Posted on 05/07/2002 9:54:28 AM PDT by besieged
Burning the beards off four of Chengis Khan's ambassadors and sending them back to Chengis Khan like that to show Chengis Khan what bad people they were is not what I would call a sign of superior intelligence or anything like that; I mean, if you had to pick the last, and I mean the very last guy who ever lived that you'd ever want to #&$@ with.....
Like
N is the index of refraction of the medium, theta is the angle of the light ray in the medium. This was used to calculate the surfaces of "burning lenses."
Around 750 AD this system of decimal arithmetic was brought to Persia when several important Hindu works were translated into Arabic.
The noted Arab mathematician al-Khwârizmî (Muhammad b. Musa al-Khwârizmî ca. 875) wrote a textbook on the subject which now exists only in a number of Latin versions. In these a point is used for zero.
In ca. 952 Abu'l-Hasan-al-Uqlidisi wrote the Book of the parts of Indian Arithmetic which contains an explanation and application of decimal fractions. [Hassan and Hill 1986 p 24] In the transmission of Arabic numerals to Europe the method of writing numbers became reversed to the present method in the process." [Knuth 1981 p 181]
A long time ago, Islam had a flourishing and scholarly culture. Then the fundamentalists took over, a thousand or so years ago, and Islamic culture has stagnated ever since. About that time, Europe pulled itself out of the Dark Ages, and the West has left Islam in the dust ever since. They know it, and they resent it. . . .
Well, you sound like a "loser" to me, but that must be left for another day and another discussion.
Funny thing, isn't it? Some of the most famous scientists of the Renaissance were Arabic speaking Arabs whose names were Romanized for one reason or another.
Here's a really nice site dedicated to the history of mathematics.
http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BiogIndex.html
Click on the "500-1499 a.d." link and you'll see a boatload of Arabs.
Most counting today is done in base 2.
I think that you have pegged just about right, Tom!
Nah...not so much spiritual as in just in blowing things up and hating everyone for being so much better.
Fritz Haber is one of the Jews on that list. He won the Nobel prize for chemistry for his invention of electrolysis of water and then turned his attentions to developing poison gasses for the Kaiser. Ironically the man who invented modern chemical warfare was himself gassed in the holocaust.
One could bring up other Jews that were also brilliant and brought the world nothing but suffering like Lenin and Trotsky.
I'm not trying to imply that Jews are evil geniuses, (they have contributed greatly to mankind), just stating that you can't equate someones humanity with their intelligence.
The Hindus and Arabs
After the decline of the Roman Empire (not that the Romans did anything for maths!) India became the temporary centre of mathematical research. The most important contributions of the Hindus in the second half of the first millenium were the decimal place system, the introduction of zero and negative numbers, and the development of algebra. Whereas Diophantus' first step in the solution of a linear equation was to remove the negative terms, the Hindus worked with negative numbers from about 600 A.D. A number was turned into the corresponding negative quantity by placing a dot over it. They also had a method for representing positive and negative numbers pictorially by line segments in different directions, corresponding to our representation using a number line. In their treatment of equations in several unknowns, the Hindus also achieved some advance on Diophantus, in that they actually worked with several unknowns using different colours to distinguish them. Thus the second unknown was called "the black one", the third "The blue one", etc. Since they allowed negative numbers in their solution of quadratic equations, they could combine the various cases considered by Diophantus into one rule, and had a method of solution similar to our formula for quadratics today. The Hindus were the first to show an awareness of the fact that roots occur in pairs, and occasionally even admitted negative roots as solutions. The Arabs took over the preparatory work done by the Greeks and Hindus in algebra. Their most important algebraist was al-Khowarizmi (9th century - his name is commemorated in the word "algorithm"). His major work is entitled "Al-jabr wa'lmugabalah" (restoration and balancing) and from the first word in this title we now have the word "algebra". However his algebra was a rhetorical algebra which, unlike the work of Diophantus, did not use symbols for particular arithmetical operations.
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