Posted on 02/14/2021 11:10:31 AM PST by Uncle Miltie
Hydroxychloroquine has been one of the most controversial treatments for COVID-19 throughout the pandemic. Now a new research review finds this inexpensive drug offers a safe treatment for many people infected with the virus.
Early on in the COVID-19 pandemic, doctors around the world reported high success rates using an inexpensive treatment protocol of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and zinc, typically in combination with an antibiotic to treat secondary bacterial infections.
HCQ is a zinc ionophore, which means it helps zinc get inside your cells where it can block viruses from replicating. The FDA issued an emergency use authorization in March 2020 that allowed chloroquine phosphate (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine sulfate (HCQ) to be used to treat patients hospitalized with COVID-19. The order did not mention zinc and described using HCQ for its own antiviral properties. The order was based on initial experimental usage in hospitals that showed promising results.
That authorization was withdrawn in June 2020 when the FDA deemed HCQ unlikely to produce a meaningful antiviral effect with potential risks outweighing the benefits.
The change came on the heels of a study by Oxford University in the United Kingdom that found HCQ underperformed its routine treatment protocols.
Unfortunately, problems in research methodologies assessing the effectiveness and risks of HCQ have left lingering doubts. Those problems include questionable dosing and the absence of zinc, arguably the more important element of any HCQ treatment protocol. The new review was published in the January 2021 issue of The American Journal of Medicine. It finds early use of HCQ and zinc can reduce hospitalizations and deaths from COVID-19.
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While HCQ is is a relatively inexpensive generic drug with little major payout for drug makers, hundreds of millions of dollars have been invested in other antivirals and vaccines that drug companies hope to see a return on.
Politicizing Medicine Has Grave Consequences
Discussion of HCQ has fallen under a censorship umbrella that captured several other treatments known to help boost the immune system and lessen other viral infections. That happened when Google and its video platform Youtube began filtering search results. Youtube CEO Susan Wojcicki made that move public in April when she told CNN that the video platform would be “removing information that is problematic.”
She said that would include “anything that is medically unsubstantiated.”.
“So people saying ‘take vitamin C; take turmeric, we’ll cure you’, those are the examples of things that would be a violation of our policy,” she said.
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Hydroxychloroquine Is Widely Used Around the Globe
“Anything that would go against World Health Organization’s recommendations would be a violation of our policy,” she said.
The problem with the policy is that it ended up censoring validated information and politicizing public health.
While alternative medicine practitioners had already seen this type of censorship, for many conventional doctors it was their first taste of what it’s like. Many have been absolutely floored by it. As just one example among many, July 23, 2020, Dr. Harvey A. Risch, professor of epidemiology at Yale School of Public Health, published an op-ed in Newsweek in which he expressed his dismay and frustration:(3)
“I have authored over 300 peer-reviewed publications and currently hold senior positions on the editorial boards of several leading journals.
“I am usually accustomed to advocating for positions within the mainstream of medicine, so have been flummoxed to find that, in the midst of a crisis, I am fighting for a treatment that the data fully support but which, for reasons having nothing to do with a correct understanding of the science, has been pushed to the sidelines.
“As a result, tens of thousands of patients with COVID-19 are dying unnecessarily … I am referring, of course, to the medication hydroxychloroquine.
“When this inexpensive oral medication is given very early in the course of illness, before the virus has had time to multiply beyond control, it has shown to be highly effective, especially when given in combination with the antibiotics azithromycin or doxycycline and the nutritional supplement zinc.”
The medical review(4) published in the American Journal of Medicine finds early use of HCQ and zinc is a safe and effective treatment. The authors include Risch, as well as a long list of medical doctors from hospitals around the world.
The Importance of Early Outpatient Treatment
The review, titled, “Pathophysiological Basis and Rationale for Early Outpatient Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Infection,” points out that:(5)
“In the absence of clinical trial results, physicians must use what has been learned about the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection in determining early outpatient treatment of the illness with the aim of preventing hospitalization or death …
“Therapeutic approaches based on these principles include 1) reduction of reinoculation, 2) combination antiviral therapy, 3) immunomodulation, 4) antiplatelet/antithrombotic therapy, and 5) administration of oxygen, monitoring, and telemedicine.”
The authors stress that “Most patients who arrive at the hospital … with COVID-19 do not initially require forms of advanced medical care,” and that, therefore, “it is conceivable that some, if not a majority, of hospitalizations could be avoided with a treat-at-home first approach.”
They also stress that since it can take up to a week to get PCR test results back, it’s important to start treatment before results are known. “For patients with cardinal features of the syndrome (i.e., fever, body aches, nasal congestion, loss of taste and smell, etc.) … treatment can be the same as those with confirmed COVID-19,” they say.
Of course, that is only true in cases where the treatment is safer than the risk of the disease, and they believe that is true for HCQ.
The Case for HCQ and Zinc
In terms of early drug treatment for patients who are quarantining at home, the authors recommend using a combination of HCQ and zinc lozenges, along with several other drugs (depending on your symptoms).
While I will review those here, keep in mind that I do not necessarily recommend using all of them, as in some cases there are safer alternatives. At the end of this article, I will summarize my personal at-home treatment recommendation, which I believe is among the absolute safest and most effective.
That said, in his paper, Risch and his co-authors explain the rationale for using HCQ and zinc as follows:(6)
“Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an antimalarial/anti-inflammatory drug that impairs endosomal transfer of virions within human cells. HCQ is also a zinc ionophore that conveys zinc intracellularly to block the SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, which is the core enzyme of the virus replication.
“The currently completed retrospective studies and randomized trials have generally shown these findings:
“1.when started late in the hospital course and for short durations of time, antimalarials appear to be ineffective
“2.when started earlier in the hospital course, for progressively longer durations, and in outpatients, antimalarials may reduce the progression of the disease, prevent hospitalization, and are associated with reduced mortality …
“A typical HCQ regimen is 200 mg bid for 5 days and extended to 30 days for continued symptoms. A minimal sufficient dose of HCQ should be used, because in excessive doses the drug can interfere with early immune response to the virus …
“Zinc is a known inhibitor of coronavirus replication … This readily available nontoxic therapy could be deployed at the first signs of COVID-19. Zinc lozenges can be administered 5 times a day for up to 5 days and extended if needed if symptoms persist.
“The amount of elemental zinc lozenges is <25 percent of that in a single 220-mg zinc sulfate daily tablet. This dose of zinc sulfate has been effectively used in combination with antimalarials in early treatment of high-risk outpatients with COVID-19.”
It’s worth noting that in areas where hydroxychloroquine is hard to get a hold of, the nutritional supplement quercetin may be a useful (and perhaps even better) substitute, as its primary mechanism of action is identical to that of the drug. It also has antiviral activity of its own.
Zinc Is a Crucial Key
While much attention is placed on HCQ, it in and of itself is not the answer. Zinc is. Both HCQ and quercetin are zinc ionophores, meaning they shuttle zinc into the cell,(7,8) and there’s compelling evidence to suggest the primary benefit of the HCQ protocol actually comes from the zinc, which effectively inhibits viral replication.9
If given early, zinc along with a zinc ionophore should, at least theoretically, help lower the viral load and prevent the immune system from becoming overloaded. The problem is that zinc does not readily enter cells, which is why a zinc ionophore is needed.
Evidence of this was presented in a September 2020 study(10) in the Journal of Medical Microbiology. In it, they compared outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients treated with one of three regimens: HCQ alone, Azithromycin alone, or a triplet regimen of hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, and zinc.
While the addition of zinc had no impact on the length of hospitalization, ICU duration, or duration of ventilation, univariate analyses showed it did:
Increase hospital discharge frequencyDecrease the need for ventilationDecrease ICU admission ratesDecrease the rate of transfer to hospice for patients who were never admitted to the ICUDecrease mortality
The authors said that after adjusting for the time at which zinc sulfate was added to their protocol, there was a 1.53 increased odds ratio of being discharged home.
“This study provides the first in vivo evidence that zinc sulfate in combination with hydroxychloroquine may play a role in therapeutic management for COVID-19,” the wrote.
Another paper that addressed the crucial role of zinc was published in the September 2020 issue of Medical Hypotheses:(12)
“Besides direct antiviral effects, CQ/HCQ [chloroquine and/or hydroxychloroquine] specifically target extracellular zinc to intracellular lysosomes where it interferes with RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity and coronavirus replication.
“As zinc deficiency frequently occurs in elderly patients and in those with cardiovascular disease, chronic pulmonary disease, or diabetes, we hypothesize that CQ/HCQ plus zinc supplementation may be more effective in reducing COVID-19 morbidity and mortality than CQ or HCQ in monotherapy. Therefore, CQ/HCQ in combination with zinc should be considered as an additional study arm for COVID-19 clinical trials.”
Antibiotics, Steroids and Other Treatment Additions
In addition to HCQ and zinc, Risch(13) et.al also recommends using one of two antibiotics—azithromycin or doxycycline—primarily to address secondary bacterial infections. Azithromycin also has antiviral properties and anti-inflammatory effects, while doxycycline has “multiple intracellular effects that may reduce viral replication, cellular damage, and expression of inflammatory factors.”
According to the authors, COVID-19 studies that used azithromycin found “markedly reduced durations of viral shedding, fewer hospitalizations, and reduced mortality combination with HCQ.”
People with known or suspected arrhythmias, and anyone taking a contraindicated medication, should get a thorough workup and review of baseline electrocardiogram though, before receiving HCQ and/or azithromycin. For those worried about azithromycin’s effects on the heart, doxycycline is a better alternative as it has no ill effects on your heart. On the downside, it can cause gastrointestinal upset and esophagitis instead.
An important side note here is that while not addressed in this paper, all antibiotics have the drawback of disrupting your gut microbiome, and should therefore be used only if absolutely needed.
Risch(14) et.al also recommends using corticosteroids, which have immunomodulating effects and help reduce the effects of cytokine storms. As explained in their paper:
“In COVID-19, some of the first respiratory findings are nasal congestion, cough, and wheezing. These features are due to excess inflammation and cytokine activation.
“Early use of corticosteroids is a rational intervention for patients with COVID-19 with these features as they would be in acute asthma or reactive airways disease … One potential dosing scheme for outpatients starting on day 5 or the onset of respiratory symptoms is prednisone 1 mg/kg given daily for 5 days with or without a subsequent taper.”
Other treatment additions include:
Colchicine, a nonsteroidal antimitotic that has been shown to reduce D-dimer levels and improve outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patientsAntiplatelet agents such as aspirin (81 mg daily) or heparin to treat the abnormal blood clotting sometimes seen in COVID-19Supplemental oxygen if needed
To reduce the risk of self-reinoculation (since the virus is airborne), they also recommend opening windows and/or spending long periods of time outdoors (away from others) without a face covering.
The figure below, from The American Journal of Medicine and republished in Science Direct,(15) illustrates the different approaches to home care suggested depending on whether you are healthy, have a single comorbidity or several, and at which point in the disease process, the various drugs should be administered.
Hydroxychloroquine Has a Proven Safety Profile
While media headlines have painted HCQ as a life-threatening drug, it actually has a very robust safety profile that goes back decades. In a paper published in the American Journal of Epidemiology,(16) Risch reviewed several large-scale studies demonstrating the safety of the medication.
In his Newsweek article,(17) he also pointed out that the adverse event reports cited by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration when it warned HCQ might cause cardiac arrhythmia, especially when administered with azithromycin, were from patients who had used HCQ for very long periods of time for the treatment of chronic conditions such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis. The same risks simply do not apply when you’re taking HCQ for a few days or weeks.
“Even if the true rates of arrhythmia are tenfold higher than those reported, the harms would be minuscule compared to the mortality occurring right now in inadequately treated high-risk COVID-19 patients,” Risch wrote.(18)
“This fact is proven by an Oxford University study of more than 320,000 older patients taking both hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin, who had arrhythmia excess death rates of less than 9/100,000 users … A new paper in the American Journal of Medicine by established cardiologists around the world fully agrees with this.”
Indeed, the so-called evidence that HCQ causes lethal heart problems has been shown to be fraudulent. One study was retracted after it was discovered the data had been manufactured, and other large-scale trials were all using toxic doses.
While doctors reporting success with the drug were using standard doses around 200 mg per day for either a few days or maybe a couple of weeks, studies such as the Bill & Melinda Gates-funded(19) Recovery Trial used 2,400 mg of hydroxychloroquine during the first 24 hours—three to six times higher than the daily dosage recommended(20)—followed by 400 mg every 12 hours for nine more days for a cumulative dose of 9,200 mg over 10 days.
Similarly, the Solidarity Trial,(21) led by the World Health Organization, used 2,000 mg on the first day, and a cumulative dose of 8,800 mg over 10 days. These doses are simply too high.
Meanwhile, a July 1, 2020, retrospective analysis(22,23,24) of 2,541 patients in Michigan found use of hydroxychloroquine alone cut mortality by more than half, from 26.4 percent to 13.5 percent. Patients received 400 mg of hydroxychloroquine twice on day 1, followed by 200 mg twice a day for the next four days.
No adverse heart-related events were observed. Hydroxychloroquine in combination with azithromycin had a mortality rate of 20.1 percent, and azithromycin alone had a mortality rate of 22.4 percent. The azithromycin was dosed as 500 mg on day 1, followed by 250 mg once a day for the next four days.
According to the authors,(25) “The combination of hydroxychloroquine + azithromycin was reserved for selected patients with severe COVID-19 and with minimal cardiac risk factors.” Unfortunately, zinc was not included in this trial.
“Physicians who have been using these medications in the face of widespread skepticism have been truly heroic,” Risch wrote in Newsweek.(26) “They have done what the science shows is best for their patients, often at great personal risk.
“I myself know of two doctors who have saved the lives of hundreds of patients with these medications but are now fighting state medical boards to save their licenses and reputations. The cases against them are complete without scientific merit …
“As all know, the medication has become highly politicized. For many, it is viewed as a marker of political identity, on both sides of the political spectrum. Nobody needs me to remind them that this is not how medicine should proceed … Reality demands a clear, scientific eye on the evidence and where it points”
With that in mind, evidence that HCQ could be useful against SARS-CoV-2 goes as far back as 2005, when the article “Chloroquine Is a Potent Inhibitor of SARS Coronavirus Infection and Spread” was published in the Virology Journal.(27)
According to this study:(28)
“… chloroquine has strong antiviral effects on SARS-CoV infection of primate cells. These inhibitory effects are observed when the cells are treated with the drug either before or after exposure to the virus, suggesting both prophylactic and therapeutic advantage.”
In other words, chloroquine functioned as both a prophylactic (prevention) and a treatment against SARS coronavirus. This is precisely what many doctors have found with HCQ as well — a drug that is very similar to chloroquine but has a safer profile — when used against SARS-CoV-2.
Dr. Joseph Mercola is the founder of Mercola.com. An osteopathic physician, best-selling author, and recipient of multiple awards in the field of natural health, his primary vision is to change the modern health paradigm by providing people with a valuable resource to help them take control of their health. This article was originally published on Mercola.com
(1) Gates Notes April 30, 2020
(2) Anthraxvaccine.blogspot.com June 27, 2020
(3) (17) (18) (26) Newsweek July 23, 2020
(4,5,6,13,14) The American Journal of Medicine January 2021; 134(1): 16-22
(7) PLOS ONE 2014; 9(10): e109180
(8,9) Preprints April 6, 2020 DOI: 10.20944/preprints202004.0124.v1
(10) Journal of Medical Microbiology September 15, 2020; 69(10)
(11) medRxiv May 8, 2020 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.02.20080036 (PDF)
(12) Medical Hypotheses September 2020; 142: 109815
(15) Science Direct January 2021
(16) American Journal of Epidemiology May 27, 2020, kwaa093
(19) Age of Autism June 16, 2020
(20) Uptodate.com Hydroxychloroquine
(21) The Solidarity Trial
(22) International Journal of Infectious Diseases July 1, 2020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.099
(23) Epoch Times July 2, 2020
(24) Just the News July 3, 2020
(25) International Journal of Infectious Diseases July 1, 2020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.099, Patients
(27,28) (Virology Journal 2005; 2: 69
(29) Science, Public Health Policy and The Law July 2020; 1: 4-22 (PDF)
Wrong. Trump is not President anymore. No need to lie about medicine anymore.
The article references “zinc sulfate”. I don’t know anything.
-Acetyl Cysteine
N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) is a metabolite of the sulfur-containing amino acid, Cysteine. Cysteine is found in high protein foods, N-Acetyl Cysteine is not. N-Acetyl Cysteine is produced within the human body. Cysteine plays a role in the sulfation cycle, acting as a sulfur donor in phase II detoxification and as a methyl donor in the conversion of homocysteine to methionine. Cysteine also helps synthesize glutathione, one of the body’s most important natural antioxidants and detoxifiers. N-Acetyl-Cysteine is the acetylated form of L-Cysteine.
N-Acetyl Cysteine increases Glutathione Levels
N-Acetyl Cysteine is rapidly metabolized to intracellular glutathione. Glutathione acts as a powerful antioxidant in the body. Glutathione also detoxifies chemicals into less harmful compounds. N-Acetyl Cysteine also protects the body from acetaminophen toxicity and is used in hospitals for patients with acetaminophen poisoning. It has also been shown to be effective at treating liver failure from other causes as well.
N-Acetyl Cysteine Chelates Heavy Metals
Heavy metals like lead, mercury and arsenic are detoxified and removed from the body by N-Acetyl Cysteine . It also increases the excretion of zinc and other essential minerals when taken over an extended period. It is therefore necessary to supplement zinc, copper and other trace minerals when taking N-Acetyl Cysteine.
N-Acetyl Cysteine and the Immune System
Glutathione is known to aid in the transport of nutrients to lymphocytes and phagocytes, two major classes of immune cells, and to protect cell membranes. While purified glutathione is available as a dietary supplement, absorption is low, and N-Acetyl Cysteine is thought to be a better method of boosting cellular glutathione levels. N-Acetyl Cysteine is being investigated as a treatment for AIDS.
N-Acetyl Cysteine Breaks up Mucus
N-Acetyl Cysteine cleaves disulfide bonds by converting them to two sulfhydryl groups. This action results in the breakup of mucoproteins in lung mucus, reducing their chain lengths and thinning the mucus, improving conditions such as bronchitis and flu. Double-blind research has found that N-Acetyl Cysteine supplements improved symptoms and prevented recurrences in people with chronic bronchitis. N-Acetyl Cysteine at a dosage of 1,200 mg per day helps to prevent Influenza infection, reduces the symptoms of existing Influenza infection and reduces the duration of Influenza infections.
N-Acetyl Cysteine and Cancer
N-Acetyl CysteineN-Acetyl Cysteine has been shown to reduce the proliferation of certain cells lining the colon and may reduce the risk of colon cancer in people with recurrent polyps in the colon. Its action as an antioxidant and a glutathione precursor may also contribute to a protective effect against cancer.
N-Acetyl Cysteine Cautions (SHOULD BE TAKEN WITH C)
When taking N-acetyl cysteine it is recommended that two to three times as much vitamin C be taken at the same time. Failure to do so may result in more harm than good from taking this product because of the prolonged presence of the oxidized form of L-Cysteine. The vitamin C also helps keep the glutathione that is produced from the Cysteine in its reduced form so that it can continue acting as an antioxidant.
N-Acetyl Cysteine Dosage
Typical dosage recommendations are in the range of 250-1500mg of NAC daily for the majority of therapeutic benefits.
N-Acetyl Cysteine Safety
NAC is considered safe for consumption in its therapeutic dosage ranges. Individual reactions may vary and anyone experiencing adverse symptoms while taking N-Acetyl Cysteine should discontinue it.
Where to Get N-Acetyl Cysteine
For a high quality professional source of N-Acetyl Cysteine and other Health and Life Extension Supplements:
N-Acetyl Cysteine supplements from Vitamin Research Products
This is craziness. Why are we following medical advice from a small Chinese religious cult?
Dr. Risch has been excellent.
Nice post. Too bad the left has bad mouthed this treatment for COVID.
Your references 1-29 don’t mean much since they’re not links like in the article.
Now that Trump is gone they can save lives.
Ditto. And you won't catch me wearing an American burka. Burkas don't work according to the CDC: CDC Admits: No Conclusive Evidence Cloth Masks Work Against COVID 10/29/20
I included the 29 citations of the article. The article itself cites dozens of studies.
In the interests of a full debate, these are informative. If you disagree, please bring counterarguments and facts.
Ad hominem attacks that fail to address the content don’t initially recommend anyone pay attention to YOU.
See also #27 with regard to my opinion of the source, previously precisely disclosed.
How do you feel about live organ harvesting without anesthetic?
Concentration Camps?
Slave Labor?
Just want to make sure you’re not a CCP plant ....
No trouble at all.
A proven ionophore to press the zinc into the cells is also EGCG found in green tea extract.
I have both. Quercetin agrees with my stomach better. YMMV.
I DO want it legalized.
I have done ample research.
We will have to agree to disagree on this.
You do not want to get into an argument with me on this I can assure you.
“New research”? Plenty of old research already proved it.
Ping; may be of interest to your ping list. Which I’d like to be on, BTW.
If you think Epoch Times unreliable as a news source, who do you read and trust? The Bezos Post? NY Times?
They’re pretty solid in their reporting in my estimation.
Regarding HCQ use, many doctors have been using it going back to last Spring. Heck, India was using it widely back then.
Trump is always right.
Not only did Fauci reduce commentary on HCQ, after a brief mention he completely stopped making any reference at all to the ESSENTIAL VIRUS KILLER ZINC. He was probably aware of the cc sent to President Trump and Chief of Staff, Mark Meadows, on March 23, 2020, by Dr. Vladimir Zelenko. In this letter addressed to the medical community, Dr. Z explained the function of the 3 components and said that Zinc was the virus killer and very early treatment was essential. On May 14, 2020, NIH put out the following Press Release reported this: https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-begins-clinical-trial-hydroxychloroquine-azithromycin-treat-covid-19
It was reported 2000 people were being enrolled to take part in this study. This quote is significant: “We urgently need a safe and effective treatment for COVID-19. Repurposing existing drugs is an attractive option because these medications have undergone extensive testing, allowing them to move quickly into clinical trials and accelerating their potential approval for COVID-19 treatment,” said NIAID Director Anthony S. Fauci, M.D. “Although there is anecdotal evidence that hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin may benefit people with COVID-19, we need solid data from a large randomized, controlled clinical trial to determine whether this experimental treatment is safe and can improve clinical outcomes.”
Significantly, this search for “solid data” did NOT include the ESSENTIAL VIRUS KILLER ZINC, and was only begun after a person had tested positive for the virus. Dr. Z urged starting treatment as soon as symptoms were observed. By the time the virus was tested, many more viruses had been produced in the body. So why did Dr. Fauci and NIH risk the lives of 2000 people with a study designed to fail?
“On the basis of as yet unpublished data, remdesivir “will be the standard of care” for patients with COVID-19, Anthony Fauci, MD, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), said during a press conference at the White House April 29.
The randomized, placebo-controlled international trial (on Remdesivir) was sponsored by NIAID, which is part of the National Institutes of Health, and enrolled 1,063 patients. It began on Feb. 21. https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/panel-financial-disclosure/ shows that 7 of 60 listed scientists received “research support” from Gilead Sciences. While Dr. Fauci is not listed as receiving any direct financial support from Gilead Sciences, imagine how his bosses at NIH would react if, as the “face” of NIH, he suddenly began NOT supporting the research that NIH was heavily involved in?
NIAID conducts and supports research — at NIH, throughout the United States, and worldwide — to study the causes of infectious and immune-mediated diseases, and to develop better means of preventing, diagnosing and treating these illnesses. News releases, fact sheets and other NIAID-related materials are available on the NIAID website.
About the National Institutes of Health (NIH): NIH, the nation’s medical research agency, includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH is the primary federal agency conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and is investigating the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit www.nih.gov.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2782946/ When this article was first published (2006) the biomedical field was already changing rapidly and no doubt has continued to do so. The Remdesivir study shown above was called a Phase 2b study.
Here are described funds typically distributed in 2005: Phase I grant support, also known as a feasibility study, is normally funded at $100,000 for 6 months (SBIR) or $100,000 for 12 months (STTR). Phase II support is available to Phase I recipients and provides two-year awards of $750,000 (SBIR) or $500,000 (STTR). To foster the best quality applicants, the NIH SBIR program provides prospective applicants with a wealth of information, including advice documents4, free workshops and conferences5, and easy access to the program officials who can answer more in-depth questions.
Whether Fauci recieved direct payment or not, he certainly must have had pressure/incentive to do all he could to improve the NIH/Gilead Sciences relationship.
For those considering wrongful death and other suites, feel free to Private Reply me.
We’ve known that since what, last April or May?
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