Posted on 05/23/2008 8:39:53 AM PDT by annalex
| JUSTIFICATION IN CATHOLIC TEACHING |
| James Akin |
| [Note: To understand the Biblical basis of some of the concepts in this paper, such as the fact that salvation is a process, see the paper "Salvation Past, Present, and Future."] The key document giving the Church's teaching on this subject is known as the Decree On Justification from the Council of Trent (1545-1564). This document contains a set of sixteen short, paragraph-long "chapters," followed by a series of canons excommunicating the teachers of false views. The first two chapters deal with fallen man's need for justification and the provision that God has made for fulfilling this need. Then there is a group of these chapters (ch. 3-9) that deal with the initial justification which the believer receives when he first becomes a Christian. Then the Council turns its attention to the subsequent process of justification which starts in the Christian's life (ch. 10-11). Then it turns to the possibility of failing to persevere in God's grace, of losing one's justification, and of subsequently regaining it (ch. 12-15). And finally, it takes up the issue of how our acts of love will be rewarded in heaven, which deals (though the fathers of Trent do not says so) with our final justification on the Last Day. So the Catholic Church, like the Bible and like some Protestants, teaches that justification is a process. It is something that begins when we first become a Christian, which continues in our life, and which will be completed when we stand before God at the end of our life and on the last day. We can divide up this process into a number of stages: first, there is an initial justification which occurs at conversion; second, there is a progressive justification which occurs as a person grows in righteousness; and lastly there is a final justification which occurs on the last day. There is also the possibility of a loss of justification and a subsequent re-justification which occurs when a believer returns to the faith. We will examine each of these four aspects of justification in subsequent chapters. For now, let it be noted that justification, like salvation in general, has past, present, and future dimensions. II. Receiving Righteousness: Initial Justification A. Original Sin Our justification begins when we initially receive righteousness at the beginning of our lives as Christians. Prior to this time, we have been in a state of unrighteousness because we were born in Adam. Because of our birth into the human family, we received original sin from our first parent, Adam. Original sin is a term which has different meanings in different theological circles. In Catholic circles, it refers to the lack of righteousness in which we are born. In Protestant circles, it refers to both the lack of righteousness—called inherited guilt—and to the sinful inclinations we all carry. Catholics agree with Protestants that we all carry these sinful inclinations, which are also called 'concupiscence,' but they see them as the consequence of original sin, not as original sin itself. Catholics therefore call these inclinations the stain of original sin. Both sides agree that we are born with both a lack of righteousness and a whole passle of sinful inclinations, they simply label these differently. Protestants lump them both together under the term "original sin," while Catholics call the lack of guilt original sin itself, and the sinful inclinations they call the stain of original sin. This is not something that the two sides need to fight each other over. The term "original sin" is a theological term, not a biblical one. It does not appear in the Bible, and so it gains its meaning from what theologians give it. If different theologians use it differently, that is no cause for strife among Christians. It simply means that we need to be aware of how other Christians use it. The Apostle Paul himself forbids us to engage in fights about words "Remind them of this, and charge them before the Lord to avoid disputing about words, which does no good, but only ruins the hearers" (2Tim. 2:14, RSV; cf. 1Tim. 6:4). At any rate, we are born children of Adam, lacking the righteousness we need to unite us to God and allow us to enter his presence. Furthermore, because of our sinful inclinations, our concupiscence, we end up committing actual, personal sins, ones which incur God's wrath and punishment. So because of original sin we not only lack the unity with God we would have if we were righteous, we also commit personal sins which actively incur God's anger and punishment. We are therefore in quite a fix. We need some way out of this situation. We need someone to save us from our otherwise hopeless faith. And, praise God, there is someone to save us: Jesus Christ, who paid the price for our sins by his death on the Cross, and who is able to restore us to the righteousness which restores our unity with God and which will allow us to go and be with God at the end of our lives. Justification is what that process of restoring righteousness is all about. B. What Justification Is Now before going any further, we need to say a few words about what justification actually is, especially our initial justification. Thus far we have stated that justification is a process, but we have not offered a formal definition of justification. The time has now come to do that. I will use the following definition of justification. Justification is . . . "[A] translation from that state in which man is born a child of the first Adam, to the state of grace and of the adoption of the sons of God through the second Adam, Jesus Christ, our Savior." I have picked this as a definition of justification because it is something with which neither Protestant nor Catholic will disagree. Protestants will not disagree with it because everything it says is true. Before we are justified, we are in a state of unrighteousness, and when we are justified we are transferred to a state of righteousness. So justification is a translation from a state of unrighteousness to a state of righteousness. Furthermore, the basis for the state of unrighteousness is our unity with Adam. Because we are born a child of the first Adam, we are born in a state of unrighteousness. Similarly, the basis for the state of grace or righteousness into which we enter is our unity with the second Adam. Because we are united to Christ, we receive the state of grace or righteousness, and we receive the adoption as sons of God. This is something with which the Protestants agree. For example, Calvin wrote in Institutes "You see that . . . we possess it [our justification] only because we are partakers in Christ; indeed, with him we possess all its riches."1 So a Protestant would not need to disagree with our definition of justification at all. A Catholic would not disagree for exactly the same reasons. Furthermore, it is interesting to note the source I drew on for this definition of justification. It comes from the fourth chapter of the Council of Trent's Decree On Justification. Even here, at the heart of the controversy between Protestants and Catholics, there is common ground. Both sides can agree on the definition of justification. We are here talking about our initial justification, the righteousness we receive when we first become a Christian, but this does not lessen the point. Both sides can affirm the same definition of justification. When we become Christians and are first justified, we change from the state of sin and unrighteousness, which we inherited from Adam, and are transferred to a second state, one of righteousness and grace, which we inherit from the Second Adam, the Lord Jesus Christ. The basis of our justification is therefore our saving union with Christ. C. The kind of righteousness we receive Both Protestants and Catholics can agree that the basic meaning of the verb "to justify" is "to make righteous." When we are justified, we receive a righteousness that we did not have before. Namely, we receive the righteousness of Christ or the righteousness of God. But the two sides disagree about what the phrase "the righteousness of Christ" means. And the phrase itself is ambiguous. On the one hand, it could mean the righteousness which belongs to Christ as his own, personal possession. On the other hand, it could mean the righteousness which comes from Christ. Protestants commonly say that the phrase means the former, while Catholics say it means the latter. Therefore, while the two sides can agree in saying that when God justifies us he makes us righteous, they often disagree about the kind of righteousness we receive in justification. To explain their common claim that when we are justified we receive the exact, personal righteousness of Christ, Protestants employ a legal metaphor. They say that when we are justified God declares us righteous, just as a judge declares a person innocent of having committed a crime. They therefore often say that when we are justified we receive a legal or forensic righteousness because God simply declares us to be righteous before the courts of heaven. Catholics go beyond this and say that God gives us more than merely forensic righteousness—that the righteousness he gives us is more than a legal fiction, more than just an accounting procedure. Instead, when God justifies us he actually constitutes us in righteousness. He discharges our debt to the courts of heaven so that we are restored to a state of righteousness. We are now innocent, our penalty having been paid by Christ, so that we now no longer owe any debt to God's eternal justice. Jesus paid it all. There may still be temporal factors to our sins that we have to deal with, but Christ fully paid the eternal price of our sins, and so we are restored to righteousness before God. To explain how this goes beyond the legal fiction view of righteousness, Catholics sometimes use metaphysical language, which conceives of guilt and innocence as objectively real properties which cling to our souls just like colors cling to the surface of objects. When we sin, we become guilty and our souls grow dark and dirty before God. But when we are justified, God purifies us and our souls become brilliant and clean before him. Guilt and innocence, righteousness and unrighteousness, are therefore conceived of as properties of our souls—properties which change depending on our sins and our subsequent justification by God. Even though Protestants do not normally use this language to talk about justification, there is no reason why they cannot. In fact, the Catholic will point out that there are very good reasons for Protestants to accept the claim that when we are justified God removes one objectively real property of our souls and replaces it with another. First, moral realism demands it. Protestants are firm believers in moral realism. Our actions are either right or wrong, good or bad, and they are that way objectively, regardless of how we feel about it. Protestants are the first to agree that moral relativism is a crock. If you commit a homosexual act, it is simply wrong and perverted, no matter what you think about it. It's just wrong. Wrongness is an objectively real moral property that attaches itself to certain actions. But for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. If you intentionally commit a objectively wrong act, then you become objectively guilty. Guilt is therefore an objectively real moral property as well. The same goes for positive moral properties, like righteousness. If you intentionally perform an objectively righteous act then you become objectively righteous. Righteousness, like guilt, is an objective property just as guilt is, and it clings to your soul just in the same way that guilt does. So moral realism—to which Protestants are firmly committed—requires us to say that guilt and innocence, righteousness and unrighteousness, are exactly the kind of objectively real properties that Catholics say they are. Another reason why Protestants need to accept the language of objective guilt and innocence is that the Bible itself uses this kind of language. It often speaks of guilt and innocence in terms of objective properties, such as colors or cleanliness. Scripture speaks of our sins being "crimson like scarlet" (Isaiah 1:18), and the Psalmist says "wash me with hyssop and I shall be whiter than snow." (Psalm 51:7). It is also the kind of righteousness Scripture has in mind when it talks about our sins making us "unclean" or "filthy" and our forgiveness making us "pure" and "clean" before God. In these passages, guilt and innocence are conceived of as objectively real properties that cling to us just like colors and cleanliness. So there is no reason why Protestants need to object to the metaphysical understanding of righteousness that Catholics use. In fact, many Protestants are uncomfortable with using purely legal language for justification and state quite adamantly that justification is not just a legal fiction. That God actually "constitutes" us in righteousness. The only difference on this point is that they do not use the metaphysical understanding of righteousness in order to explain what constituting in righteousness means. But there is no reason why they cannot do so and, as we have seen, there are positive reasons why they should. Catholics, for their part, have no trouble saying that a person is legally righteous before God when they are justified. If God constitutes a person in righteousness—takes away the sin or guilt which was clinging to his soul, then automatically he is going to be deemed righteous before the bar of heaven. There is no problem with that at all. Furthermore, Catholics don't need to have any problem with saying that our righteousness is brought about by a decree of God. The Catholic can be perfectly happy saying that when we are justified God declares us righteous and his declaration bring about what it says. He declares us righteous, and so our guilt is taken away and our righteousness is restored. This is something for which there is good Biblical support for. God's word is efficacious. It accomplishes what it says. In Genesis 1 God spoke and his word brought about the things that he spoke. He said, "Let there be light," and there was light. He said, "Let the waters be divided from each other so that dry land may appear," and they did. He said, "Let the waters teem with living creatures," and they did. Furthermore, in Isaiah 55:11, God said, "[S]o shall my word be that goes forth from my mouth; it shall not return to me empty, but it shall accomplish that which I purpose, and prosper in the thing for which I sent it" (RSV). God's word is efficacious; it brings about what it says. So when God declares us righteous, we actually become righteous: we have our guilt taken away and our purity before God restored. This is true even if the righteousness that is being restored is the original righteousness which Adam lost for the whole human race. So a Catholic need have no problems with the forensic/declaratory aspects of justification. God does indeed declare us righteous, and that is nothing with which a Catholic needs to quarrel. In the seventh chapter of Trent's Decree On Justification the council listed a number of different "causes" of justification—the formal cause, the final cause, the instrumental cause, the meritorious cause, and the efficient cause. All the courtroom language would ask us to do is add one more: the forensic cause. The forensic cause of our justification would be the decree God issues from his throne in heaven, and that decree brings about what it speaks of. So we see that there are a great many issues upon which a Protestant and a Catholic may agree concerning the righteousness we receive at our justification. But there are a couple of aspects of this righteousness where there is often disagreement. First, you will recall that Protestants often say that we receive Christ's own personal righteousness when we are justified. This is what they have in mind when they say that when we are justified God treats us just like Christ—that God looks at us and sees Christ instead. Now this is a metaphor that not all Protestants accept. Even Keith Green, the noted anti-Catholic, God rest his soul, rejected it. He recognized that when God looks at us he does not see Christ. There are good reasons for that. I don't know if these are the reasons Keith Green use; I also don't know how his rejection of the metaphor affected his understanding of the phrase "the righteousness of Christ," but off the top of my head I can name two very good reasons why we do not receive Christ's own personal righteousness when we are justified. First, if God simply saw us as Christ, if he gave us Christ's own personal righteousness, then we would all be rewarded equally in heaven. We would all be as righteous as Christ and so we would all be rewarded equally. Since Scripture clearly teaches that there will be different degrees of reward in heaven (1Cor. 3:12-15), we must conclude that we will have different degrees of righteousness. We may all be free of any unrighteousness—by virtue of our sins having been taken away—but we will not all share the same degree of positive righteousness before God. Second, and similarly, if we all received Christ's own personal righteousness then we would all be rewarded equally with Christ. We would all have exactly the same level of glory as our Savior who went to the Cross for us. This is clearly unacceptable. To begin with, Scripture teaches that because Christ went to the Cross, God gave him "the name above every name" (Phil. 2:8-9; cf. Eph 1:20-21). Having the name above every name is therefore a unique blessing Christ has received because he alone went to the Cross. He alone did that righteous act that get him the name above every name. But if we all received Christ's own personal righteousness, then we would all receive names as glorious as Christ's. So Christ would no longer have a name above everybody else's. Our names would be just as blessed as Christ's. "James Akin" would be a name equal in glory to that of Jesus of Nazareth. This is clearly unacceptable. Christ alone has that uniquely glorious name because Christ alone went to the Cross and Christ alone has the level of righteousness that comes from going to the Cross. Furthermore, Scripture states that Christ has the preeminence in all things (Col 1:18). But if we all received a level of glory equal to him then he would no longer be preeminent in all things. He might be preeminent in the sense that he alone is the God-man while we are just men, but he would not be preeminent in all things because he would not be preeminent in glory. All redeemed human beings would have the same level of glory that he will. Finally, there are simply no verses in Scripture which state that we receive Christ's own personal level of righteousness. None! Most Protestants don't know this. They have heard so often the theory that we are given Christ's own personal righteousness that they accept it without thinking about it, assuming Scripture teaches it, but in fact there are no passages anywhere in the New Testament which state that we are given Christ's own personal righteousness. There are passages (such as Romans 5:12-20) which state that we are given the gift of righteousness and made righteous on account of Christ, but there are absolutely no passages which state that we receive Christ's personal level of righteousness. The claim that we do is therefore refuted by the Protestant doctrine of sola Scriptura and, in view of its theologically unacceptable consequences, was rightly rejected by Trent. As a result, it is completely unacceptable on Biblical grounds to say that we receive Christ's own personal righteousness when we are justified. We do receive the righteousness of Christ—that is, the righteousness which comes from Christ and which Christ merited for us—but we do not receive his own personal level of righteousness and reward. Therefore, chapter seven of the Decree On Justification rightly states that we are given, not the own, personal righteousness of God or Christ by which they are individually righteous, but by a righteousness which comes from God and which makes us righteous in the metaphysical sense discussed above. There is one other aspect of the righteousness we receive in justification which we need to touch on. Thus far we have been talking about legal righteousness before the courts of heaven and of metaphysical righteousness which makes our souls shine before God, but there are still a couple of other forms of righteousness which we need to touch on. These concern our behavior. You see, a person may be righteous in a legal sense—in the sense that he has been declared righteous by a court; and he may be metaphysically righteous—in the sense that he has the property of objective righteousness clinging to his soul; but he may also be righteous in a behavioral sense—in that he performs righteous acts. Both Protestants and Catholics agree that when a person is justified, God starts to change his behavior. He starts to purify our thoughts and intentions so that we begin to behave more righteously than we did before. But Protestants are normally—though not always—opposed to saying that the term "justify" applies to our receiving of this kind of righteousness. Instead, they use the term "sanctification," which means "to make holy," to refer to this behavioral change. This is a subject we will take up at length in our next chapter, but for now it should be noted that Protestants usually try to draw a sharp distinction between sanctification, where God puts the love in our hearts that makes us act more and more righteously, and justification, where God declares us righteous. On the other hand, Catholics use the terms differently. They do not draw a sharp distinction between justification and sanctification because the apostle Paul does not, as we will see in a minute. Instead, they affirm, like the Protestant does, that at the time we are justified by God, God plants his supernatural love in our hearts, enabling us to love him and love others in a new and unselfish was that we could not love before. This new, supernatural love is something that we are fundamentally incapable of without the grace of God. And without this new, supernatural love, we are fundamentally incapable of pleasing God in a real, substantial sense. Therefore, without God's grace we lack the love that is needed in order to please him. The essence of supernatural love is unselfishness—doing something not because it will help us somehow, but because we want to do it out of sheer love for the other person, whether that person is God or one of our fellow human beings. This is the only kind of love that ultimately pleases God and therefore the only kind that ultimately gets us a reward in heaven. At the time God justifies us, both sides agree, God puts this love in our hearts. The difference is that Catholics use the term "justification" to include this putting of love in our hearts, while Protestants commonly do not. At this point, it is good to recall the apostle Paul's warnings about engaging in word fights, which he says only ruin the hearers (2 Tim. 2:14; cf. 1 Tim. 6:4). According to Paul it is not the language in which a doctrine is expressed, but the substance of the doctrine that is important. So long as the two sides are agreed that as a direct and immediate consequence of justification God puts this love in our hearts, we do not need to beat each other up and bitterly divide the Christian community over whether the term "justification" should be broad enough to include the two or restricted in order to include only the one. Still, many Protestants may wish to insist that Paul uses the word justify in their sense and that he draws the same distinction they do between justification and sanctification. But this claim is not borne out upon examining the Scriptures. Consider the following passage from Romans: (1) What shall we say then? Shall we continue in sin that grace may abound? (2) Certainly not! How shall we who died to sin live any longer in it? (3) Or do you not know that as many of us as were baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into His death? (4) Therefore we were buried with Him through baptism into death, that just as Christ was raised from the dead by the glory of the Father, even so we also should walk in newness of life. (5) For if we have been united together in the likeness of His death, certainly we also shall be {in the likeness} of {His} resurrection, (6) knowing this, that our old man was crucified with {Him}, that the body of sin might be done away with, that we should no longer be slaves of sin. (7) For he who has died has been freed from sin. (Rom. 6:1-7) Notice the last verse in that passage (v 7). Paul states that he who has died has been freed from sin, and the context is obviously sanctificational. Paul is discussing why we must not "continue in sin" (v 1), how we have "died to sin" and must not "live any longer in it" (v 2), how our "old man was crucified with him" so that "the body of sin" might be destroyed so we would no longer "be slaves of sin" (v 6). It is in this sense that Paul says, "he who has died as been freed from sin." We died with Christ, and so now we have been freed from the power of sin, which is why we must no longer live in sin. We have been freed from its power, now we must leave it and put it behind us. The context here is obviously sanctificational. So obviously that modern every translation of the Bible renders verse 7 such that he who has died has been "freed" from sin. But that is not what the passage says in Greek. Instead of the word "freed," when we look at the Greek text we find the word "justified" (dikaioo). What Paul actually wrote was, "He who has died has been justified from sin." Yet, as we said, the context is so obviously sanctificational that every modern translation renders this "has been freed from sin." We therefore see that in Paul's thought being justified from sin includes being freed from sin—not just forensically, but sanctificationally. As a result, in Paul's thought and in Paul's terminology there simply is not the rigid division between justification and sanctification that Protestant language suggests. This is something that is admitted by the more sensitive Protestant scholars2. In fact, E. Sanders points out that the phrase "that we should no longer be slaves of sin. For he who has died has been justified from sin." (Romans 6:6-7) is paralleled by, "though you were slaves of sin, yet you obeyed from the heart . . . [a]nd having been set free from sin, you became slaves of righteousness." (Romans 6:17-18) As a result, "has been justified" is paralleled with "having been set free," indicating again that justification in Paul's thought includes the idea of being freed from sin.3 There may be and are passages where Paul uses the terms "justify" and "sanctify" in different senses, but the point is that these terms are fluid in his thought. We have already seen that they apply to many different events and periods in the believer's life—to things past, present, and future—and they are also fluid enough to overlap. "To be made righteous" and "to be made holy" can be the same thing, and in Romans 6:7 they are. As a result, Paul simply does not have the kind of rigid categories in mind that Protestants do when they approach his writings. He uses these terms fluidly, so that they can and do overlap. As a result, the Catholic is simply following Paul's lead when he allows the term "justification" to include an experiential freeing from sin. This does not mean that when a person is justified he is rendered incapable of sin or that all of his sinful inclinations vanish. Indeed, they do not. The Catholic Church teaches quite firmly that when a person is justified his sinful inclinations—the stain of original sin—remain with him throughout the rest of his life. But as he grows through the sanctification process, these sinful inclinations lesson and grow weaker, while at the same time the love—the experiential righteousness—which God planted in his heart at justification continues to grow. Before moving on, I wish to note that while most Protestants try to draw a very rigid distinction between justification and sanctification, not all of them do. There is a growing number of modern Protestant Bible scholars who do not put this kind of inflexible wall between the two. I would name James Dunn, E. Sanders, and Dale Moody as examples. If you read their writings, all of them recognize that Paul does not have the kind of barriers between these concepts that Protestants have traditionally said. Furthermore, many of the early Reformers did not put an inflexible wall between them either. Even though most Protestants do not realize it, may of their early forefathers did not make this distinction. Martin Bucer, Ulrich Zwingli, Heinrich Bullinger, Johannes Oecolampadius, and even Martin Luther himself did not.4 For example, we saw earlier how Luther said that our justification is not complete in this life, but that it grows throughout our life and will ultimately be completed at the resurrection of the dead. The Catholic is on very Biblical ground with his understanding of the righteousness which God gives us at the time of justification. It is not merely a legal righteousness, divorced from all other forms of righteousness. Instead, it is a real, objective righteousness with which God clothes his soul while removing his previous, soiled, guilty garment and while planting the seed of true, supernatural, righteous love in his heart. There is still much growing which the Christian must experience, but this is the essence of the righteousness he receives at the time he first enters Christ. D. What we do to receive it: repent, believe, and be baptized Repent (prevenient grace) Chapter 6 does into more detail about this turning to God, called a "preparation for justification," and says that in it those who are to be justified understand themselves to be sinners, turn themselves from the fear of God's judgement, and are raised to hope, trusting that God will help them for Christ's sake, that they begin to love Him as the fountain of all righteousness, and are moved to hate and detest their sins, and that they finally resolve to be baptized and begin a new life. This take us to the brink of our initial justification, which is received either when baptism takes place (or before, through the baptism of desire). Baptism This is something with which many Protestants would disagree. For example, most Baptists would be horrified by the claim that the sacrament from which they take their name actually saves us and translates us from being "in Adam" to being "in Christ." Yet this is precisely what the New Testament says. For it tells us that the way we get into Christ is through baptism. It says, "Or do you not know that as many of us as were baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into His death?" (Romans 6:3) and "For as many of you as were baptized into Christ have put on Christ." (Galatians 3:27) The Catholic church is thus firmly in line with Scripture when it says that baptism is the means by which we are incorporated into Christ, and thus that baptism is the means through which we receive justification. And even though most Protestants in this country would buck against this teaching, not all would. Lutherans and Anglicans, and even some Baptists such as George Beasley-Murray and Dale Moody, would agree with it. E. What we do not do to receive it: earn it or become a Jew The eighth chapter explains why justification is said to be by faith and grace. It is said to be by faith in the sense that faith is "the beginning of human salvation, the foundation and root of all justification, without which it is impossible to please God . . . " On the other hand, justification is said to be by grace "because none of those things which precede justification, whether faith or works, merit the grace of justification. For, if by grace, it is not now by works, otherwise, as the Apostle says, grace is no more grace."5 As a result, Trent teaches that our initial justification, by which we come to and are accepted by God, is not merited by us in anyway by anything we do, whether an act of faith or works. It is intrinsically impossible (as we shall see later, in our discussion of Trent's chapter sixteen) for an unjustified person to merit justification, therefore our justification is not merited by anything we do leading up to it. This makes explicit what was taught in chapter seven: that Christ, not us, is the meritorious cause of our justification. III. Growing in Righteousness: Progressive Justification In chapter 10 of the Decree On Justification, Trent teaches that the just man is "renewed day by day" (2Cor. 4:16) and that by "mortifying the members" of the flesh (Col. 3:5) and presenting them as "instruments of justice unto sanctification" (Rom. 6:13, 19) we can "though the observance of the commands of God . . . faith cooperating with good works, increase in that justice received through the grace of Christ and be further justified . . . " Now this sounds very strange to Protestant ears, accustomed as they are to hearing about justification as an event rather than as a process. It sounds quite odd to Protestants to hear about an increase in justification. They generally view justification as an on/off state, not something which admits of degrees. However, one should remember that in the Biblical languages (as well as in Latin), there is no distinction between justification and righteousness. As a result, this could also be translated as an "increase in righteousness." This is what Trent has in mind. By performing acts of love, we increase in righteousness (that is, justification). We have more of the metaphysical property of righteousness clinging to our souls; to use a luminous analogy, our souls are shine more brightly before God when we have performed acts of true, God-given love. Trent is simply teaching that as God sanctifies us, we perform acts of love, and as a result become more righteous. This is something with which a Protestant should not disagree. Protestants fully admit that a person who has been regenerated by the Holy Spirit and implanted with God's love behaves more righteously than an unregenerate reprobate. Trent simply affirms the metaphysical consequence of this difference in behavior, the different level of righteousness clinging to one's soul. One should also know that it is only in connection with this kind of justification—progressive increase in righteousness—that Trent cites James's example of Abraham being justified when he offered Isaac. According to Trent, Abraham was justified when he offered Isaac not in the sense that he came to God and had his sins forgiven but in the sense that he had done a righteous act and as a result increased in righteousness. It is this kind of justification—progressive, not initial justification—that James is talking about when he cites the example of Abraham. Chapter 11 develops a corollary of the teaching in chapter 10. If we progress in righteousness as we obey the commandments, then a corollary to this is that it is possible, in a very real sense, to obey the commandments. This does not mean we never sin (indeed, this chapter of Trent mentions the daily or venial sins that we commit all the time, and future chapters deal with mortal sins), but it does mean that it is possible to keep the commandments in a substantive sense, through the grace which God gives us and the love he pours out in our hearts, and we may in this sense increase in righteousness (justification). Although Trent does not quote this passage, we know of the possibility of substantive keeping of the commandments because the Apostle Paul tells us, "God is faithful, who will not allow you to be tempted beyond what you are able, but with the temptation will also make the way of escape, that you may be able to bear it." (1Cor. 10:13) IV. Returning to Righteousness: Re-justification Chapters 12 through 15 deal with the possibility of losing and regaining one's salvation. The regaining of it involves a subsequent, re-justification through which one returns to a state of righteousness. First, chapter 12 echoes a theme similar to that dealt with in chapter 9. Here we are told that, without special revelation, one should not claim to know with infallible certitude that one is among those predestined for eternal life. The reason, of course, is that none of the sources of faith single us out by name and tell us that we are for certain among those God has chosen for himself. Instead, we must infer our predestination from the evidence with which we have been presented and, since human reason is fallible, we cannot know with infallible certainty—what Trent calls "the certainty of faith"—that we are among the predestined. As mentioned before, many people think they are among the predestined but in fact they are not. Apart from special revelation, we have no infallible way of knowing that we are not among that group. Chapter 13 draws out a corollary to chapter 12. Since only those who finally persevere are those predestined for life, if one cannot know with infallible certainty that one is predestined then one also cannot know with infallible certainty that one has the gift of final perseverance, which is the point of chapter 12. Chapter 14 affirms that it is possible to regain justification after having lost it through mortal sin (see below). The normal method by which this is done is through the sacrament of penance, which is taught in Jesus' words to the disciples: "If you forgive the sins of any, they are forgiven them; if you retain the sins of any, they are retained." (John 20:23) The possibility of restoration is also taught in passages of Scripture such as the Parable of the Prodigal Son (Luke 15:11-32), where one starts as son, departs and lives a life of sin (which is described by the father as death, cf. Luke 15:32) and then return to the father and be re-accepted (described by the father as being alive again, cf. Luke 15:32), and it is taught by many other passages of Scripture (for example, "Return unto me and I will return unto you").6 Chapter 15 establishes the conditions that must obtain if one is to lose one's justification (that is, one must commit mortal sin). A good catalogue of mortal sins, explicitly identified as those which result in damnation, is found in 1st Corinthians, where Paul says, "Do you not know that the unrighteous will not inherit the kingdom of God? Do not be deceived. Neither fornicators, nor idolaters, nor adulterers, nor homosexuals, nor sodomites, nor thieves, nor covetous, nor drunkards, nor revilers, nor extortioners will inherit the kingdom of God." (1Cor. 6:9-10). And the real possibility of a Christian committing mortal sin is indicated in numerous places, such as John 15:2, 6, 10, Rom. 11:17-24.7 Assurance Chapter nine brings to a close the discussion of our initial justification, and makes the very simple point that a person is not saved simply because he thinks he is.8 Furthermore, no one is required to believe with absolute certitude that they are forgiven in order to be forgiven. You do not have to screw yourself up into an absolute, unflinching certainty of your salvation in order to be in a state of salvation. In fact, this chapter teaches, no one should presume claim to believe "with the certainty of faith, which cannot be subject to error, that he" is in a state of grace. This last point is often misunderstood by Protestants because they are very big on teaching that we can have an assurance of our salvation. This is true: we can have assurance that we are in a state of grace. However, what Trent is forbidding is the presumption to know "with the certainty of faith, which cannot be subject to error." That this is the case. "The certainty of faith," is a technical term which means, as Trent indicates, is subject to no possibility of error whatsoever. We can know with the certainty of faith that if we do what Jesus says to do in order to be justified (i.e., repent, believe, etc.) that we will be in a state of grace, but since it nowhere says in the Bible, "James Akin has done what is necessary to be justified," I cannot know with the certainty of faith that I have done what is required. By examining myself, I can have very good reason to think that I have done so, and can thus have very great confidence in the fact that I am justified. But I always have to infer my justification, and since the human process of inference is fallible, I cannot know with infallible certainty that I am justified. This point is borne out by the fact that many people think they are justified who are in fact not. They think they have fulfilled the conditions on justification, but in reality they have not. The point is that, apart from a special revelation from God, I have no infallible means of knowing that I am not one of these people, and so even though I can have very great assurance of my justification, I cannot have infallible, no-possibility-of-error, certainty of faith that I am justified. This is something that thoughtful Protestants admit, even though it often rubs against the grain of a lot of Protestant rhetoric. This concludes Trent's discussion of our initial justification. The Council now turns its attention to our the progressive justification which takes place once we have been justified. This is discussed in chapters nine and ten. V. Finishing in Righteousness: Final Justification This deals with the possibility of falling from and subsequently regaining justification, which leaves us with chapter 16, which deals with the subject of merit and rewards, which implicitly deals with the subject of our final justification on the Last Day. The subject of merit is an extremely difficult one to discuss because Protestants have an extreme hang-up about the word merit and read into it all kinds of meanings which it does not have in Catholic theology. For this reason, it is advisable to begin by selecting a couple of typical quotes from well-respected Catholic theologians on what the idea of merit does not mean. First, consider the statements of Michael Schmaus, "In this connection, it must be remembered that man cannot make any valid claim on God. Since the 'reward' give by God always infinitely exceeds what is due man, the word 'merit' can only be used analogously. Because of God's transcendence and the resultant inequality between God and man, merit in the strict sense of the word cannot occur in the relationship between God and man."9 "We would not dare to hope that God would reward the actions of the justified man if he had not promised it; our hope is based on his word. At the same time, the reward is a grace . . . . What is meant [by merit and reward] is not an extrinsic, material repayment for the pain and trouble endured in the accomplishment of good works; it is rather the intrinsic fruit of the action itself."10 "All of this does not, of course, mean that like all good things, the promise of a reward from God cannot be misunderstood and misused. There is a danger that the ill-instructed Christian may hope to gather merit as a basis for bargaining with God, to use his good works as a kind of pledge which God must at once redeem. Needless to say, notions of this sort are very far from the meaning of the scriptural texts and the Church's teaching" . . . . [That God rewards our merits] "rests on his free decision: he has promised that he will do so, and he keeps his word. Except for this divine promise, no one could flatter himself that his good works would have such an effect."11 Now consider the words of Ludwig Ott, "Merit is dependant on the free ordinance of God to reward with everlasting bliss the good works performed by His grace. On account of the infinite distance between Creator and creature, man cannot of himself make God his debtor, if God does not do so by His own free ordinance. That God has made such an ordinance, is clearly from His promise of eternal reward . . . . St. Augustine says: 'The Lord has made Himself a debtor, not by receiving, but by promising. Man cannot say to Him, 'give back what thou hast received' but only, 'Give what thou has promised'" (Enarr. in Ps. 83, 15).12 One can see from these quotations that Catholicism does not teach that merit would be possible apart from God's promise to reward our acts of love. In fact, the idea of merit and reward are two sides of the same coin in Catholic theology. A proper definition of a merit would simply be "a good action which God has promised to reward." Since Protestants themselves believe that God will reward our acts of love, Protestants themselves believe in the idea of merit as the term is here defined. They believe that we do good acts, and that God has promised to give rewards for these acts, therefore they believe in merits; they simply do not use the term to describe them. Of course, modern Protestants feel the term "merit" should not be used to describe such actions, since in the Protestant mind the term has very legalistic overtones and connotes the idea of earning something before God through force of effort which then places God in our debt so that he owes us salvation. However, this is not the Catholic teaching. As the passages we quoted above indicate, Catholics do not believe that our toil and efforts place any kind of claim on God. The benefit he gives us always infinitely exceeds the amount of effort we expend, and the only kind of claim we have on him whatsoever is based on his free promise to reward us when we do acts of love. All our rewards are given by the overflowing bounty of God, which is why Catholics teach that rewards are both a merit and a grace at the same time. They are a grace in the sense that apart from the promise of God we would have no claim on them, but in what sense, a Protestant might ask, can we say that they have been merited if they have not been strictly earned? In this sense: When a Catholic says that something has been merited, he means that the human action in some sense makes it "fitting" that the reward be bestowed. But one action may make another action "fitting" in one of two ways. First, one action may make another fitting because there is some similarity between the two actions. For example, if I act generously toward others then that makes it fitting that others act generously toward me. There is a correspondence between the qualities of the two actions. In the most general terms, if a person does something good then that makes it fitting that something good happen to him. Second, one action may make another fitting if it fulfills the conditions on which the second act is promised. For example, if someone promises to give me a million dollars for wearing a blue shirt to work one day, then if I wear a blue shirt my action makes it fitting that the other person give me the million dollars, not because wearing the blue shirt somehow earned the million dollars, but in the sense that I have fulfilled the conditions the other person laid out in his promise. It is fitting for him to keep his word, and since I have fulfilled his conditions, my action makes it fitting that he give me what he promised. In Catholic theology, these two kinds of fittingness play a very important role in the concept of merit. An action is said to be an example of congruent merit if it has the first kind of fittingness but not the second (that is, if it makes the reward fitting because of their similarity of quality, but not on the basis of a promise). An action is said to be an example of condign merit if it has both kinds of fittingness (that is, if it both makes the reward fitting because of their similarity of quality and because of a divine promise). To put it another way, a person congruently merits that something good happen to them if they do something good but there is no promise in view, and a person merits something condignly if they do something good and there is a promise attached to that action. It is the latter form of merit which the Council of Trent is concerned with when it discusses merit, but neither one of these forms implies that the reward given is not an act of grace on God's part. For example, consider two human analogies: Suppose that a criminal comes before a judge and begs for mercy, expresses true, genuine sorrow for what he has done. In this case, the judge has not promised to forgive penitent criminals (so condign merit is not in view), and the judge would be perfectly fair to punish the criminal to the full extent of the law. But if the judge chooses to forgive the man then the man's sorrow over his crimes makes it fitting that he be forgiven, whereas if he were not sorry it would not be fitting in this way. As a result, the man may be said to have congruently merited the forgiveness he received for, even though he had no title to it and no promise of it, there was still a congruence between the quality of his act (penitence) and the quality of the response (forgiveness). On the other hand, to give an example of condign merit among humans, suppose that someone promised to give me a million dollars if I do them a small favor. In this case, even though there is a vast disparity between the thing promised and the condition on the promise, there is still a kind of correspondence between the two things, because they are both good (all things being equal, doing someone a favor and receiving a million dollars are both good things). However, since there is a promise involved in this case, it is also fitting that I get the million dollars if I fulfill the conditions on the promise. This does not mean that the giving of a million dollars is not an obvious act of grace—I have not done anything which actually earns the million dollars—but it is nonetheless fitting. As a result, the term "to merit" in Catholic theology simply means "to make fitting." It does not mean to earn by force of effort or anything like that. In the strict sense, the only person who can merit anything is Christ; we are only capable of meriting in the limited, analogous, relative sense outlined above. Given this understanding of merit, there is no reason that a Protestant needs to object to the doctrine of merit. In fact, some Protestants have been willing to use the term. For example, to quote the definite Protestant work answering the Council of Trent, the Lutheran Martin Chemnitz says, "For this we understand that how pleasing to the heavenly Father is that obedience of His children which they begin under the leading of the Holy Spirit in this life, while they are under this corruptible burden of the flesh, that He wants to adorn it out of grace and mercy for His Son's sake with spiritual and temporal rewards which it does not merit by its own worthiness. And in this sense also our own people [Protestants] do not shrink back from the word 'merit,' as it was used also by the fathers [in the early Church]. For the reward are promised by grace and mercy; nevertheless, they are not given to the idle or to those who do evil but to those who labor in the vineyard of the Lord. And so the word 'merit' is used in the Apology of the Augsburg Confession, the Wuerttemberg Confession, and in other writings of our men. In this way and in this sense, we set forth the statements of Scripture in our churches about the rewards of good works."13 And Chemnitz is not the only Protestant capable of using the word "merit" when it is properly understood. In private conversations, a staunch Presbyterian teaching elder once agreed with me (long before I considered becoming Catholic) that the term "merit," properly understood, could be rightly applied to idea of heavenly rewards. In fact, given the Catholic understanding merits (good actions that God has promised to reward), it is necessary to say that heavenly rewards are given in response to merits. Therefore, Protestants and Catholics need not fight over whether there are such things as merits. And they need not fight over the term "merit" (remember Paul's command in 2Tim. 2:14 to avoid quarrels about terminology). They also need not fight about which phase of justification the idea of merit applies to since Catholics admit that merit is impossible before one is initially justified and since the primary time merits are going to be rewarded is in the Last Day, at our final justification. The only thing Protestants and Catholics might fight about is what specific things God has promised to reward. One point of potential conflict on this issue is the Catholic claim, stated in Trent's sixteenth chapter, that eternal life can itself be merited by our acts of love. Remember the sense of the word "merit" that is being used here: Trent is not claiming that we can by force of effort earn eternal life on the Last Day; it is simply claiming that God has promised to reward our acts of love by giving us eternal life when we stand before him. This is something Scripture teaches quite clearly. For example, in Romans 2:6-7 the Apostle Paul states, that God "'will give to each person according to what he has done.' To those who by persistence in doing good seek glory, honor and immortality, he will give eternal life." (NIV). We can cut out the terms "glory" and "honor" since these deal with things other than eternal life, but look at what Paul says, "To those who by persistence in doing good seek . . . immortality, he will give eternal life." There is therefore a sense in which we seek after immortality by persistence in doing good, and it is a sense which will be rewarded, because in response for persistence in doing good God gives eternal life on the Last Day. As a result, God has promised to give eternal life in response to good works, or persistence in doing good. The same truth is taught elsewhere in Scripture. For example, St. James says, "Blessed is the man who endures temptation; for when he has been proved, he will receive the crown of life which the Lord has promised to those who love Him." (James 1:12) Here God has promised to give a crown of life (a symbol for eternal life) to those who love him. Therefore, God has promised to give eternal life in response to love. Of course, God himself gives us the love, but this does not change the fact that eternal life is promised in response to it. Similarly, in the Parable of the Sheep and the Goats, the sheep are given eternal life (Matt. 25:46) because they performed acts of love (25:35-40). There are therefore abundant grounds in Scripture for saying that God has promised eternal life in response to act of love/good works. The teaching of Trent's sixteenth chapter is thus vindicated upon an examination of Scripture. Trent also issues some very forceful warnings about how the doctrine of merit it to be understood. For example, it states that "Christ Jesus Himself, as the head into the members and the vine into the branches, continually infuses strength into those justified, which strength always precedes, accompanies and follows their good works, and without which they could not in any manner be pleasing or meritorious before God." Trent thus teaches that merit is only possible because of the strength Christ gives us, which is part of the process of doing acts of love from beginning to end. Trent also forbids anyone to boast in himself rather than in the Lord, saying, "[F]ar be it that a Christian should either trust or glory in himself and not in the Lord, whose bounty toward all amen is so great that He wishes the things that are His gifts to be their merits. And since in many things we all offend, each one of us ought to have before his eyes not only the mercy and goodness but also the severity and judgement [of God]; neither ought anyone to judge himself, even though he be not conscious of anything; because the whole life is to be examined and judged not by the judgement of man but of God, who will bring to light the hidden things of darkness, and will make manifest the counsels of the hearts and then shall every man have praise from God . . . " Therefore, Trent very forcefully exhorts us not to become self-confident or glory or trust in ourselves, but only in the Lord. Endnotes: 1 Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, tr. Ford Lewis Battles, (Philadelphia, Westminster, 1960), III.xi.23, see also III.xi.10. 2 For example, see E. Sanders, Paul, 47-48, 67. 3 See Sanders, 47-48. 4 See Alister McGrath, Iustitia Dei, (Cambridge University Press, 1986), vol. II, 32-37, see also above on Luther and Bucer's view of justification as a process. 5 see Roman 11:6. 6 For a good discussion of this subject, including passages which teach the possibility of restoration, see Robert Shank, Life in the Son, (Springfield, Missouri, Westcott, 1961), Chapter XIX, "Is Apostasy Without Remedy?", 309-329. 7 Those Protestants who believe in "once saved, always saved" are fond of citing certain things said in John 6 and Romans 8 in favor of their doctrine, but in doing so they not only misinterpret those statements when they first encounter them, but also take John 6 out of context from John 11 and Romans 9 out of context from Romans 11. Both sets of passages must be included in the analysis. 8 Otherwise, for example, all of the Pharisees would have been saved. 9 Schmaus, Dogma 6, 138. 10 ibid., 142. 11 ibid., 143-4. 12 Ludwig Ott, Fundamentals of Catholic Dogma, 4th. ed., 1960, (Rockford, Illinois, Tan Books, 1974), 247. 13 Chemnitz, 643-4. Copyright (c) 1995 by James Akin. All Rights Reserved |
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It says that he believed and it was counted to him. It does not say it was a one time deal, because the scripture enumerates other times when Abraham was justified through his acts, and in fact you don't dispute that. Your real dispute is with the fact that some people reject God and some don't, what you call Arminian view. But at that point you leave the scripture: you want to speculate how apparent rejection of God deep down, ineffably, means God did not choose them in the first place. I am only interested in the scripture. The scripture says Abraham was justified repeatedly.
The pattern repeats down your post. I agree with you here and there, -- for example, God does draw the believer as all faith is from God, and of course there is nothing but supernatural joy in heaven. But mostly what you do is build a philosophical speculation about free will -- or absence thereof -- and you fit what scripture you come across intot he speculation. I just read what's written: Abraham was justified severla times; Paul struggled with faith like all the rest of us, etc. If that doesn't fit my preconceived philosophy, I abandon the philosophy.
No it isn't. Show me.
Read the chapter, it is clear enough.
[ This verse is speaking of saved people, saved by faith who have an inheritance waiting for them already.]
It may be waiting a long time, because it is still in the believer's future, as the passage clearly shows.
It was in those believers future as a fact, so it isn't a process, it was an event.Just like it is in the future of today's believers, and that is the point that Peter is making, every believer has an inheritance waiting for him since he is saved.
God had set an inheritance in heaven, for those believers who were saved not being saved and are predestinated to be conformed to the image of His Son (Rom.8:29).
Your argument of a three-fold stage of salvation is false, it is sanctification which is a three-fold, and both Peter and Paul were speaking of the final stage of Christian attainment of sanctification, obtaining a resurrection body and being glorified (Rom.8:30)
The qualities of justification We have seen that Protestants claim the following three qualities for justification: certainty, equality, the impossibility of ever losing it. Diametrically opposed to these qualities are those defended by the Council of Trent (sess. VI, cap. 9-11): uncertainty (incertitudo), inequality (inaequalitas), amissibility (ammisibilitas). Since these qualities of justification are also qualities of sanctifying grace, see GRACE. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08573a.htmAll three Protestant claims for Justification are correct.
Moreover, Protestants did not believe sin was only covered, they believe it was totally paid for and the believer made a new creature in Christ, but he still kept his old nature.
To prove this we may remark that the word justificare (Gr. dikaioun) in the Bible may have a fourfold meaning: The forensic declaration of justice by a tribunal or court (cf. Isaiah 5:23; Proverbs 17:15). The interior growth in holiness (Revelation 22:11). As a substantive, justificatio, the external law (Psalm 108:8, and elsewhere). The inner, immanent sanctification of the sinner. Only this last meaning can be intended where there is mention of passing to a new life (Ephesians 2:5; Colossians 2:13; 1 John 3:14); renovation in spirit (Ephesians 4:23 sq.); supernatural likeness to God (Romans 8:29; 2 Corinthians 3:18; 2 Peter 1:4) a new creation (2 Corinthians 5:17; Galatians 6:15); rebirth in God (John 3:5; Titus 3:5; James 1:18), etc., all of which designations not only imply a setting aside of sin, but express as well a permanent state of holiness. All of these terms express not an aid to action, but rather a form of being; and this appears also from the fact that the grace of justification is described as being "poured forth in our hearts" (Romans 5:5); as "the spirit of adoption of sons" of God (Romans 8:15); as the "spirit, born of the spirit" (John 3:6); making us "conformable to the image of the Son" (Romans 8:28); as a participation in the Divine nature (2 Peter 1:4); the abiding seed in us (1 John 3:9), and so on.Now, there isn't a Protestant I know that would disagree with that statement above.
The only difference is that the Protestant would hold that it was obtained by faith alone.
The Catholic idea maintains that the formal cause of justification does not consist in an exterior imputation of the justice of Christ, but in a real, interior sanctification effected by grace, which abounds in the soul and makes it permanently holy before God (cf. Trent, Sess. VI, cap. vii; can. xi). [Protestants do believe that and it occurs by faith alone and is a one time event-my comment] Although the sinner is justified by the justice of Christ, inasmuch as the Redeemer has merited for him the grace of justification (causa meritoria), nevertheless he is formally justified and made holy by his own personal justice and holiness (causa formalis), just as a philosopher by his own inherent learning becomes a scholar, not, however, by any exterior imputation of the wisdom of God (Trent, Sess. VI, can. x). To this idea of inherent holiness which theologians call sanctifying grace are we safely conducted by the words of Holy Writ.
And that is Christian growth, and has nothing to do with one's salvation, which according to Trents own words, is based on Christ's Justice (not his own), the believer grows in holiness (progressive sanctification) and bears fruit by desiring God's truth and yielding to the Holy Spirit (Rom.6-7).
That progressive sanctification does result in inequality in heaven, as will be made evident in the Judgement Seat of Christ (1Cor.3).
If you guys would study your own writings and find out what the Protestants REALLY teach, you would see that your scholars are misguiding you and contradict themselves by setting up strawmen arguments against the Protestant view.
Do I understand, then, that you believe in free will?
In recent decades, Finnish scholarship has revealed this dynamic in Martin Luther’s understanding of justification. The Finns roundly reject the suggestion that Luther’s view of justification is purely forensic. They say Luther affirms that Christ is both God’s favor (gratia) and God’s gift (donum) in justification, basing this on Luther’s own usage (Tuomo Mannermaa, Christ Present in Faith: Luther’s View of Justification [Fortress, 2005], 16-22). As gratia, Christ is God’s favor and forgiveness for the unrighteous. As donum, Christ is gift, the presence of divine life present in faith itself, creating a new being. Luther writes:
Christ is namely the object of faith, or rather not the object but, so
to speak, is namely the One who is present in the faith itself....
Therefore faith justifies because it takes hold of and possesses this
treasure, the present Christ. (Luther’s Works 26: Lectures on Galatians,
1535 [Concordia, 1963], 129-30)
Or again:
Faith is a divine work in us which changes us and makes us to be born
anew. (LW 35: Word and Sacrament I [Fortress, 1960], 70)
Or finally,
... we are not only to become loved by God through Christ, and have his
favor and grace (gratia) as the highest and most precious shrine, but
also to have Him, the Lord Himself, dwelling in us in His fullness.
(From a sermon by Luther on 2 Peter 1:4, quoted in Mannermaa, Christ
Present in Faith, 2-21)
http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Reformation+Day:+October+28,+2007.-a0167512234
That justification was not the one Paul was speaking of in Romans, which is a one time event and results in salvation.
James is speaking of the justification that is seen.
There are two meanings to the word as even the note in the RCC bible (NAB) states.
They are enlightened by God (Rom.1) that is why they are without excuse.
Paul states that there was a sin among believers that even the heathen found vile (1Cor.5)
But that inheritance is or is not his depending on his works. "Make sure your calling and election" (2 Peter 1:10).
The scripture lists three different times when Abraham was justified, — true or false?
Yes, you're right of course. I guess I wasn't very clear on my point. Bad people can do good things. Good people can do bad things. Doing good or bad things is not what separates us.
There is no "free will". A person is a slave to sin. They delight in it and they do not seek after God. God came to seek and save the lost. Once saved man is "freed" by God from the bounds of sin, they can either sin or submit to Christ. If a believer who God has saved "chooses" to sin by giving into their lusts, God will chasten that person to submit to Christ. It is a learning and refining experience.
I don't see that as a free will. You are either a slave to sin or a slave to righteousness.
How many times was Mary justified?
Excellent question. Mary, being without original sin, was justified at conception. Not having sinned once, she remained in the state of contunual justification all her life.
That's a bit odd. Perhaps I've never thought of it before but how could Mary possibly be without original sin as the sin nature is past through the father? That would mean that Mary would had to have been born of a virgin birth, like our Lord. Is that what is taught?
On another note, what you are saying is that Mary was not justified by works or faith. In fact, it appear what you are saying is that God justified Mary. Strange that He doesn't do this for all. ;O)
Strange that He doesn't do this for all.
God does justify all the elect, not just Mary. As the scripture says, blessed are all who, like her, obey the Word and keep it.
To me this is an incredible statement completely denying the concept of original sin as developed by the early western fathers. If God could have intervened with one, why does He not do it for all? Why would He have appointed original sin to men, only to selectively remove it from one person throughout history?
There is nothing in the early church fathers writings about God selectively removing sin from Mary. In a quick search, this belief didn't pop up until the eighth century in trying to rise Mary holiness. In fact, it isn't surprising that the basis for this comes from the eastern fathers, not the western fathers. It underminds the true concept of original sin.
God does justify all the elect, not just Mary.
You were arguing earlier that Abraham justified himself three times. Now you are saying God does the justifying. Which is it?
The early fathers — maybe with an exception or two — held to the concept of Mary being free from actual sin. The idea of immaculate conception had to wait for two developments: the refinement of the idea of Original Sin by St. Augistine, to which the Orthodox East is still somewhat cool, and the understanding of life beginning at conception and not at some undeterminate time during pregnancy. So yes, this teaching will not be found with precise clarity in the patristic literature.
Abraham did not justify himself. Did I really say that? God justifies based on man’s works.
Amen, ftd. Splendid post.
This makes the Immaculate Conception a bigger miracle than the virgin birth of Christ.
Did you mean to say 'if' Mary was conceived naturally....?
[ Strange that He doesn't do this for all. ]
God does justify all the elect, not just Mary. As the scripture says, blessed are all who, like her, obey the Word and keep it.
Yes, obey and keep the word which is the Bible, not man's traditions.
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