gives us an additional constitutional-philosophical rationale for the existence of obscenity law when at 413 US 59 the Court states:
"We hold that there are legitimate state interests at stake in stemming the tide of commercialized obscenity . . . These include the interest of the public in the quality of life and the total community environment, the tone of commerce in the great city centers and possibly the public safety itself. The Hill-Link Minority Report of the Presidential Commission on Obscenity and Pornography indicates that there is at least an arguable connection between obscene material and crime. . . . Quite apart from sex crimes there remains one problem of large proportions aptly described by Professor Bickel:
'It concerns the tone of society . . . the style and quality of life, now and in the future. A man may be entitled to read an obscene book in his room, or expose himself indecently. There we should protect his privacy, but if he demands a right to obtain the books and pictures he wants in the market, and to foregather in public places -- discreet, if you will, but accessible to all -- with others who share his tastes, then to grant him his right is to affect the world about the rest of us and to impinge on other privacies. Even supposing that each of us can, if he wishes effectively to avert the eye and stop the ear (which in truth he cannot) what is commonly read and heard and seen and done intrudes on us all, want it or not.' "
In Paris Adult Theatre, Chief Justice Burger summed it all up when he said, "There is a right of the nation and of the states to maintain a decent society."
On the same day that Paris Adult Theatre was decided the Supreme Court also decided Kaplan v. California in which it stated:
"States need not wait until behavioral experts or educators can provide empirical data before enacting controls on obscene matter not protected by the Constitution."
Mr. Dallin H. Oaks, the author of a monograph entitled "The Popular Myth of Victimless Crime," took office as President of Brigham Young University in 1971. He had served as Law Clerk to Chief Justice Earl Warren, as a Professor of Law at the University of Chicago, and Executive Director of the American Bar Foundation, and as Assistant State's Attorney in Cook County, Illinois. In that monograph, Mr. Oaks made the following remarks regarding the positive impact of legislating to improve societal civility:
1. "The criminal law also exists for the protection of society at large. The 'standard-setting' function of law can also be overlooked by those who are occupied with whether a particular law can be effectively enforced. Enforcement is an important consideration, but not a dispositive one. Because of its 'teaching' and 'standards setting' role, the law may serve society's interest by authoritatively condemning what it cannot begin to control directly by criminal penalties. This standard-setting function of law is of ever-increasing importance to society in a time when the moral teachings and social controls of our nation's families, schools and churches seem to be progressively less effective.
2. "The repeal of laws also can have an educative effect. If certain activities are classified as crimes, this is understood that the conduct is immoral, bad, unwise, and unacceptable for society and the individual. Consequently, if an elective legislative body removes criminal penalties, many citizens will understand this repeal as an official judgment that the decriminalized behavior is not harmful the individual or to society. Indeed, some may even understand decriminalization as a mark of public approval of the conduct in question. . . . The law is an effective teacher for good or evil.
3. "It is inevitable that the law will codify and teach moral values not shared by some portion of the society -- usually a minority.
4. "Preservation of the public health, safety and morals is a traditional concern of legislation. This does not justify laws in furtherance of the special morality of a particular group, but it does justify legislation in support of standards of right and wrong of such sufficient general acceptance that they can qualify as 'Collective Morality.' "
<![if !supportEmptyParas]>The obscenity laws are here to stay no matter how much the ACLU rails against them or tries to force upon us their version of the Constitution. Laws that protect societal decency are being enforced with greater frequency although progress is not always visible. These laws are here because a consensus of the American people want them. This is reflected in all of the polls taken by Messrs. Gallup and Roper and the laws of all the states. The 1970 Report of the Presidential Commission on Obscenity and Pornography -- advocating the abolition of obscenity laws -- came from a stacked commission (the hand-picked Chairman and General Counsel were both active members of the ACLU) whose preconceived conclusions were vigorously rejected by the President and by the Senate via a vote of 60 to 5 (and rejected by the Supreme Court in Miller (1973) and its progeny). The Supreme Court in those decisions quoted wiht approval the Hill-Link Minority Report of that Presidential Commission. The Hill-Link Report condemned the majority report as biased, seriously flawed and lacking in credibility.
There is a right to maintain a decent society. The word "decent" is by nature a moral criterion and those who don't like morality as a justification for governmental action will have to accept the constitutional police power principle that "Consensus Morality" is now, ever was, and always will be a solid legal basis for obscenity legislation.
Considering this is probably the least intelligent question I have ever seen posted on FR (and I've been here more than six years), I'll assume you aren't being serious.
We're headed for "Living Document" land now.
You and Antonio...whatever must add up to a double negative for all the thought you put into this.
Involving "Kiddie-porn" in this argument has long been a conveniant straw-man used by so-called conservatives like yourself (and Falwell/Robertson/FCC) to prop up an argument that you know is destructive to personal liberties in America.
The main difference is, of course, coersion. You conveniantly fail to mention that a child who is forced to perform in porno is not at an age where they are mentally competant to know or truly UNDERSTAND what it is that they are doing. Therefore, they cannot agree to do porno, and anybody who exploits a child in such manners is FORCING that child to do something that they cannot possibly understand or agree to. The actual illegal act is the COERSION intrinsic to the very nature of child porn. There is absolutely NO REASONABLE connection between this conduct and anything practiced by two consenting adult human beings.
None at all, although I'm sure you'll huff and puff and try to tell us that our "being bad" (or demanding our personal freedoms be left alone by the federal jackboots) is contributing to the downfall of Western society, etc., yada, blah... Elvis is evil, Rock is the devil's music, they should bring back segregation, change your diaper...
Okay, first off - the Founders prohibited an Establishment of Religion (a state church in the parlance of the day) as the Founders were all Christians, but of different denominations and they feared a state church.
Their recognition of God in their various documents, letters, and speeches was not ever meant to empower clergy over the People. As well it should be. But they would go to war against the people who would create a secular state out of America because they also feared unbridled secularism more than a state church - especially after the horrors or the French Revolution and the atheist state that followed.
"I do not agree with the display of the Ten Commandments in any government facility. It is a step in a dangerous direction, history proves it so."
The Ten Commandments has been posted in the US Supreme Court from Day One. It was in your parent's school house. It was posted freely about this country for many years until just recently and there was never a theocracy installed in the US due to this. History, my friend, proves you wrong.
Let me ask: name one (1) instance in the last one hundred years where a posting of the Commandments has created imminent danger for anyone?
Thanks, tpaine.
It never ceases to amaze me how many so-called conservatives will post a thread about the injustice and horror of the left-wing, P.C. censorship at a local college campus or newspaper, and then come on one of these threads and advocate their own form of Political Correctness.
Porn laws and federal censorship of the arts are just that, an extreme right-wing variant on the the leftist/Marxist doctrine of compulsive Political Correctness. I have no use for either of these poisonous ideas.
I'd rather fight the war against extremist Islam, lower taxes for all working Americans, preserve the soverignity of our borders, protect human life, and take our courts back from the Marxists than waste my time and energy trying to force others to accept my sexual morals.
What does this line mean to you? 176 Levy78
"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion"
'Rad' replies:
1. It does not say that a government shall support religions.
However, it does not say that government may not support religion.
You're simply denying the clear words of the framers, 'rad'. Our government cannot respect/support the various 'establishments' [precepts/dogmas/teachings] of religions.
2. I think it means exactly what it says. Congress shall make no established Church of America, a la the Church of England.
Backwards. Congress shall make no 'law' regarding the establishments of such religions. Period.
Are you aware that most of the states had established churches?
Are you aware that under a republican form of government, a State supported church would be unconstitutional? Thus, the 1st 'grandfathered in' the existing State churches, but allowed no more, as Utah was soon to find out.
And during the Congressional debate of the First Amendment, it was understood that those institutions would not be impacted? Again, I think the folks who drafted it had a pretty good idea what they meant.
Indeed they did. They compromised, and won..
The old Colonial 'institutions' died out very quickly. No more were allowed.
I remember having this conversation with you before. Your repeating of arguments that are simply historically and Constitutionally inaccurate does not make them correct.
['SO' rad baby, do you really think constantly hyping the question at hand is a valid debate tactic?]
Many of the original States at ratification had unconstitutional laws on their books, rad.
This was addressed in Article VI, which clearly said that regardless of State laws "to the Contrary notwithstanding", our Constitution was the "Law of the Land".
WE are not talking about something that is a radically new experience for America. Rather, the community not being able to defend itself from filth is the radical departure from our history.
More hype.. States & communities are VERY capable of 'defending themselves from filth'. Ever seen any porn shops in Utah?
You can't refute my arguments, so you just keep making inane remarks that they "are simply historically and Constitutionally inaccurate".
Weird ploy. -- Empty rhetoric.
Indeed. My opinion has generally been, if you can't stand the heat, STFU. Or something like that ;)
1. Your stating that laws against pornography and prostitution are unconstitutional does not make it so.
Your claim that I've said all laws "against pornography and prostitution are unconstitutional" is ludicrous. States & localities can reasonably regulate the public aspects of such activities, while the criminal aspects of such behaviors have long been covered by our common law.
2. Never been to Utah. But I know that they cannot ban adult bookstores if they so desired.
Wanna bet? The moral majority rules in Utah.
The State is ringed by porn shops just across every adjoining state line. There are none in the State.
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