Posted on 11/21/2012 11:41:34 PM PST by LibWhacker
New nanotechnology can be used for Type 1 diabetes, food allergies and asthma
The new nanotechnology also can be applied to a variety of immune-mediated diseases including Type 1 diabetes, food allergies and airway allergies such as asthma.
In MS, the immune system attacks the myelin membrane that insulates nerves cells in the brain, spinal cord and optic nerve. When the insulation is destroyed, electrical signals can't be effectively conducted, resulting in symptoms that range from mild limb numbness to paralysis or blindness. About 80 percent of MS patients are diagnosed with the relapsing remitting form of the disease.
The Northwestern nanotechnology does not suppress the entire immune system as do current therapies for MS, which make patients more susceptible to everyday infections and higher rates of cancer. Rather, when the nanoparticles are attached to myelin antigens and injected into the mice, the immune system is reset to normal. The immune system stops recognizing myelin as an alien invader and halts its attack on it.
"This is a highly significant breakthrough in translational immunotherapy," said Stephen Miller, a corresponding author of the study and the Judy Gugenheim Research Professor of Microbiology-Immunology at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. "The beauty of this new technology is it can be used in many immune-related diseases. We simply change the antigen that's delivered."
"The holy grail is to develop a therapy that is specific to the pathological immune response, in this case the body attacking myelin," Miller added. "Our approach resets the immune system so it no longer attacks myelin but leaves the function of the normal immune system intact."
The nanoparticle, made from an easily produced and already FDA-approved substance, was developed by Lonnie Shea, professor of chemical and biological engineering at Northwestern's McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science.
"This is a major breakthrough in nanotechnology, showing you can use it to regulate the immune system," said Shea, also a corresponding author. The paper will be published Nov. 18 in the journal Nature Biotechnology.
Miller and Shea are also members of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University. In addition, Shea is a member of the Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine and the Chemistry of Life Processes Institute.
CLINICAL TRIAL FOR MS TESTS SAME APPROACH -- WITH KEY DIFFERENCE
The study's method is the same approach now being tested in multiple sclerosis patients in a phase I/II clinical trial -- with one key difference. The trial uses a patient's own white blood cells -- a costly and labor intensive procedure -- to deliver the antigen. The purpose of the new study was to see if nanoparticles could be as effective as the white blood cells as delivery vehicles. They were.
THE BIG NANOPARTICLE ADVANTAGE FOR IMMUNOTHERAPY
Nanoparticles have many advantages; they can be readily produced in a laboratory and standardized for manufacturing. They would make the potential therapy cheaper and more accessible to a general population. In addition, these nanoparticles are made of a polymer called Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG), which consists of lactic acid and glycolic acid, both natural metabolites in the human body. PLG is most commonly used for biodegradable sutures.
The fact that PLG is already FDA approved for other applications should facilitate translating the research to patients, Shea noted. Miller and Shea tested nanoparticles of various sizes and discovered that 500 nanometers was most effective at modulating the immune response.
"We administered these particles to animals who have a disease very similar to relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis and stopped it in its tracks," Miller said. "We prevented any future relapses for up to 100 days, which is the equivalent of several years in the life of an MS patient."
Shea and Miller also are currently testing the nanoparticles to treat Type one diabetes and airway diseases such as asthma.
NANOPARTICLES FOOL IMMUNE SYSTEM
In the study, researchers attached myelin antigens to the nanoparticles and injected them intravenously into the mice. The particles entered the spleen, which filters the blood and helps the body dispose of aging and dying blood cells. There, the particles were engulfed by macrophages, a type of immune cell, which then displayed the antigens on their cell surface. The immune system viewed the nanoparticles as ordinary dying blood cells and nothing to be concerned about. This created immune tolerance to the antigen by directly inhibiting the activity of myelin responsive T cells and by increasing the numbers of regulatory T cells which further calmed the autoimmune response.
"The key here is that this antigen/particle-based approach to induction of tolerance is selective and targeted. Unlike generalized immunosuppression, which is the current therapy used for autoimmune diseases, this new process does not shut down the whole immune system," said Christine Kelley, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering director of the division of Discovery Science and Technology at the National Institutes of Health, which supported the research. "This collaborative effort between expertise in immunology and bioengineering is a terrific example of the tremendous advances that can be made with scientifically convergent approaches to biomedical problems."
"We are proud to share our expertise in therapeutics development with Dr. Stephen Miller's stellar team of academic scientists," said Scott Johnson, CEO, president and founder of the Myelin Repair Foundation. "The idea to couple antigens to nanoparticles was conceived in discussions between Dr. Miller's laboratory, the Myelin Repair Foundation's drug discovery advisory board and Dr. Michael Pleiss, a member of the Myelin Repair Foundation's internal research team, and we combined our efforts to focus on patient-oriented, clinically relevant research with broad implications for all autoimmune diseases. Our unique research model is designed to foster and extract the innovation from the academic science that we fund and transition these technologies to commercialization. The overarching goal is to ensure this important therapeutic pathway has its best chance to reach patients, with MS and all autoimmune diseases."
If this works perhaps it can also be used to turn off the breast cancer BRCA markers.
I wonder if it might just effective against Alzheimer’s disease?
On the down side, if the immune response can be turned off, it can probably be turned on. Biological mischief, or warfare, could become undetectable, gradual, and masked as a genetic disease vs a pathogen.
We.are.Borg.
You.will.be.ass.imi.la.ted.
Re.sis.tance.is.fu.tile.
Sorry, couldn’t help it.
:)
I wonder if this could be used for organ transplants, too.
ping
fibromyalgia, meniere’s, MD, many others one would think. often the messenger is worse than the disease though.
Thank you SCIENCE!!! Amazing work!
Ok boys and girls, name another country that will fund research and developement of new, cutting edge medical advancements and breakthroughs once the American version of national health care is in full swing. The formula for success is ObamaCare = cost savings = NO Care.
CF, Coeliac, ...... Lupus ~ these are all pretty miserable conditions.
That's going to be the future of medicine in this country ~ you'll be lucky to get stitches in open wounds, or aspirin at a drugstore.
bttt
Medical ping.
Spoke to a PHD research type that writes and looks for the grants for this stuff @ a College of Medicine. She noted Drug Companies are not spending their Capital anymore for Researching Drugs. They wait for the Colleges, CDC, etc to come up with something that may make a stage trial and they they might dip their toe in the water. I don't know when this all changed, I think it happened even prior to the crash of 2008.
Now with Obamacare on top it is a Double FUBAR....
Ping
That would be nice! Tysabri is working very well for me, though.
That would be nice! Tysabri is working very well for me, though.
That would be nice! Tysabri is working very well for me, though.
I told my wife she could become Borg!
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.