The FReeper Foxhole Revisits "The Advent of the All-Metal Airplane" - November 5th, 2004

see educational sources

[snippy_about_it]

Lord,

Keep our Troops forever in Your care

Give them victory over the enemy...

Grant them a safe and swift return...

Bless those who mourn the lost.
.

FReepers from the Foxhole join in prayer
for all those serving their country at this time.


...................................................................................... ...........................................

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The FReeper Foxhole Revisits

The Advent of the All-Metal Airplane




Metal-Skinned Aircraft

Most of the 170,000 airplanes built during World War I were constructed of wooden frames with fabric coverings. These materials were relatively lightweight and available. Anthony Fokker, a Dutch entrepreneur working in Germany during the war, developed a welded-tube steel fuselage to take the place of wood.

German manufacturers built more than 1,000 of these aircraft, which had wooden wings. Hugo Junkers, a German designer, built all-metal aircraft, first using sheet iron. He soon switched to duralumin, a high-strength aluminum alloy developed just before the war. After the war, Junkers developed several all-metal passenger transports.

In the spring of 1920, the American pilot John M. Larsen began demonstrating an imported Junkers all-metal passenger plane designated the JL-6. It created much excitement within the American aviation community. The U.S. Postal Service bought six of the aircraft. The enthusiasm over the JL-6 caused many aviation leaders to call for the development of all-metal aircraft.

The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) declared in its 1920 Annual Report that metal was superior to wood because "metal does not splinter, is more homogeneous, and the properties of the material are much better known and can be relied upon. Metal also can be produced in large quantities, and it is felt that in the future all large airplanes must necessarily be constructed of metal."

NACA immediately began research into all-metal construction, and the U.S. Navy developed duralumin fabrication techniques at the Naval Aircraft Factory. In 1924, the first all-metal commercial airplane, called the Pullman, was produced by William Stout. Glenn Martin Aircraft also developed all-metal aircraft for the U.S. Navy in 1923 – 1924, where the only wooden structure was the engine mount.


The Junkers J.L. 6 represents an important step forward in technology. It was probably the first plane with the fuselage, wings, and skin all constructed of metal. Credits - NASA


The Junkers J.L. 6 built in Germany in 1919 as the F 13 and imported to the United States by John Larsen to be used as a mail plane. Credits - NASA

Airplane designers also felt that metal offered other significant advantages over wood, including protection from fire, but in reality, early aircraft metals provided little protection against airplane fires. In fact, despite the enthusiasm over the JL-6, the aircraft had a faulty fuel system causing it to catch fire in flight and the thin aluminum skin between the engine and cockpit melted, allowing flames to burst through at the pilots' feet. Two airplanes were lost within months, and the Post Office quickly sold the remaining four at a huge loss.

Despite the initial great enthusiasm over all-metal construction within the U.S. aviation community and the widespread belief among designers in the superiority of metal in the early 1920s, engineers soon found that metal was not inherently superior at the time. Wood was still lightweight and easy to work with. Over the next decade, aeronautical engineers had a difficult time designing metal wings and airframes that weighed as little as wood.

In late 1920, the Army Air Service contracted with the Gallaudet Aircraft Company for a monoplane bomber with an all-metal fuselage and metal framework wings. The prototype, designated the DB-1 and delivered in late 1921, was grossly overweight and considered a miserable failure. It was quickly retired.


The DB-1 weighed 11,160 lbs. gross

By 1929, nine years after the JL-6 had created so much excitement about all-metal airplanes, an aeronautical textbook estimated that metal wings still weighed 25 to 36 percent more than wood wings. By 1930, a decade after the NACA declared metal superior to wood, only five percent of the aircraft in production were of all-metal construction.

One of the big problems with metal was that it buckled when compressed, just like a piece of paper will bend when its ends are pushed together. In comparison, wood does not buckle as easily. By the 1930s, another aircraft design trend known as stressed-skin structures made this problem more acute.

Before this time, aircraft achieved much of their structural strength through their internal frameworks. But in a stressed-skin structure, the covering contributed much of the structure's strength and the internal framework is reduced. This provided a streamlined external surface for the airplane, but made metal buckling failures more likely.

In order to combat the problems of compressive buckling, metal structures had to be complex, with curves and riveting and reinforcement. This dramatically increased the costs of such an aircraft. By 1929, some manufacturers were making metal wings that were as light as wooden ones, but by the end of the 1930s, all-metal airplanes were significantly more expensive than wood and fabric airplanes.

Metal also presumably was more durable than wood, which warped, splintered, and was eaten by termites. But duralumin also had severe corrosion problems. It turned brittle. Unlike iron or steel, which rusted from the outside in, duralumin weakened internally and could fail suddenly in flight. Duralumin corroded even more in salt spray and the U.S. Navy eagerly sought a solution.

The Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa) and the Federal government cooperated to develop a material known as Alclad, which consisted of an aluminum alloy bonded to pure aluminum. Alclad solved many of the corrosion problems of duralumin. Soon other alloys were developed that proved effective as well and during the 1930s, all-metal airplanes became much more common.

By the mid-1930s, wood was no longer used on American multi-engine passenger aircraft and U.S. combat aircraft. But in 1938, the British airplane company, de Havilland, began work on a fast, unarmed bomber named the Mosquito. It was one of the most successful British aircraft of World War II, able to fly faster and higher than most other aircraft. More than 7,700 Mosquitoes were built. They were made of spruce, birch plywood, and balsa-wood, proving that even in the era of all-metal planes, older materials could still achieve impressive results.


The famous British Mosquito - U.S. Air Force Museum

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By the early 1930s, aircraft design and construction technology throughout the world had advanced to the point where it was possible to mass-produce all-metal airplanes. There had been an all-metal plane as early as WWI but it was an exception. Most airplanes of the war period and the 1920s had been primarily of wood and fabric construction, although many later ones had tubular steel fuselage frameworks.



The Air Corps' first all-metal monoplane bomber was the Boeing B-9.


The YB-9 was originally owned, developed and tested by Boeing as the XB-901 (NX10633). The plane was based on the Model 200 commercial transport, but was enlarged and adapted to the bomber role. The YB-9 was powered by two Pratt & Whitney R-1830-13 radial engines which gave it a top speed of 163 mph. Later in its service life, the YB-9 was fitted with the same engines powering the Y1B-9A service test aircraft bringing its top speed to 188 mph.; as fast as the US Army pursuit planes of the time.



A total of 7 aircraft were built: the prototype YB-9, a liquid-cooled engined Y1B-9, and five service test Y1B-9As. The aircraft never entered production mainly because there were even better aircraft being designed which would change the course of US bomber development.

TYPE- Boeing YB-9
Number Built/Converted - 1
Remarks- Boeing XB-901
Notes:
Serial number: 32-301
Originally Boeing-owned NX10633, XB-901 (Model 215)

SPECIFICATIONS
Span: 76 ft. 9 in.
Length: 51 ft. 6 in.
Height: 12 ft. 8 in.
Weight: 12,663 lbs. gross
Armament: 2 .30-cal. machine guns and 2,200 lbs. of bombs
Engines: Two Pratt & Whitney R-1830-13 radials of 575 hp. each
Crew: Four

PERFORMANCE
Top speed: 163 mph. at sea level
Cruising speed: 137 mph.
Service ceiling: 19,400 ft.
Range: approximately 500 miles with a full normal bomb load

Produced during 1932-33, the B-9 was outclassed by its contemporary all-metal Martin B-10 and only seven were purchased.

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MARTIN B-10


Considered modern for its time. It flew on Hap Arnold's Alaska trip in 1934. Credits - U.S. Air Force Museum

The B-10, the first of the "modern-day" all-metal monoplane bombers to be produced in quantity, featured such innovations as internal bomb storage, retractable landing gear, a rotating gun turret, and enclosed cockpits. It was so advanced in design that it was 50% faster than its contemporary biplane bombers and as fast as most of the fighters. When the Air Corps ordered 121 B-10s in the 1933-1936 period, it was the largest procurement of bomber aircraft since WW I. It also ordered 32 B-10 type bombers with Pratt and Whitney rather than Wright engines and designated these B-12s.

General Henry H. "Hap" Arnold once called the B-10 the air power wonder of its day. In 1934, he led ten B-10s on a 8,290 mile flight from Washington, D.C. to Fairbanks, Alaska and back. Although Air Corps B-10s and B-12s were replaced by B-17s and B-18s in the late 1930s, China and the Netherlands flew export versions in combat against Japan.

The aircraft on display is painted as a B-10 used in the 1934 Alaskan Flight. The only remaining B-10 known, it was an export version sold to Argentina in 1938. Donated by the Government of Argentina to the U.S. Government for the Air Force Museum in 1970, it was restored by the 96th Maintenance Squadron. (Mobile), Air Force Reserve, at Kelly AFB, Texas, in 1973-76.

SPECIFICATIONS
Span: 70 ft. 6 in.
Length: 44 ft. 9 in.
Height: 15 ft. 5 in.
Weight: 14,700 lbs. loaded
Armament: Three .30-cal. machine guns, 2,200 lbs. of bombs
Engine: Two Wright R-1820's of 775 hp. each
Cost: $55,000

PERFORMANCE
Maximum speed: 215 mph.
Cruising speed: 183 mph.
Range: 1,370 miles
Service Ceiling: 24,000 ft.

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The Air Corps' first all-metal fighter was the Consolidated P-25 of 1933.

Consolidated Y1P-25



The original YP-24 design was carried on by designer Robert J. Woods at Consolidated Aircraft Corporation as the Y1P-25. The Y1P-25 was similar to the YP-24 but was generally more streamlined and replaced the wooden YP-24 wing with one of all-metal construction.

Two Y1P-25s were ordered by the Army Air Corps in 1932. The first airframe (S/N 32-321) was fitted with a turbo-supercharger giving it a maximum speed of 247 mph. The Y1P-25 was destroyed in a crash on January 13, 1933.

The second airframe (S/N 32-322) was designated as Y1A-11 (attack bomber). This aircraft did not include a supercharger and featured a clipped vertical stabilizer. The Y1A-11 was also destroyed in a crash on January 20, 1933.

The accidents were not considered to be caused by faulty design and an order was placed with Consolidated Aircraft Corp. for what was to become the P-30.

Although only two were procured, the P-25 design was modified into the P-30, later redesignated the PB-2, of which 54 were purchased in 1935.

TYPE - Y1P-25
Number built/Converted - 1
Remarks - Improved YP-24


TYPE - Y1A-11
Number built/Converted - 1
Remarks - Attack version of Y1P-25

SPECIFICATIONS (Y1P-25)
Span: 43' 10.25"
Length: 29' 4"
Powerplant: Curtiss V-1570-57 "Conqueror" with G.E. form F-2G supercharger, 625 bhp at 2450 rpm at 20,000 ft.
Armament: Two .30 .cal. machine guns firing through the propeller, one .30 cal. gun aft.
Max. Speed: 247 mph
Aircraft crashed before completion of altitude and range tests

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Detroit-Lockheed YP-24





An experimental pursuit plane, a two-place, low-wing fighter, with retractable landing gear. Designed by Detroit Aircraft Corporation engineer Robert J. Woods. Metal-skinned fuselage built in Detroit and wooden wing plus final assembly done at Lockheed Aircraft Corporation in Burbank, California. Termed by Lockheed the XP-900.

Completed in 1931, and sent to Dayton, Ohio for testing on 29 September 1931. Air Corps contracted for 5 Y1P-24s and 5 YA-9s (attack bomber version), but they were never completed, as Detroit-Lockheed went bankrupt in 1931. Designer Woods went with Consolidated Aircraft in Buffalo, NY which continued styling in a new ship designated the Y1P-25, further continued as the P-30 and P-30A.

The original and only YP-24 was destroyed on 19 October 1931 after the landing gear malfunctioned (wouldn't extend) and the pilot was forced to bail out.

Detroit-Lockheed YP-24

TYPE - YP-24 / Y1P-24
Number Built/Converted - 10
Remarks - low-wing, two-place monoplane project cancelled

SPECIFICATIONS
Span: 42' 9.25"
Length: 28' 9"
Powerplant: Curtiss Conqueror V-1570-23 of 602 hp.
Armament: One .30 .cal. and one .50 cal. machine gun firing through the propeller, one .30 cal. gun aft.
Max. Speed: 214.5 mph
Service Ceiling: 26,400 ft.
Range: 556 miles
Serial Number: 32-320

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Consolidated P-30




PB-2

The P-30 was the first production aircraft ordered by the Army Air Corps with retractable landing gear, an enclosed and heated cockpit (for the pilot), and an exhaust driven turbo-supercharger. After the loss of the Y1P-25 (S/N 32-321), the Army ordered four improved examples and designated the aircraft P-30 (S/N 33-204 - 33-207). These aircraft were used for evaluation. The gunner in the rear cockpit was prone to black-out during sharp turns or dive recovery, but the Army was sufficiently pleased with the aircraft to place a production order for 50 aircraft on 6 December 1934.

The production aircraft (S/N 35-1 thru 50) were initially designated P-30As, but were later reclassified as PB-2As (Pursuit, Bi-place). The retractable landing gear was manually operated by the pilot through a hand crank located in the cockpit. The fixed-pitch propeller of the P-30 was replaced with a Curtiss Electric constant-speed propeller in the P-30A.

TYPE- P-30 P-30A
Number Built/Converted -450 Remarks - Improved Y1P-25; became PB-2 Improved P-30; became PB-2A

P-30 A

SPECIFICATIONS (P-30A)
Span: 43' 11"
Length: 30' 0"
Height: 8 ft. 3 in.
Powerplant: Curtiss V-1570-61 with G.E. form F-3 supercharger of 700 hp. at 15,000 ft.
Armament: Two .30 .cal. machine guns firing through the propeller, one .30 cal. gun aft.
Max. Speed: 274.5 mph at 25,000 ft. and 255.5 mph at 15,000 ft.
Cruising Speed: 215 mph
Service Ceiling: 28,000 ft.
Weight: 4,306 lbs. empty/5,643 lbs. (max.)

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FReeper Foxhole Armed Services Links

[snippy_about_it]

............

The first all-metal fighter ordered in quantity was the Boeing P-26; 139 were purchased in 1932-36.


The Boeing P-26A was the first all-metal monoplane fighter produced in quantity for the U.S. Army Air Corps. Its nickname was the "Peashooter. " -Credits - U.S. Air Force Museum

The P-26A was the first all-metal monoplane fighter (pursuit plane) produced in quantity for the U.S. Army Air Corps, affectionately called the "Peashooter" by its pilots. It was also the last Army Air Corps pursuit aircraft accepted with an open cockpit, a fixed undercarriage, and an externally braced wing. Significantly faster in level flight than previous fighters, the P-26A's relatively high landing speed caused the introduction of landing flaps to reduce this speed.

Boeing initially designed the P-26 in 1931, designating it first as Model 248 and in December 1931 as the XP-936. The company provided three test airframes, which remained Boeing property, with the frugal Air Corps providing the engines, instruments, and other equipment. The first flight occurred on March 20, 1932. The Army Air Corps purchased the three prototypes and designated them as P-26s. The Air Corps purchased a total of 111 of the production version, designating them as P-26A, and 25 of later -B and -C models.

The P-26 was the Army Air Corps front-line fighter before it was replaced during 1938-40 by the Curtiss P-36A and the Seversky P-35. An export version was sold to China in 1934 where it was used against the Japanese. It was also used by the Philippine government against the Japanese in December 1941 when all were destroyed in combat.

This P-26A reproduction is painted to represent the commander's aircraft of the 19th Pursuit Squadron, 18th Pursuit Group, stationed at Wheeler Field, Hawaii, in 1938.

More P-26A images...


As initially displayed in the Hall of Honor


Top Right side view


Top Front view


Right side view


Front view detail


Left side center fuselage detail

SPECIFICATIONS
Span: 27 ft. 11.5 in.
Length: 23 ft. 10 in.
Height: 10 ft. 5 in.
Weight: 2,197 lbs. empty/2,955 lbs. (max.)
Armament: Two fixed .30 caliber machine guns or one .50 and one .30 caliber machine gun; up to 200 lbs. of bombs
Engine: Pratt & Whitney R-1340-27 "Wasp" radial of 500 hp.
Crew: One
Cost: $16,567

PERFORMANCE
Max. speed: 234 mph/203 knots
Cruising speed: 199 mph./172 knots
Range: 360 statute miles/313 nautical miles
Service ceiling: 27,400 ft.

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Photos/Information courtesy of the US Air Force Museum.

Today's Educational Sources:
www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/
www.centennialofflight.gov


The FReeper Foxhole Studies The Advent of the Metal Plane - June 13th, 2003

[snippy_about_it]

"FALL IN" to the FReeper Foxhole!



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[snippy_about_it]

Here are the recommended holiday mailing dates for military mail this year:

For military mail addressed TO APO and FPO addresses, the mailing dates are:

• Parcel Post - November 13
• Space Available - November 27
• Parcel Airlift - December 4
• Priority Mail, First Class cards and letters - Mailing date is December 11 to all locations
  • EXCEPT for locations starting with ZIP 093. For all locations starting with ZIP 093 the mailing date is December 6.
• Express Mail - December 20 to locations where Express Mail service is available. Check with your local post office to determine which APO/FPO addresses can receive Express Mail. Note: This service is not available to ships.

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For military mail FROM APO and FPO addresses, the mailing dates are:

• Space Available - November 20
• Parcel Airlift - December 4
• Priority Mail, First Class cards and letters - December 11
• Express Mail - December 18 from APO/FPO addresses where Express Mail can be accepted. Check with your local military post office to determine if they can accept Express Mail. Note: This service is not available from ships.

Thanks for the information StayAt HomeMother

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Veterans for Constitution Restoration is a non-profit, non-partisan educational and grassroots activist organization.

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Actively seeking volunteers to provide this valuable service to Veterans and their families.

Thanks to quietolong for providing this link.

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UPDATED THROUGH APRIL 2004



The FReeper Foxhole. America's History. America's Soul

Click on Hagar for
"The FReeper Foxhole Compiled List of Daily Threads"

[SAMWolf]

Good Night Snippy. Early day tomorrow

Flight of ten Martin B-10 Bombers enroute to Alaska from Bolling Field, Washington D.C., July 19, 1934.
Credit: U.S. Air Force photo.

[snippy_about_it]

You bet. Good night Sam.

[endthematrix]

The Germans due to restrictions at the end of WW1 did much to improve aeronautics by flight data on gliders (sailplanes) and of course that knowledge just transfered to the Nazi cause.

An Alclad frypan is over $100

Alcoa and Aluminum futures is doing just fine with China consumption.

[endthematrix]

Junkers A50 (1933)

Junkers F13

[alfa6]

Oh goody an Aeroplane Thread on the Foxhole and I am at work Bump.

Just wait till I get home.

Regards

alfa6 ;>}

[Aeronaut]

Good morning Tonk and all.

[E.G.C.]

Good morning, Snippy and everyone at the Freeper Foxhole.

[The Mayor]

November 5, 2004

Marching Off The Map

Read: Genesis 12:1-4

Get out of your country, from your family and from your father's house, to a land that I will show you. —Genesis 12:1

Bible In One Year: Jeremiah 34-36; Hebrews 2

---

Life is what happens to us while we are making other plans. Our lives are subject to detours and corrections that we never expected or imagined.

Abraham and Sarah could testify to that. They were planning for retirement when life "happened" to them. God adjusted their agenda. He told Abraham, "Get out of your country, from your family and from your father's house, to a land that I will show you" (Genesis 12:1). So this old couple packed up the tent and headed out to only God knew where.

When Alexander the Great had completed his conquest of Persia, he headed east. Author Halford Luccock said the general "marched off his maps."

That happened to Sarah and Abraham. God gave them marching orders without a map. They needed only enough faith to begin the journey, and they headed out to unknown territories and unimagined adventures. God never told them He would turn them "every which way but loose" before fulfilling His promise of a son who would become a great nation.

Make your plans. But write them on paper, not in concrete. God and life have a way of intruding and leading you on a journey that you might not have anticipated in your wildest dreams. —Haddon Robinson

Many things about tomorrow
I don't seem to understand;
But I know who holds tomorrow
And I know who holds my hand. —Stanphill
© 1950 Singspiration Music, Inc.

A man's heart plans his way, but the Lord directs his steps. —Proverbs 16:9

Beautiful Aircraft!

[GailA]

Good Morning

[Valin]

On This Day In History

Birthdates which occurred on November 05:
1534 Joachim Camerarius German botanist/physician (horticulture catalog)
1818 Benjamin F Butler Union general/presidential candidate (anti-monopoly)
1849 Rui Barbosa Brazil, statesman/jurist/essayist/civil liberties
1855 Eugene V Debs labor organizer, Socialist presidential candidate
1885 Will Durant writer/historian (Story of Civilization)
1887 Paul Wittgenstein Vienna Austria, left hand specialist pianist
1891 Earle (Greasy) Neale NFL coach (Philadelphia Eagles)
1911 Roy Rogers Cincinnati Ohio, cowboy (Happy Trails, Roy Rogers Show)
1912 Natalie Schaeffer Rumson NJ, actress (Lovey Howell-Gilligan's Island)
1913 John McGiver NYC, actor (Patty Duke Show, Jimmy Stewart Show)
1913 Vivien Leigh (Gone With Wind) Frankly my dear, I don't give a damn
1915 Moe Biller NYC, labor union officer (AFL-CIO, Postal Workers)
1919 Myron Floren Webster San Diego CA, accordionist (Lawrence Welk Show)
1927 Robert Abernethy Geneva Switzerland, Newscaster (NBC News Encore)
1930 Herb Edelman Brooklyn NY, actor (Good Guys, Strike Force, 9 to 5)
1931 Ike Turner AKA Mr Tina Turner!, singer (A Fool in Love)
1932 Arthur L Liman NYC, trial lawyer (Oliver North)
1942 Art Garfunkel NYC, singer/actor (Sounds of Silence, Carnal Knowledge)
1942 Elke Sommer Berlin Germany, actress (Oscar, 10 Little Indians)
1943 Sam Shepard US, actor/playwright (Frances, Crimes of the Heart)
1946 Patricia K Kuhl speech & hearing scientist
1947 Oleg Antropov USSR, volleyball player (Olympic-gold-1968)
1947 Peter Noone rocker (Herman-Herman's Hermits-Silhouettes)
1952 Bill Walton NBA center (Portland Trail Blazers, Boston Celtics)
1957 Jon-Erik Hexum Tenafly NJ, actor (Voyager, Cover-up)
1959 Bryan Adams Vancouver BC Canada, singer (Heaven)
1963 Andrea McArdle Philadelphia PA, actress (Annie); "Sun Will Come Out Tommorrow"
1963 Tatum O'Neal Los Angeles CA, Mrs John MacEnroe (Paper Moon, Little Darlings)
1969 Jennifer Guthrie Willimantic CT, actress (Dawn-General Hospital)
1971 Corin "Corky" Nemec Little Rock AR, actor (Tucker, Parker Lewis)

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Deaths which occurred on November 05:
1370 Kazimierz III ("The Great"), king of Poland (1333-70), dies at 61
1879 James Clerk Maxwell, Scotish physicist (speed of light), dies at 48
1942 George M Cohan, composer/actor/dancer, dies at 64 (I'm a Yankee Doodle Dandy, Oh how I hate to get up in the morning)
1960 Ward Bond actor(Wagon Train), dies at 55
1974 Stafford Repp actor (Chief O'Hara-Batman), dies at 56
1977 Guy Lombardo orchestra leader (Auld Lang Syne), dies in Houston at 75
1979 Al Capp cartoonist (Lil' Abner), dies at 70
1982 Jacques Tati actor/director, dies of pulmonary embolism
1989 Barry Sadler singer (Green Berets), dies at 49 in Murfreesboro Tn
1989 Vladamir Horowitz pianist, dies at 85
1990 Meir Kahane, the US rabbi who founded the militant Jewish Defense League and was thrown out of Israel's parliament for his racist anti-Arab views -- gunned down by a terrorist (Egyptian native El Sayyed Nosair was convicted of the slaying in federal court.)
1991 Fred MacMurray actor (My Three Sons), dies at 84
1991 Robert Maxwell Billionaire publisher (NY Daily News), dies at 68
2000 Jimmie Davis, Louisiana's "singing governor," died in Baton Rouge; he was believed to be 101.

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Reported: MISSING in ACTION

1965 CHAPMAN HARLAN P.---ELYRIA OH.
[02/12/73 RELEASED BY DRV, ALIVE AND WELL 98]
1965 MC CLEARY GEORGE C.---BATON ROUGE LA.
[REMAINS RETURNED ID'D 05/91]
1967 COBEIL EARL GLENN---PONTIAC MI.
[03/06/74 REMAINS RETURNED]
1967 DUTTON RICHARD A.---CHICAGO IL.
["03/14/73 RELEASED BY DRV, RIP 12/12/99]
1968 CORNTHWAITE THOMAS G.---GREAT BRITIAN
1968 SIMPSON JAMES E.
["ESCAPED, KILLED IN BINH THUAN"]
1969 ECHANIS JOSEPH---PORTLAND OR.
1969 LE FEVER DOUGLAS P.---ARCANUM OH.

POW / MIA Data & Bios supplied by
the P.O.W. NETWORK. Skidmore, MO. USA.

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On this day...
1219 The port of Damietta falls to the Crusaders after a siege.
1414 Council of Constance (16th ecumenical council) opens
1492 Christopher Columbus learns of maize (corn) from the Indians of Cuba
1556 The Emperor Akbar defeats the Hindus at Panipat and secures control of the Mogul Empire
1605 Gunpowder Plot; Catholics try to blow up English Parliament. Plot uncovered & leader Guy Fawkes hanged
1781 John Hanson elected 1st "President of the US in Congress assembled"
1811 El Salvador's 1st battle against Spain for independence
1838 Honduras declares independence of Central American Federation
1862 300 Santee Sioux sentenced to hang in Minnesota
1862 Battle at Barbee's Crossroads, Virginia: 51 casualties
1862 Ambrose Burnside replaces McClellen as head of Army of Potomac
1872 Susan B Anthony fined $100 for trying to vote for Ulysses S Grant
1875 Susan B Anthony arrested for attempting to vote
1895 1st US patent granted for auto (George B Selden)
1895 King Edward VII says "We are all Socialists nowadays"
1895 US state Utah accepts female suffrage
1911 Italy attacks Turkey, takes Tipoli & Cyrenaica
1911 Calbraith Rodgers arrives in Pasadena completing 1st transcontinental airplane flight (49 days) (left Sheepshead Bay, NY, Sept 17)
1912 Woodrow Wilson (D) beats Theodore Roosevelt (Prog) & President Taft (R)
1913 Ludwig III crowned king of Bavaria
1914 Britain annexes Cyprus
1917 Gen Pershing & US troops see action on Western Front for 1st time
1917 Supreme Court decision (Buchanan v Warley) strikes down Lousiville KY ordinance requiring blacks & whites to live in separate areas
1925 Mussolini disbands Italian socialist parties
1927 Walter Hagen wins his 4th straight PGA championship
1933 Chicago Bears 30 game unbeaten streak ends to Patriots (10-0)
1935 Maryland Court of Appeals orders U of M to admit (black) Donald Murray
1935 Parker Brothers launches game of Monopoly
1938 Ottawa Roughriders score on 5-man, 4-lateral, 65-yard punt return
1938 Rutgers beats Princeton 1st time in 60 years as Rutgers Stad dedicated
1940 President FDR (D) wins unprecedented 3rd term beating Wendell Willkie (R)
1941 Japanese marine staff officiers Suzuki/Maejima leave Pearl Harbor
1942 Pro-British Clandestine Radio Diego Suarez's final transmission
1946 John F Kennedy (D-MA) elected to House of Representatives
1953 Paul Searls saws a 32" log in 86.4 seconds
1955 New Vienna Opera house opens (Austria)
1956 Britain & France land forces in Egypt
1959 AFL announced with 8 teams
1964 US launches Mariner 3 toward Mars; no data returned
1967 ATS-3 launched by US to take 1st pictures of full Earth disk
1967 New Orleans Saints 1st NFL victory, beat Philadelphia Eagles 31-24
1968 1st AL pitcher to win MVP, Denny McLain
1968 Nixon (R) beats VP Humphrey (D) & George C Wallace for Presidency
1969 Bobby Seale, the founder of the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, is sentenced to four years in prison on sixteen counts of contempt of court (Chicago Eight)
1971 NBA's Los Angeles Lakers starts a 33 game consecutive victory streak
1973 BART starts San Francisco-Daly City train shuttle service
1974 Ella Grasso (Ct) elected 1st woman US gov not related to previous gov
1974 Walter E Washington, becomes 1st elected mayor of Wash DC
1977 NCAA passing record set at 571 yards (Marc Wilson, Brigham Young)
1978 Iranian PM Jaafar Sharif-Emami resigns to Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi
1978 Oakland Raider's John Madden becomes 13th coach to win 100 NFL games
1979 Iran's Ayatollah Khomeini declares US "The Great Satan"(right back at ya guy!)
1981 Former Dolphin, Mercury Morris, is sentenced to 20 years for drug trafficking, conspiracy, & possession of cocaine
1982 Cleveland Cavaliers lose 24th consecutive game (NBA record)
1987 Iceberg twice the size of Rhode Island sighted in Antarctic
1987 Supreme Court nominee Douglas H Ginsburg admitted using marijuana
1988 Japan beats MLB all stars 2-1 in Tokyo (Game 1 of 7)
1989 US plays El Salvador, in 3rd round of 1990 world soccer cup

1994 Former President Reagan disclosed he had Alzheimer's disease.

1996 Voters returned President Clinton to the White House for a second term
2002 Republicans seized control of the U.S. Senate and retained their hold on the House, giving President George W. Bush a historic victory in mid-term elections that traditionally go against the incumbent president.
2003 LisaMalia joins FreeRepublic Dennis Kucinich reported quaking in fear.

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Holidays
Note: Some Holidays are only applicable on a given "day of the week"

El Salvador : 1st Cry for Independence (1811)
England : Guy Fawkes Day
Sweden : All Saints Day
World : World Community Day (1945) (pray for peace) US : Impotency Week (Day 3)
US : Chemistry Week (Day 4)
US : Double Talk Week (Day 4)
National Neurofibromatosis Month

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Religious Observances
Christian-Sweden : All Saints Day
RC : Commemoration of St Bertilla, virgin
Christian : Feast of Martin de Porres & Holy Relics

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Religious History
1917 In Moscow, following abdication of Russian Czar Nicholas II, the historic Orthodox Church Council of 1917_1918 restored the office of patriarch, suppressed by Peter the Great in 1700.
1935 The Cooperative General Association of Free Will Baptists (northern U.S.) and the General Conference of Free Will Baptists (southern U.S.) merged in Nashville, TN, to form the National Association of Free Will Baptists.
1950 Billy Graham's "Hour of Decision" program was first broadcast over television.
1959 English apologist C.S. Lewis wrote in a letter: 'All joy (as distinct from mere pleasure, still more amusement) emphasises our pilgrim status; always reminds, beckons, awakens desire. Our best havings are wantings.'
1970 American Presbyterian missionary Francis Schaeffer wrote in a letter: 'The Bible does not minimize sexual sin, but neither does it make it different from any other sin.'

Source: William D. Blake. ALMANAC OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. Minneapolis: Bethany House, 1987.

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Thought for the day :
"Everyone complains of his memory, no one of his judgment."

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Office Inspirational Sayings...
Go the extra mile. It makes your boss look like an incompetent slacker.

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Children's stories that never made it...
Controlling the Playground: Respect Through Fear

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Handy Latin Phrases...
Vah! Denuone Latine loquebar? Me ineptum. Interdum modo elabitur.
Oh! Was I speaking Latin again? Silly me. Sometimes it just sort of slips out.

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Redefining the English language
Flatulence (n.)
The emergency vehicle that picks you up after you are run over by a steamroller.

[Valin]

Happy (belated) birthday!
You don't look a day over 93.
A birthday is just the first day of another 365-day journey around the sun. Enjoy the trip.

[SAMWolf]

Edmund Schneider developed the design at his Grunau, Silesia, factory in 1931; it rapidly evolved through 2 and 2A versions in next 4 yrs. Standard scheme of learning to fly was to start with simple primary gliders, such as SG-38, using elastic bungee cords to launch student higher and farther as skill warranted. When soaring attempted, a safe, sturdy design such as Grunau used, and the student was launched from the top of a hill into the wind to try to use the deflected air to stay aloft. US counterpart was Franklin PS-2, a later simpler version of Eaglet. These designs considered utility gliders, and one would graduate to high performance ships such as Bowlus Albatross II. Hundreds of early versions built in factory and world-wide from plans. Mid-30s, German government sponsored redesign, and 2B with dive-brake type spoilers resulted. Thousands produced in factories and from plans by NSFK flying clubs. Plans circulated worldwide, and US designers, especially in CA, copied the wing--look at Bowlus Baby Albatross. Production continued during war, and 4104 examples built in Germany 1940-4. Were extensively used in invasion glider training, and one technique was to use angled landing light to help in night landings.

[SAMWolf]

Ju-52

[SAMWolf]

Oh goody an Aeroplane Thread on the Foxhole... Just wait till I get home.

Morning alfa6, do you have some airplane pics to post? ;-)

[SAMWolf]

Morning Aeronaut.

[SAMWolf]

Morning E.G.C.

Have my first official frost of the season on the windshield.

[SAMWolf]

Our lives are subject to detours and corrections that we never expected or imagined.

AH! But that's what makes it so interesting.