As K-9 said in Warrior's Gate:
"The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection."
Posted on 09/08/2001 1:05:48 PM PDT by Paul_E_Ester
By Bradley Perrett
LONDON (Reuters) - The U.S. military may have conducted serious research into anti-gravity based on Nazi studies, a top defense journalist suggests in a new book.
In ``The Hunt for Zero Point,'' journalist Nick Cook says, based on a decade's research, he believes by the 1950s the U.S. was seriously working on anti-gravity ``electrogravitics'' technology, which would lift and propel vehicles without wings or thrust.
``I feel intuitively that some vehicle has been developed, particularly given that there is this wealth of scientific data out there, and the Americans have never been slow to pick up on this sort of science,'' Cook, the aerospace consultant for Jane's Defense Weekly, told Reuters in an interview.
Cook uncovered reports and sightings of a Nazi research device that had been hidden in a remote part of Poland, where it had apparently been supplied with great quantities of electricity -- which an electrogravitic experiment would require.
Curiously, barely a hint of such Nazi research appeared after the war, suggesting that whoever captured it -- probably the United States -- immediately stamped it ``secret,'' he said.
Cook noted that, as a respected expert, he is risking his reputation by writing seriously about a technology associated with UFOs, which most scientists dismiss as science fiction embraced by ``hocus-pocus'' believers.
The United States is known to have a huge budget for so called ``black projects,'' because it spends more on defense than can be accounted for by adding up the value of public programs.
Cook admitted he cannot produce a conclusive case. But that is the nature of black projects, in which even the workers usually have no idea what they are working on.
In 1947, amid the early craze of UFO reports, an air force general reported on the possibility of the United States building disc-shaped objects with extreme rates of climb and maneuverability but without noise or evident propulsion.
In the mid 1950s electrogravitics was the subject of a few press reports, including one that described work by most of the United States' major defense contractors, Cook reported.
And then it all went quiet -- just as stealth technology suddenly disappeared from view in the mid 1970s, only to re-emerge as operational aircraft in the late 1980s.
Academic papers on the subject have mysteriously disappeared from libraries.
There is still no firm evidence that electrogravitics is more than science fiction. Civilian scientists and amateurs have experimented with it, and while some have reported success, no one seems to have reproduced their results to prove that it works.
Science has no explanation for electricity, magnetism, and gravity.Two out of those three we know the cause of -
- wanna take a stab at which two?
I may not have the time to finish this, but, as I have spent the better part of my life building devices of various function that use or convert EM waves of many differing frequencies from DC through Ku band - I cannot simply let this slip by without at least wading in (again, I may not be able to stay long owing to other commitments on my time.).
These devices have ranged from intimate work on the testing of GaAs semiconductor 'chips' or MMICs to ferrite 'isolators' that support "one way power flow" in wave guide to power levels at and over 100 watts per 'device' in RF power transistors used in VHF power amps designed for amatuer service.
The control, routing, detection, amplification of RF/EM energy via devices - to the 'launching of EM waves into the ether via various antenna technologies is also a technological area of not some small accomplishment. Here, too, electric and magnetic 'field' understanding and is helpful in designing - or troubleshooting an existing design ...
Electricity and Magnetism are well known."Manifestations of the actions of electrons or electron flow."Exactly what they ARE is matter of considerable conjecture and disagreement.
Static magnetic fields in magnetic materials aside (we can discuss those later), one (electric or magnetic fields/force) cannot predominate without the other, They are, therefore related and furthermore, interrelated. Electrons, also possesing 'spin' thereby also exhibit definite magnetic fields, in fact, this is what give magnetic materials their properties - those properties can also be modified of taken advantage of depending on the device, it's application and the material ...
So, where do we go from here ...
Actually, the German helmet was the state of the art at the time. The US realized this sometime during the war, but the Germans sort of had the patent on the silouette, so to speak. Can't you just see new, friendly troops wearing helmets looking like those you're used to shooting at, coming from behind?
(The allied WWI helmet was designed mostly at an attempt to shield from air-burst artillery.)
With good physical reason. Without gravity, you no longer have strong, overwhelming force acting on you. That is, you will remain in place (assume no residual velocities).
However, the earth will continue to rotate, continue to move around the Sun. The solar system will continue to move within the galaxy. The galaxy will continue to move in the cluster of galaxies, the cluster of galaxies... You get the idea. I think I read somewhere that we have something like 40-80 known forces acting on us.
Now, if you turn on that anti-gravity puppy in your basement, will a wall, the floor, or the ceiling smash into you?
Not true. Art Bell had ghost stories from callers last night.
A caller stated that his friend's mother talked to Jimmy Hoffa's ghost while stopped at a railroad crossing.
Jimmy wanted the mother to tell people that he is buried along the railroad tracks in Nanicoke(cook?), PA.
Another question for the FAQ!
Electromagnetism is a spin-1 field, as are the strong and weak interactions. One result of this is that the coupling of the field to particles has the form of a vector.
Gravity is a spin-2 field. This implies that its coupling to particles has the form of a tensor.
The fields can be expanded in a series of what are called moments. A single charged particle at rest emits an electromagnetic field that is described by a nonzero monopole moment. More complicated fields can also have a dipole moment, a quadrupole moment, an octupole moment, etc. etc. (Technically, these form a complete orthonormal basis. This means that every possible EM field can be decomposed in this way.)
The relevant moment for cancelling a static electromagnetic pull in a given direction is the dipole moment. The field between the plates of a capacitor is an example of a dipole field.
The reason why we can't have antigravity is because tensor interactions such as gravity cannot have a nonzero dipole moment. There is no gravitational analog to the negative electrical charge; there are only positive gravitational "charges". After the gravitational monopole--the good old central potential of Newton or Schwarzschild--the next simplest moment is a quadrupole field, which pulls in one direction and squeezes in a transverse direction. Gravitational waves (of the kind that LIGO is designed to detect) are examples of a gravitational quadrupole interaction.
Surely you've heard of the Theory of Relativity? There are entire libraries full of books on the subject.
I'm smart, but no Einstein. What does what you said mean?
It means that, in the real world, the shortest distance between two points isn't quite a straight line. In fact, it can be far from straight. Do you see the long, curvy things in this picture? Those are distant galaxies. Their images are distorted because the light from them always travels along what is locally the straightest path available; globally that means it curves around heavy objects (in this case, an intervening cluster of galaxies).
The weight loss industry also colluded.
Depends on how anti-gravity is defined. A rocket motor certainly qualifies, if your definition is anything that resists the pull of gravity. Maybe what a lot of people have in their minds when they hear the term "anti-gravity" is something that can equal or exceed the pull of gravity silently probably without reaction mass (not necessarily). I think this would leave us open to some possibilities.
Is this a variant of the hollow earth theory? Superman made the Earth rotate backwards and caused the entire planet to go backwards in time. :)
I took the opportunity to enter the relevant portion from Eshbach, Handbook of Engineering Fundamentals , Third Edition dealing with Magnets and Magnetism as a foundation and as a starting point in our activity here. As I am not a physicist (I see we have one on the board though) I am venturing outside my core field of expertise when it comes to 'things' on the atomic level.
So let's proceed with 'some background material' and take a look at magnetism on the atomic level via the 1-minute world tour given in Eshbach:
ELECTROKINETICS AND THE MAGNETIC CIRCUIT 9. Magnets and magnetism
Magnetic Field of Force.
Any region in which a magnetic substance (e.g., a piece of soft iron), when placed therein, becomes magnetized is said to be a magnetic field. A magnetic field exists in and around every magnetized substance and around every electric current. The direction of the magnetic field at any point P is arbitrarily chosen as the direction in which a small magnetic needle point would point when placed at P without disturbing appreciably the existing conditions.Ferromagnetism.
Much of the contemporary theory of ferromagnetism is based on spectrum analysis and interpreted by the Bohr-Sommerfeld atomic model and it's modifications. Specifically the elementary magnetic particle is the so-called "spinning" electron.The model of the atom used to account for the elementary magnetic effect requires that the electron spin about an axis passing through its center, as distinguished from the rotation in circular or elliptical orbits around the atomic nucleus. In this manner each orbital electron has a magnetic momentum due to its moving electrical charge and an angular momentum due to its moving mass.
Uncompensated Spins.
It is assumed that all such orbital electrons spin, but that in general, at any given particular energy level or shell within the atom, all electrons may be deivided into two equal groups - those that spin in one direction and those that spin in the opposite direction, this producing a null magnetic effeect.This effect is known as compensated electron spins. In certain elements, however, it is consistent with all the theory to believe that uncompensated electron spins occur in one or more shells. In other words, there are, for example, more electrons spinning in one direction than in the other, in a givenshell. These excess or uncompensated electron spins are an important factor in the phenomena of ferromagnetism.
Exchange.
Fundamentally, ferromagnetism consists of the reorientation of the magnetic moments of the uncompensated electron spins due to the magnetizing force of an externally applied magnetic field.Although this accounts for the major ferromagnetic properties of the elements such as iron, cobalt,nickel, it fails to account for the abscence of such ferromagnetic properties in other elements also known to have uncompensated electron spins.
This apperent discrepency is removed when the so-called exchange forces are considered.
For an element to exhibit ferromagnetic properties it is required that, in addition to the existence of uncompensated electron spins, these spins musts be parallel in contiguous atoms. Were this not the case the magnetic moments of individual atoms would be random in direction and hence the resultant magnetic moment of an appreciable region within the substance would be nil.
It has been found that a certain ratio must exist between the diameter of an atom and the diameter of an electron shell that has uncompensated spins in order to permit the alignment of magnetic moments in contiguous atoms. This ratio is necessary because the electron spins and charges influence each other, dependent upon the distance between them.
This influence, which is known as the exchange, must have a proper value in order that the uncompensated spins can be aligned to produce ferromagnetic effects. These forces of exchange tend to keep the spins in neighboring atoms while the forces of thermal agitation tend to destroy this alignment.
When the temperature of the substance becomes great enough the forces of exchange are completely overcome and the substance loses it's ferromagnetic properties. The temperature at which this occurs is the well-known Curie point. According to the theory, the magnetic saturation depends both on the uncompensated electron spins and the exchange. Rough approximation makes the saturation point a function of the product of the number of uncompensated electron spins and the exchange.
Domain.
In ferromagnetic substances the forces of exchange are sufficiently large so that the uncompensated electron spins in the neighboring atoms are more stable when their mgnetic moments are parallel then under any other orientation, even when no external magnetic field is applied. However, this situation hold true only over very small regions in the given specimen of the substance.These regions, which are called "domains", have been found to experiementally to have the volume equivalent to a cube approximately 1/1000 inch on an edge. Ferromagnetic substances are completely divided into such domains, each domain being magnetized to saturation in a definite direction. Any specimen of a ferromagnetic substance is said to be unmagnetized when the directions of magnetization of the individually magnetically saturated domains are oriented at random with respect to each other. Thus, the application of an external magnetic field tends to reorient the individually magneticall saturated domains in the direction of this applied field.
Crystal Structure.
X-ray analysis has shown that most materials are of crystalline structure. In teh case of ferromagnetic substances these crystals are too small to be seen individually. However, their properties have been studied by means of specrum analysis and microphotography. Owing to the crystalline structure there is in general more than one axis of stable magnetic saturation. In the cubic crystal charachteristic of iron there are six equally stable axes of magnetic saturation.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.
