The FReeper Foxhole Remembers The Battle of Glorieta Pass (March 26-29 1862) - Nov. 20th, 2003

National Park Service ^

[SAMWolf]

Lord,

Keep our Troops forever in Your care

Give them victory over the enemy...

Grant them a safe and swift return...

Bless those who mourn the lost.
.

FReepers from the Foxhole join in prayer
for all those serving their country at this time.

...................................................................................... ...........................................

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The Battle of Glorieta Pass:
A Shattered Dream

A peaceful ranch, once a stage stop on the Santa Fe Trail, rests in a circular valley clasped by steep mountains. Spanish conquistadors named these mountains Sangre de Cristo, "blood of Christ," but in 1862, it was the blood of warring brothers that bathed the land near Pigeon's Ranch.

(Roy Anderson, artist; Courtesy of Pecos National Historical Park)

This battle--the Battle of Glorieta Pass--represented the high water mark for a bold Confederate offensive into Union Territory on the western frontier. Here volunteers from Colorado clashed with tough Texans intent on conquering New Mexico. Victory here would be a necessary prelude to detaching the western states from the Union and expanding the Confederacy to the Pacific Ocean. Referred to as the "Gettysburg of the West" by many historians, this running battle along canyon and ridge from March 26-28, 1862 culminated in the retreat back to Texas of the invading Confederate forces. Glorieta Pass was another great turning point in the Civil War, the battle that shattered the western dreams of the Confederate States of America.

The Gettysburg of the West

The trans-Mississippi West, New Mexico Territory in particular, was far removed from many of the passions and issues that defined the Civil War for people east of the Mississippi River. For large areas of the West that were recently won from Mexico or still organized under territorial government--where people were still struggling to survive in hostile environments--arguments over secession and states rights may have seemed rarified. Nonetheless, men answered the call to join eastern armies, so the frontier armies were drastically reduced. Indian raids began to increase as some tribes seized the chance to regain lost territory while others turned to raiding for subsistence, their U.S. treaty allotments having been disrupted by the war. Yet, the Civil War was not strictly an eastern war, and in 1862 Confederate forces invaded New Mexico Territory.


Major John M. Chivington and First Colorado Volunteers on the edge of Glorieta Mesa overlooking Confederate supply wagons at Johnson's Ranch (courtesy Peter de La Fuente, Wyeth Hurd Gallery, Santa Fe)

Henry Sibley, who resigned his commission in the U.S. Army to join the Confederate Army, realized that the void created in the West could be an opportunity for the South. After raising a brigade of mounted Texas riflemen during the summer of 1861, Sibley led his 2,500 men to Fort Bliss and launched a winter invasion up the Rio Grande Valley.

Colonel Edward Canby, who had been appointed the Union Commander of the Department of New Mexico in June 1861, anticipated the invasion and had already begun to consolidate his 2,500 regular army troops. By early 1862, Canby had almost 4,000 soldiers he could put into the field.

Sibley's Brigade approached Canby's Union forces near Fort Craig in south-central New Mexico. Threatening to cut off the fort by controlling a nearby ford, Sibley drew Canby's soldiers out from the fort and engaged them in a closely contested battle at Valverde on February 21, 1862. The smaller Confederate force prevailed against Canby's troops, who retreated to the security of nearby Fort Craig. Sibley believed the U.S. forces had been defeated too soundly to present a rear-guard threat, so he advanced north. The Confederates occupied Albuquerque on March 2. Sibley then sent the Fifth Texas Regiment, commanded by Major Charles Pyron, to the unprotected territorial capital of Santa Fe. The few Union troops retreated to Fort Union, destroying ammunition and supplies.


Maj. John M. Chivington, First Colorado Volunteers, led Union flanking maneuver during Battle of Glorieta Pass (courtesy Denver Public Library, Western History Collection).

The only thing that appeared to be standing between Sibley's Confederate Brigade and Colorado was Fort Union, the major army depot on the Santa Fe Trail. By seizing the supplies and weapons kept at Fort Union, the Confederates would be able to continue their march north through Raton Pass to Denver, the territorial capital of Colorado.

The First Colorado Volunteers, an infantry brigade of 950 miners, were quickly organized under the command of Colonel John P. Slough. They marched the 400 miles from Denver through the deep snow of Raton Pass to Fort Union in only 13 days, arriving at the fort on March 10. After a brief rest and re-supply, Slough defied orders to remain at Fort Union. Joined by some regular army troops and New Mexico volunteers, Slough's 1,350 soldiers departed Fort Union on March 22, and they followed the Santa Fe Trail westward to meet the enemy. By March 25, the Union advance troops, under the command of Major John M. Chivington, set up Camp Lewis at Kozlowski's Stage Stop east of Glorieta Pass, a gap in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains.

Meanwhile, Pyron's Fifth Texas Regiment had left Santa Fe, following the Santa Fe Trail eastward, marching on Fort Union. After following a southward swing through Glorieta Pass, he intended to join with other Confederate troops. Pyron's Texans camped at Johnson's Ranch in Apache Canyon, just west of Glorieta Pass, unaware of the Union troops only nine miles away.


3rd Cavalry Supply Wagons relocate to support the Regiment near Glorieta Pass, New Mexico Territory, March 1862

On the morning of March 26, 1862, a scouting party of Colorado Volunteers led by Chivington left Camp Lewis to locate the Texans. They discovered and captured a Confederate scouting party in Glorieta Pass, then ran into the main body of the Confederate force in Apache Canyon, about 16 miles east of Santa Fe. A two-hour scrimmage, known as the Battle of Apache Canyon, ensued. Although Chivington captured 70 Confederate soldiers, he fell back to Pigeon's Ranch. By evening, both sides called a truce to tend to their wounded.

The following day, when Union spies notified Colonel Slough that the Confederates had been reinforced, Slough decided to divide his forces. Slough's 900 soldiers would proceed west along the Santa Fe Trail and block Glorieta Pass, while Chivington and Lieutenant Colonel Manuel Chavez of the New Mexico Volunteers would take 450 men over Glorieta Mesa to attack the Confederate right flank or rearguard. Colonel Scurry decided to leave his supply train at Johnson's Ranch and march his 900 men eastward along the Santa Fe Trail the next morning to force the battle where he wanted it.

On the morning of March 28, Slough's men broke ranks near Pigeon's Ranch to fill their canteens at Glorieta Creek. Scurry's quickly advancing Confederates came upon the Union troops and opened fire on them. The Union soldiers quickly formed a defensive line along Windmill Hill, but an hour later, fell back to Pigeon's Ranch.


Map Key:

Battle of Apache Canyon--March 26, 1862:

A. Upper Battlefield--2:30 to 3:00pm
Union troops under Chivington encounter Confederate vanguard under Pyron. Confederates retreat. Union forces pursue the Confederates.
B. Lower Battlefield--3:30 to 4:30pm
Chivington continues flanking strategy. Fierce fighting erupts. Pyron's forces retreat to Johnson's Ranch. Chivington withdraws to Kozlowski's Stage Stop.

Battle of Glorieta Pass (Pigeon's Ranch Action)--March 28, 1862:
1. 8:00am--Union forces advance toward Confederates in Apache Canyon.
2. Confederates advance through Glorieta Pass.
3. Opening Action--10:00am to 11:00am
Confederates under Scurry, Union under Slough engage.
4. Main Battle--Noon to 4:00pm
Slough establishes strong defense. Scurry attacks. Slough pulls back to third position.
5. Third Position--4:00 to 5:00pm
Union holding action repulses Confederate's final charge. Slough pulls troops back to Kozlowski's Stage Stop.

Battle of Glorieta Pass (Canoncito Action)--March 28, 1862:
I. Chivington's flanking movement.
II. Chivington reaches the edge of the mesa overlooking Johnson's Ranch.
III. Union troops attack up canyon. Union forces burn wagons and supplies.
IV. Remaining Confederates escape towards Santa Fe.

Scurry's Confederate soldiers faced the Union artillery at Pigeon's Ranch and Artillery Hill for three hours, and finally outflanked the Union right. From Sharpshooter's Ridge they could fire down on the Union troops, so Slough ordered another retreat, setting up a third battle line a short distance east of Pigeon's Ranch. The Texans charged the line shortly before sunset. Slough ordered his soldiers back to Camp Lewis leaving the Confederates in possession of the field. Both sides were exhausted after six hours of fighting, each having sustained more than 30 killed and 80 wounded or missing.


(Photo by Ben Wittide; Courtesy Museum of New Mexico, Neg. No. 15783)
The first known photographs of the battlefield sites in Apache Canyon and Glorieta Pass were taken in 1880. This 1880 photo shows Pigeon's Ranch much the same as it probably appeared on March 28, 1862. The Santa Fe Trail runs in between ranch structures. Initial contact between the Texans and Pike's Peak miners occurred half a mile up the trail towards Glorieta Pass and west of the ranch, in the area shown in the upper right hand corner of the picture. Colonel Slough pulled his forces back to form a second defensive line of battle anchored at the center around the ranch buildings

Believing he had won the battle, Scurry soon received devastating news. After a 16-mile march through the mountains, the Union force led by Major Chivington had come upon the Confederate supply train at Johnson's Ranch. They had driven off the few guards, slaughtered 30 horses and mules, spiked an artillery piece, taken 17 prisoners, and burned 80 wagons containing ammunition, food, clothing, and forage. Scurry was forced to ask for a cease-fire.

Lacking vital supplies, Scurry could no longer continue his march on Fort Union so he retreated to Santa Fe. Two weeks later, General Sibley ordered his army to retreat from Santa Fe and relinquished control of Albuquerque. There was no further Confederate attempt to invade the western territories. The Battle of Glorieta Pass had decided conclusively that the West would remain with the Union.

Thanks to FReeper Colorado Tanker for suggesting this thread

[snippy_about_it]

Hiya Darksheare, looks like you have your computer back up and running. LOL.

Is it all fixed now?

[Soaring Feather]

Good morning everyone!

[Darksheare]

It's got more in commom with Frankenstein's monster at the moment than an actual computer.
But I do have it up and running at the moment.
!!!
Or is it running me?

[snippy_about_it]

Good morning feather.

[snippy_about_it]

LOL. I think our computers run us!

[Darksheare]

I think they do.
(That, and I'm one of those annoying types who HAS to have the most recent updates..)

[Colonel_Flagg]

Good morning to all!

Sam and Snippy, you should already have heard from me by Freepmail this morning. Today I marvel at how God truly does work in mysterious ways.

Thank you for the thread, as always. I hope you are doing well.

[Valin]

On This Day In History


Birthdates which occurred on November 20:
1602 Otto von Guericke inventor (air pump)
1620 Peregrine White son of William & Susanna White, born aboard Mayflower
1726 Oliver Wolcott (Ct-Gov), signed Declaration of Independence
1752 Thomas Chatterton English poet (Christabel)
1761 Pius VIII 253rd Roman Catholic pope (1829-30)
1841 Sir Wilfrid Laurier (L) 7th Canadian PM (1896-1911)
1858 Selma Lagerlof Sweden, novelist (Tales of a Manor-Nobel 1909)
1866 Kenesaw Mountain Landis judge/1st commissioner of baseball
1869 Clark Griffith Missouri, baseball player/manager (NY Yankees)
1884 Norman Thomas Marion Ohio, socialist (presidential candidate 1928-48)
1886 Karl von Frisch zoologist/bee expert (Nobel 1973)
1889 Edwin Hubble astronomer (discoverer of galaxies, red shift)
1891 Leon Cadore pitcher (pitched all of 26 inning game)
1900 Chester Gould cartoonist (gave Dick Tracy a job)
1907 Fran Allison LaPorte City Iowa, actress (Kukla, Fran & Ollie)
1908 Alistair Cooke Manchester England, actor (Masterpiece Theatre)
1909 Alan Bible (Sen-D-NV, 1954-74)
1910 Pauli Murray famous African
1911 Jean Shiley US, high jumper (Olympic-gold-1932)
1914 Emilio Pucci Naples, fashion designer (Neiman-Marcus Award-1954)
1915 Kon Ichikawa Japan, director (Matatabi, Money Talks)
1916 Judy Canova Jacksonville FL, comedienne/actress (Cannonball)
1916 Robert A Bruce MD, pioneer (exercise cardiology)
1917 Robert Byrd (D-Sen-WV) majority leader
1918 Dora Ratjen Germany, man posing as woman high jumper (Oly-4th-1936)
1919 Evelyn Keyes actress (Adventure of Martin Eden)
1920 Douglas Dick Charlestown WV, actor (Carl-Waterfront)
1920 Gene Tierney Brooklyn, actress (Laura, Razor's Edge, Ghost & Mrs Muir)
1921 Phyllis Thaxter Portland Maine, actress (Nora, Fort Worth)
1923 Beryl Sprinkel Missouri, economist (Council of Economic Advisers)
1923 Nadine Gordimer South Africa, actress/writer (Lying Days)
1924 Benoit Mandelbrot Warsaw Poland, mathematician (proved Zipf's law)
1925 Maya Plisetkaya prima ballerina (Bolshoi Ballet)
1925 Robert Francis Kennedy Brookline MA (D-Sen-NY) AG; assassinated
1926 Kaye Ballard Cleveland Ohio, actress/comedienne (Kaye-Mothers-in-Law)
1927 Estelle Parsons Lynn MA, actress (Rachel Rachel, Bonnie & Clyde)
1928 Franklin Cover Cleveland, actor (Tom-The Jeffersons)
1928 Rex Reason Berlin Germany, actor (Man Without a Gun, Roaring 20s)
1929 Dick Clark Mt Vernon NY, TV host (American Bandstand)
1929 Kenneth DeWitt Schermerhorn Schenectady NY, conductor (American Ballet)
1932 Richard Dawson Hampshire England, actor (Hogan's Heroes, Family Feud)
1934 Valentine J Peter Omaha NB, priest (Boy's Town 1985- )
1937 Eero Muntyranta Finland, nordic ski relay (Olympic-gold-1960)
1937 Jack Linkletter San Francisco CA, TV host (Haggis Baggis, Hootenanny)
1937 Ruth Laredo (nee Meckler) Detroit MI, concert pianist
1939 Dick Smothers NYC, comedian (Smother Brothers' Show)
1940 Bob Einstein Los Angeles CA, comedian (Officer Judy, Super Dave Osborne)
1941 Gary Karr Los Angeles CA, double-bassist (Oslo Philharmonic)
1942 Joseph R Biden Jr (D-Sen-Del)
1942 Norman Greenbaum Massachusetts, folk singer (Spirit in the Sky)
1943 Veronica Hamel Philadelphia PA, actress (Joyce-Hill St Blues)
1944 Anthea Stewart Zimbabwe, field hockey coach/player (Olympic-1980)
1946 Duane Allman rocker (Allman Brothers-Jessica, Ramblin' Man)
1946 Judy Woodruff newscaster (McNeil Lehrer Report)
1947 Joe Walsh Wichita KS, guitarist/rocker (Eagles-Take it Easy)
1948 Richard Masur NYC, actor (David-One Day at a Time)
1948 Samuel E Wright Camden SC, actor (Enos, Ball Four)
1949 Juha Mieto Finland, 15KM skier (Olympic-silver-1980)
1949 Ray Vitte NYC, actor (Doc, Cody-Quest)
1954 Steve Dahl California, Chicago's anti-disco DJ (WLS-FM)
1956 Bo Derek Long Beach Cal, actress (10, Tarzan the Ape Man)
1956 Mark Gastineau NFL end (NY Jets, Pro Bowl 1981-85)
1959 Sean Young Louisville KY, actress (Dune, Young Doctor in Love)
1964 Ned Vaughn actor (The Rescuer)
1965 Mike D [Diamond], rocker (Beastie Boys-You Gotta Fight)
1967 Jeff Cotler Long Beach CA, actor (Brian-Struck by Lightning)
1974 Marisa Ryan actress (Major Dad)

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Deaths which occurred on November 20:
0967 Aboe al-Faradj al-Isfahani, Arabic author (Book of liederen), dies
1527 Wendelmoet "Weyntjen" Claesdochter, 1st Dutch woman burned as heretic
1910 Leo Tolstoy Russia, author (Anna Karenina), dies at 82
1962 Jasper McLevy socialist mayor of Bridgeport CT, dies
1968 Cathy Lewis actress (Deidre-Hazel), dies at 50
1973 Allan Sherman songwriter ("Camp Granada"), dies
1975 Gen Francisco Franco Spain's dictator, dies in Madrid at 82
1983 Marcel Dalio actor (Casablanca), dies at 83
1983 Richard Loo actor, dies of cardio-pulmonary arrest
1985 Bill Scott cartoon voice (Mr Peabody, Bullwinkle), dies at 65
1995 Sergei Grinkov Soviet ice skater (Olympic Gold 1988.1994) dies (heart attack ?) at 28

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Reported: MISSING in ACTION

1967 BUTLER WILLIAM W.---LOS ANGELES CA.
[03/14/73 RELEASED BY DRV, ALIVE AND WELL 98]
1967 CRINER NORBERT B.
[03/73 RELEASED BY DRV]
1967 MARTIN JOHN M.---GLENSHAW PA
1969 BALDRIDGE JOHN ROBERT JR.---MEMPHIS TN.
1969 RENELT WALTER A.---WILMOT SD.
1972 BREUER DONALD C.---NEW YORK NY

POW / MIA Data & Bios supplied by
the P.O.W. NETWORK. Skidmore, MO. USA.

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On this day...
269 Diocletian is proclaimed emperor of Numerian in Asia Minor by his soldiers. He had been the commander of the emperor's bodyguard.
1272 Edward I proclaimed King of England
1616 Bishop Richelieu becomes French minister of Foreign affairs/War
1637 Peter Minuit & 1st Swedish immigrants to Delaware sail from Sweden(Peter later purchased Manhattan Island for 60 guilders)
1780 Britain declares war on Holland
1789 New Jersey becomes 1st state to ratify Bill of Rights
1805 The opera "Fidelio" is produced (Vienna)
1829 Jews are expelled from Russia's Nikolayev & Sevastopol
1862 Confederate army of Tennessee, organizes under Gen Braxton Bragg
1866 1st national convention of Grand Army of the Republic (veterans' organization)
1866 Howard University founded (Wash, DC)
1866 Pierre Lalemont patents rotary crank bicycle
1873 Rival cities of Buda & Pest unite to form the capital of Hungary
1888 William Bundy patents the timecard clock
1890 Pope Leo XIII encyclical On slavery in the missions
1894 US intervenes in Bluefields, Nicaragua
1903 In Cheyenne, Wyoming, 42-year-old hired gunman Tom Horn is hanged for the murder of 14-year-old Willie Nickell.
1910 Revolution broke out in Mexico, led by Francisco I Madero
1914 US State Department starts requiring photographs for passports
1917 Ukrainian Republic declared
1919 1st municipally owned airport in US opens in Tucson, Az
1928 WGH-AM in Newport News VA begins radio transmissions
1931 Commercial teletype service begins
1938 1st documented anti-Semitic remarks over US radio (by Father Coughlin)
1942 NHL abolishes regular season OT until WW II is over
1943 US forces land on Tarawa & Makin Atoll in the Gilbert Island
1945 24 Nazi leaders put on trial at Nuremberg, Germany
1947 "Meet the Press" makes network TV debut on NBC
1947 1st permanent TV installed on seagoing vessel (The New Jersey)
1947 Britain's Princess Elizabeth, marries Duke Philip Mountbatten
1947 UN General assembly begins debate on printing their own stamps
1953 Scott Crossfield in Douglas Skyrocket, 1st to break Mach 2 (1300 MPH)
1959 UN adopts the declaration of children's rights
1962 US lifts blockade of Cuba
1966 Dallas sacks Pittsburgh QBs an NFL record 12 times
1967 At 11 AM, Census Clock at Department of Commerce ticks past 200 million
1969 Pele scores his 1,000th soccer goal
1974 The United States files an antitrust suit to break up ATT.
1975 Ronald Reagan announced his candidacy for the 1976 Republican presidential nomination. He lost to incumbent Gerald Ford.
1976 George Harrison appears on Saturday Night Live
1977 Egyptian President Sadat became 1st Arab leader to address Israeli Knesset
1977 Walter Payton (Bears) rushes for NFL-record 275 yards, against Minn Vikings
1980 Billy Martin named AL Manager of the Year (Oakland A's)
1980 Steve Ptacek in Solar Challenger makes 1st solar-powered flight
1980 UA withdraws $44 million movie "Heaven's Gate" for reediting
1981 Anatoly Karpov, USSR retains world chess championship
1981 Ringo releases "Stop & Smell the Roses" album
1983 100 million watch ABC-TV movie "The Day After," about nuclear war
1983 Cleveland Browns shutout Patriots 30-0
1983 NY Giants Butch Woolfolk ties NFL record of 43 attempts rushing
1985 Yankee Don Mattingly named AL MVP
1986 UN's WHO announces 1st global effort to combat AIDS
1990 Thatcher fails to defeat Heseltine's bid for party leadership
1990 US 68th manned space mission STS 38 (Atlantis 7) returns from space
1991 California Democrat Alan Cranston accepted a Senate reprimand for his dealings with former savings-and-loan chief Charles H. Keating Jr., but then denied he was guilty of many of the allegations, prompting an angry rebuttal by New Hampshire Republican Warren B. Rudman.
2000 Lawyers for Al Gore and George W. Bush battled before the Florida Supreme Court over whether the presidential election recount should be allowed to continue.

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Holidays
Note: Some Holidays are only applicable on a given "day of the week"

Mexico : Revolution Day (1910)
World : Rights of the Child Day
US : National Children's Book Week Begins (Monday)
US : Great American Smoke Out (smoke em if you got em)
US : National Geography Awareness Week (Day 5)
Religion and Philosophy Month

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Religious Observances
Ang : Commemoration of Edmund
RC : Commemoration of St Felix of Valois, confessor

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Religious History
1541 In Switzerland, French reformer John Calvin, 32, established a theocratic government at Geneva, thereby creating a home base for emergent Protestantism throughout Europe.
1572 The first Presbyterian meeting house in England was established at Wandsworth, Surrey.
1850 Blind Fanny Crosby underwent a dramatic spiritual conversion at age 30. Fifteen years later, she began writing her first of over 8,000 hymns texts. Many of these remain popular today, including "Rescue the Perishing," "Jesus, Keep Me Near the Cross," "All the Way My Savior Leads Me" and "Tell Me the Story of Jesus."
1872 The hymn penned by Annie Sherwood Hawks, 36 __ "I Need Thee Every Hour" __ was first sung at a National Baptist Sunday School Convention in Cincinnati, Ohio.
1961 The Russian Orthodox Church joined the World Council of Churches.

Source: William D. Blake. ALMANAC OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. Minneapolis: Bethany House, 1987.

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Thought for the day :
"Freedom has a thousand charms to show, that slaves, however content, will never know."

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Question of the day...
Whos idea was it to put an "S" in the word "LISP"?

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Murphys Lawe of the day...
Every solution breeds new problems.

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Astoundingly incredible mind blowing fact #76,038.....
Tigars have striped skin, not just striped fur.

[Valin]

Two words, Ballpeen hammer. It worked for me once.

[Darksheare]

Tesla coil discharge, works wonders.
But my hair won't stay down now.

[HiJinx]

A companion battle (2 weeks later) was fought north and west of Tucson, Arizona. Here's a link to a description of the Battle of Picacho Pass, fought on April 15, 1862.

This is a view of a trail going up between the two spires that define Picacho Peak. The peak is a volcanic neck, all that remains of an ancient volcano.

The author of this article postulates that the locals weren't very particular about whose army claimed the territory as long as they promised to keep the Apaches at bay!

[SAMWolf]

Good Morning Radu.

[SAMWolf]

Good Morning Snippy.

[SAMWolf]

Morning E.G.C. Most of the snow is alrady gone. Lost some big branches off our Doug Fir, at least they didin't hit anything on the way down and my wifes Lilac Bush split in half. Unfortunately, when we do get snow it's the real heavy, wet stuff and it tears up the bushes and tress.

[SAMWolf]

They didn't even cover many of the battles in the "west" and that includes Kansas, etc in school. You'd never know there was fighting there.

[SAMWolf]

Hi Manna!

[manna]

Hey, SAM!

[SAMWolf]

Morning aomagrat. Just how many ships did we scrap under the London Naval treaty?

[SAMWolf]

Hi Mayor.

[SAMWolf]

Hi SCDogPapa.

Most of the history we learned concentrated on the East or the Mississippi River Campaign. Until I did the thread on Olustee, I didn't know there was any major fighting in Florida.