Posted on 09/18/2005 9:30:23 PM PDT by betty boop
Freeper Investigation: Original Intent and Constitutional Jurisprudence
by Jean F. Drew
English and Anglo-American laws core principle is the opposition to abusive power as exercised by the state. As Dan Gifford writes in The Conceptual Foundations of Anglo-American Jurisprudence in Religion and Reason,
The law is not the law regardless if it be good, bad, or indifferent. There is a higher moral law, originating within ancient Jewish law, which requires individual responsibility for opposing evil and promoting goodness. It is from this basic tenet that English law and Anglo-American law embody the following principle: The individual has rights against the state .
The danger posed by the usual suspects in government for the sake of power is obvious. However, not as obvious is the more insidious danger posed by a list of usual suspects claiming to be [societys] defenders . Their attacks on God, traditional Judeo-Christian morals, the Calvinist concept of conscience, republican virtu, and Aristotelian reason or logos the five essential elements that make our system work as obstructions to social progress have been devastating .1
Without doubt, God, traditional Judeo-Christian morals, the Calvinist concept of conscience, republican virtu, and Aristotelian reason or logos informed the worldview of the Framers of the Constitution and constitute that documents spirit, meaning, philosophy and vitality.
Russell Kirk corroborates this understanding, stating that the roots of American order trace back to four historical cities: (1) Jerusalem, in both the Israelite and Christian developments; (2) Athens, with its classical view of man as a thinking animal who possesses reason and soul; Rome, for the idea of republican virtu personal self-restraint and direct participation in the governance and defense of the state; and London, for its concepts regarding the necessity of restraining monarchical power vis-à-vis the subject in the interest of preserving the public good of individual liberty. 2
Thus the Constitution is an extraordinarily conservative document, given its roots in a much older tradition, writes Stephen Tonsor. Its world view is Roman or Anglo-Catholic; its political philosophy, Aristotelian and Thomist; its concerns, moral and ethical; its culture, that of Christian humanism. 3
The problem with the constitution nowadays is that these ideas no longer inform the worldview of many Americans, in particular the cultural elites who sit on federal and state benches, who man the federal bureaucracies, staff the professoriate, and run the organs of public communications (i.e., the so-called mainstream media). All these constituencies, moreover, are effectively unaccountable to the people whom they purport to serve.
In light of breaking events the recent ruling of a federal court in California that the Pledge of Allegiance is unconstitutional because of its under God language, the recent New London eminent-domain decision of the Supreme Court, and two Supreme Court vacancies (with possibly more to come within the tenure of the Bush presidency) as well as long-standing public quarrels over the meanings of e.g., the Second, Tenth, and Fourteenth Amendments, we thought it would be useful to inaugurate a Freeper Research Project into theories of the Constitution, then and now; i.e., the original intent of the Framers vs. modern prudential and ideological constructions. In particular it would be useful to explore the roles of all the players in a constitutional system based on the separation and balance of powers, to see how well that concept is working nowadays.
Or not, as the case may be. And if that is the case, then to ask: Why not? What has gone wrong such that, e.g., federal judges routinely feel free to legislate their ideals of social progress from the bench?
I thought Id get the ball rolling with a piece on the cultural component of such questions. Im sure my thoughts may prove controversial to some of my Freeper friends; for I intend to show that the single most influential cause of current-day constitutional chaos is the breakdown of a common understanding of God and man and of their mutual relations. It is my view, however the only view that I can relate, based on my observation, experience, and the indirect sources that further inform the present state of my knowledge and anyones free to disagree with it. I just hope we can all be civil and respectful when/if we do disagree.
The point is, I cant do your seeing for you anymore than you can do my seeing for me. Under the circumstances, it seems to me the best course would be to simply compare notes and see if we might learn something from one other.
My friend YHAOS writes: The Founders bequeathed to their posterity rather a unique philosophy, not only of government, but of human relationships. Indeed, YHAOS; the Framers view of human relationships was predicated on the understanding that all men are created equal, and thus all have dependence on a creator. Further, because they are equally the creations of one Creator, all men share a common humanity that effectively makes them brothers. All men are created with possessing reason and free will as a natural birthright, and are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. All men are equal before the law, while constituting the sovereign We the People connoting one single community who delegate a very few existential powers (29 by my last count) to the government, and retain all others unto themselves.
YHAOS continues, It was a philosophy that was greeted with disfavor by all the rulers of the world the moment they were exposed to it, because it left their rule to the sufferance of their subjects, and eliminated their ability to rule as they saw fit. They hated it then, they hate it today. This philosophy, so hated by the rulers and other elites of the world, is found and best expressed in the words of the Founders and of others who were most closely associated with the philosophy of Natural Law and with the events which occasioned the creation of the Declaration of Independence and of The Constitution.4
Indeed, YHAOS. Those who would rule dont much care for this sort of thing as a rule .
The spirit of liberty that informed the American Founding whereby the role of the state was to be severely delimited and constrained was brilliantly expressed by Trenchard & Gordon in Catos Letters (~1720):
All men are born free; Liberty is a Gift which they receive from God; nor can they alienate the same by Consent, though possibly they may forfeit it by crimes .
Liberty is the power which every man has over his own Actions, and the Right to enjoy the Fruit of his Labor, Art, and Industry, as far as by it he hurts not the Society, or any Member of it, by taking from any Member, or by hindering him from enjoying what he himself enjoys.
The fruits of a Mans honest Industry are the just rewards of it, ascertained to him by natural and eternal Equity, as is his Title to use them in the Manner which he thinks fit: And thus, with the above Limitations, every Man is Sole Lord and Arbiter of his own Private Actions and Property5 .
In short, in the early eighteenth century, there was a cultural consensus in England and in the Colonies that it is the GodMan relation from which the just relations of man with his fellow man flows that (not coincidentally) constitutes the limit or check on state power and authority. The Constitution itself epitomizes and expresses this consensus.
So its hardly surprising that, as YHAOS continues, It was a philosophy that was greeted with disfavor by all the rulers of the world the moment they were exposed to it, because it left their rule to the sufferance of their subjects, and eliminated their ability to rule as they saw fit. They hated it then, they hate it today. This philosophy, so hated by the rulers and other elites of the world, is found and best expressed in the words of the Founders and of others who were most closely associated with the philosophy of Natural Law and with the events which occasioned the creation of the Declaration of Independence and of The Constitution.6
Indeed, YHAOS. Those who would rule dont much care for this sort of thing as a rule . And I am particularly intrigued by your notice of the other elites.
These other elites are informed by other notions that were altogether foreign at the time of the American Founding, and for more than a century thereafter. These notions are a specifically German cultural import from Hegel, Nietzsche, Marx & Co., a going (and growing) concern since the mid-nineteenth century.
All three men were obsessed by power. Hegels model of the ideal state was Prussia, which was authoritarian and repressive. He worshipped Napoleon as a new World Savior. All three men wanted to kill God. This last, of course, is required for the free exercise of an unconstrained Will to Power: With God around, plans for constructing Utopia could never come to fruit. So they all decided He needed to be bumped off in order to clear the decks for a reconstruction of the world and human history, in order to perfect future history. Thus history as we know it must end.
And as it turns out, history under God becomes a dead letter with His demise. Then and only then can self-appointed Great Men assume the divine rule and enterprise with a free hand, starting over from scratch, as it were. Hegel and Marx both apparently believed that they could just start from nothing and, by the use of pure Reason, construct ever more perfect worlds, correcting all the imperfections that God left in His Creation, which is now to be happily Over, dispensed with. Men or at least some men have become self-divinized. A New World is a-borning.
We are speaking of the construction of progressivist utopias here.
Now the meaning of Utopia a neologism of Thomas More means Nowhere. Utopia is a model of a perfect society that cannot be realized because an important sector of reality has been omitted from its construction, but its authors and addicts have suspended their consciousness that it is unrealizable because of the omission.7 As the greatest English-speaking poet of the twentieth century put it:
They constantly try to escape From the darkness outside and within By dreaming of systems so perfect that no one Will need to be good .
But the man that is will shadow The man that pretends to be. 8
The omitted sector of reality is precisely the spiritual sector, constituted by the relations of God and man the divine-human encounter that orders human souls, and from souls to societies, including political societies. That is to say, the total eclipse of the great Hierarchy of Being: God Man Society World. It seems plain to me that the murder of God involves a double homicide, one a parricide, the other a suicide .
Clearly, there was a profound sea-change in the understanding of Reality and of human self-understanding between the time of Locke and the time of Hegel. Rather than present a lengthy and probably tiresome analysis of how this noxious diremption occurred, let me just give you a sampler of how meanings central to the human person and to political society are understood these days under the respective frameworks of the Judeo-Christian/classical (JCC) worldview, and the progressivist (P) worldview.
JCC says: There is a nature of man, a definite structure of existence that puts limits on perfectability.9
P replies: The nature of man can be changed, either through historical evolution or through revolutionary action, so that a perfect realm of freedom can be established in history.10
JCC says: Philosophy is the endeavor to advance from opinion (doxa) about the order of man and society to science (episteme) 11
P replies: No science in such matters is possible, only opinion; everybody is entitled to his opinions; we have a pluralist society. 12
JCC says: Society is man written large.
P replies: Man is society written small. 13
JCC says: Man lives in erotic [faithfully loving] tension toward the divine ground of his existence.
P replies: He doesnt; for I dont; and Im the measure of man.14
JCC says: Education is the art of periagoge, or turning around (Plato). [Essentially, this means that education is the art of transmitting the greatest achievements of human intellect and culture to the next-rising generation, which, as we have already suggested above, include achievements of great antiquity. In the specific Platonic sense, this process requires a turning to the Light or alternatively, a tuning into the God.]
P replies: Education is the art of adjusting people so solidly to the climate of opinion prevalent at the time that they do not feel any desire to know. Education is the art of preventing people from acquiring the knowledge that would enable them to articulate the questions of existence. Education is the art of pressuring young people into a state of alienation that will result in either quiet despair or aggressive militancy.15
JCC says: Through the life of reason (bios theoretikos) man realizes his freedom.
P replies: Plato and Aristotle were fascists. The life of reason is a fascist enterprise.16
JCC says: The process in which the nature of man and the other participants in the great Hierarchy of Being becomes conscious and noetically articulate and luminous to the human mind constitutes the life of reason.
P replies: Reason is instrumental reason. There is no such thing as a noetic rationality of man.17
Just in case the foregoing dialog comes across as a tad too abstract, let me give an example from concrete American historical experience that fully reflects the tensions inherent in such irreconcilable differences, and get off the soap box. (Then it will be someone elses turn).
My example concerns the scope and meaning of the Second Amendment.
JCC says:
Surely one of the foundations of American political thought of the [Founding] period was the well-justified concern about political corruption and consequent governmental tyranny. Even the Federalists, fending off their opponents who accused them of foisting an oppressive new scheme upon the American people, were careful to acknowledge the risks of tyranny. James Madison, for example, speaks in Federalist Number Forty-Six of the advantage of being armed, which the Americans possess over the people of almost every other nation. The advantage in question was not merely the defense of American borders; a standing army might well accomplish that. Rather, an armed public was advantageous in protecting political liberty. It is therefore no surprise that the Federal Farmer, the nom de plume of an anti-federalist critic of the new Constitution and its absence of a Bill of Rights, could write that to preserve liberty, it is essential that the whole body of the people always possess arms, and be taught alike, especially when young, how to use them.... On this matter, at least, there was no cleavage between the pro-ratification Madison and his opponent.
In his influential Commentaries on the Constitution, Joseph Story, certainly no friend of Anti-Federalism, emphasized the importance of the Second Amendment. He went on to describe the militia as the natural defence of a free country not only against sudden foreign invasions and domestic insurrections, with which one might well expect a Federalist to be concerned, but also against domestic usurpations of power by rulers. The right of the citizens to keep and bear arms has justly been considered, Story wrote, as the palladium of the liberties of a republic; since it offers a strong moral check against the usurpation and arbitrary power of rulers; and will generally, even if these are successful in the first instance, enable the people to resist and triumph over them.
the repository of a monopoly of the legitimate means of violence [by the state] that is so commonly used by political scientists is a profoundly statist definition, the product of a specifically German tradition of the (strong) state rather than of a strikingly different American political tradition that is fundamentally mistrustful of state power and vigilant about maintaining ultimate power, including the power of arms, in the populace. 18
P replies (actually, this is Justice William Burger, who never wrote a word abut the Second Amendment. Yet after retirement, he wrote an article for Parade magazine that is the only extended analysis by any Supreme Court Justice of why the Second Amendment does not guarantee and individual right).19
the Second Amendment is obsolete because we need a large standing army, rather than a well-armed citizenry.20 Plus we all know guns are dangerous things. Dangerous things should not be left in the hands of innocent (inept) civilians, especially when there are standing armies and organized police forces to whom we may safely delegate the use of force in our society.
To which JCC might retort: Well, whos policing the police? And what if the standing army comes after US?
On that happy note, a few last words:
Government is not reason; it is not eloquence; it is force! Like fire, it is a dangerous servant and a fearful master! George Washington
All powers granted by the Constitution, are derived from the people of the United States; and may be resumed by them when perverted to their injury or oppression; and every power not granted remains with them, and at their will; and no right of any description can be canceled, abridged, restrained or modified by Congress, the Senate, the House of Representatives, the President or any department, or officer of the United States. John C. Calhoun
The power of kings and magistrates is nothing else, but what is derivative, transferred and committed to them in trust from the people, to the common good of them all, in whom the power remains fundamentally, and cannot be taken from them without a violation of their natural birthright. John Milton
_________________________
Notes:
1 In Tennessee Law Review: Second Amendment Symposium, vol. 62, no. 3, 1995: 759, http://www.saf.org/LawReviews/Gifford1.htm .
2 Russell Kirk, The Roots of American Order, Washington, D.C.: Regnery Gateway, 1991.
3 Retrieved from a collection of aphorisms Ive been compiling for many years. Unfortunately, at the time I found this one, I was not in the habit of recording the titles of works in which the aporism appears, e.g., in which Tonsors remark was given; and now do not remember it. (Mea culpa So sorry!)
4 YHAOS at http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1470264/posts?page=1150#1150
5 John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon, Catos Letters or Essays on Liberty, Civil and Religious, and Other Important Subjects, Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1995 [1720]. Trenchard & Gordon were writing about 40 years after Englands Glorious Revolution of 1688, of which John Locke was major mentor and instigator. The Framers were well acquainted with the works of all three men, for Locke and Trenchard & Gordon were quintessential sources of the history of revolution in the British historical context; plus the philosophical/sociopolitical movements that they were describing were relatively recent from the Framers standpoint.
6 YHAOS op cit.
7 Eric Voegelin, Wisdom and the Magic of the Extreme, op. cit. The Collected Works of Eric Voegelin, p.316.
8 T. S. Eliot, Choruses from The Rock, as quoted by Voegelin, ibid.
9 Eric Voegelin, op. cit., p. 258
10 ibid.
11 ibid.
12 ibid.
13 ibid.
14 ibid.
15 ibid, p. 260 16 ibid.
17 ibid.
18 Sanford Levinson, The Embarrassing Second Amendment, Yale Law Journal. Originally published as 99 Yale L.J. 637659 (1989).
19 David B. Kopel, The Supreme Courts Thirty-five Other Gun Cases: What the Supreme Court Has Said about the Second Amendment, 2000; http://www.i2iorg/SuptDocs/Crime/35.htm
20 ibid.
Thanks, Star. Most interesting. I shall return after a cup or two of coffee.
Right out of John Locke, but instead of happiness, he said property. His book was mentioned often in wills, to be given to the oldest son.
This country was founded by not the eldest son, but by the younger sons who had no prospects in their homeland except the military, the sea, as a merchant, or the clergy. All inheritance went to the oldest son and he was expected to support his mother, and spinster sisters. Most of the original 13 states set up inheritance as equal between heirs unless otherwise written.
As for church and state, the constitution says the state shall establish no religion, not that we are free from religion. In England, the King was head of the Church of England, and in France, the king was head of the Catholic Church after the Pope, etc. The founders did not want a state religion, but freedom for the citizens to choose a religion for themselves, their families, and their communities.
He changed property to happiness as we had indentured servants, convicts, who could or could not own property depending on the state, and the great unwashed, uneducated tradesmen and day laborers.
Owning property was not a right, but a privilege that allowed you to vote in the general elections at all levels.
Sorry, Social Studies major showing.
Bump. If we could only find some modern politicians with these thoughts...
Add if term limits for Judges -or performance based pay
are not agreeable-- might I suggest mandatory psych evals
by a panel of three competing psychologists to be affected
once any citizen notes variance with the clear language of the written Constitution.
A very well written piece-- ThankYou-- Might I add for the
discussion -- Donald S.Lutz "the Relative Influence of European Writers On Late Eighteenth Century American Political Thought"-American Political Science Review 189(1984) p189-197 Fairly well documented source of whom our
Founders cited in their political writings.
On Second Amendment I find many of the Law Review Articles
On Each Side-Presented as appendix to Guns Crime and Freedom,by Wayne LaPierre fairly weighs more on the side
of those who understand and agree with Joseph Story on the
Second Amendment.(I prefer Story on the Constitution-but
understand there are those who follow a different hermeneutic) And I do suggest "A Familiar Exposition on the
Constitution of the United States "by Jospeh Story,Regnery Gateway 1997 from the 1859 original as must read.
Thomas Jefferson,Writings,Merrill D.Peterson Editor,Library
of America 16th printing p19-25 records the Declaration of
Independence and how it was amended,John Eidsmoe in Christianity and the Constitution does a fair job discussing Jefferson and introducing his association with John Locke.IMO It remains an open question as to why Jefferson changed the concept presented by Locke-as I have
read in Lockes treatise on government the link Life -Liberty -and Property.--But find no original from Jefferson
beyond that which was approved and reported to Congress.
and we also know that Jefferson was among those who disapproved of the slave trade -thus the memorialized excerpt from his Notes on the State of Virginia Query XVIII
"and can th eLiberties of a naiton be thought secure when we have removed their only firm basis,a conviciton in the minds of the people that these liberties are the gift of God? That they are not to be violated but with His wrath?Indeed I tremble for my Country when I reflect that God is Just :that his justice cannot sleep forever... The spirit of the Master is abating,that of th eslave is rising.. . . "
Sadly I find racism more a problem of the North Than I ever saw it in the South.Tough your point on "property" is documented as it was defined respecting the slave trade.But it was a definition imported from the Brits.
Which then, of course, leads us to the hack-eyed observation that Jefferson freed only a tiny percentage of his own slaves.
Setting aside for one moment our 21st c. notion(s) on such a matter, Jefferson's actions - or lack thereof -- are a little more understandable if we make the clumsy analogy of a farmer preaching against our dependence on OPEC and yet not getting rid of every item on his farm that runs on petrol.
===============
-thus the memorialized excerpt from his Notes on the State of Virginia Query XVIII "and can th eLiberties of a naiton be thought secure when we have removed their only firm basis,a conviciton in the minds of the people that these liberties are the gift of God? That they are not to be violated but with His wrath?Indeed I tremble for my Country when I reflect that God is Just :that his justice cannot sleep forever... The spirit of the Master is abating,that of th eslave is rising.. . . "
To what was Jefferson referring? A possible slave rising in America, or in the Americas? Remember about this time there were bloody slave rebellions in places like what is now Haiti, and in British West Indies.
====================
... "property" is documented as it was defined respecting the slave trade.But it was a definition imported from the Brits.
I'm not sure what you mean here.
Good point, yankeedame.
I read the article last night and was just fixing to post some research sources for the correspondents when, poof, we lost electricity. Therell be thunderstorms in the area today, too so it may be touch-and-go for me. LOL!
Anyway, here is an exhaustive list of links to the various documents which were significant to the framers from 500 B.C. to 1800 A.D. with a few of the ones previously discussed highlighted:
Institutes of Christian Religion - John Calvin (1540). Calvin's magnum opus.
The most celebrated American historian, George Bancroft, called Calvin "the father of America," and added: "He who will not honor the memory and respect the influence of Calvin knows but little of the origin of American liberty." To John Calvin and the Genevan theologians, President John Adams credited a great deal of the impetus for religious liberty (Adams, WORKS, VI:313). This document includes a justification for rebellion to tyrants by subordinate government officials; this particular justification was at the root of the Dutch, English, and American Revolutions.
Constitution of the Iroquois Nations
The Virginia Declaration of Rights (Mason, 1776)
Property -as you have noted-- was defined at that time to
include the African slave. (as seen in both the US constitution--and latter in the Constitution of the Southern
States [which was based upon the US Constitution] But the slave trade itself was an importation from the British
Crown AND seems an affect of the complex relationship between the West and the contacts with the Islamic States.
The African slave trade was promoted as much by Islam-as
it was by any other group. And Islam remains the only group I am aware of that continues to practice such. IT was
in England and at about the same time in America that the
trade began to lose favor. (much to influence of Whitefield
in the Colonies and Wilburforce in England.)
I question this claim by Dr. Barnett -- that the Constitution binds "government officials, not private individuals". The USC is the highest law of the land. Period. It binds,and covers with its sheltering wings, every citizen of this country. The fact that mistakes have been, and will be, made -- indeed, some of them grievous -- in its name is not the fault of the document. The fault lies in unconquerable arrogance, political sensitivity, and all the other frailties that we humans are heir to.
==============
Barnett poses this fundamental question:
"The real question, then, is not whether the Constitution is binding on citizens, but whether citizens are bound by the commands or laws issued by officials acting in its name. Does the fact that a law is validly enacted according to the Constitution mean that it binds one in conscience?
No, sir, with all due respect I disagree. The fundamental question re: the Constitution is:
Was the US Constitution created for the benefit(s) of the individual states in the united States, or for the whole peoples of this nation called the United States?
As to the question --"Does the fact that a law is validly enacted according to the Constitution mean that it binds one in conscience?" -- essentially changes horses in mid-stream, i.e. from jurisprudence to metaphysical.
More research by Barnett into theories of the Constitution, "then" and "now"; i.e., the original intent of the Framers vs. modern "prudential" and ideological constructions:
FUNDAMENTAL-RIGHTS JURISPRUDENCE & THE NEW DEAL
At the end of the 19th century, as the so-called "Progressive" movement grew, legislation was passed at the state level regulating and restricting economic activity.
At the same time, morals legislation became much more pervasive, though often falling under the rubric of "public health" what historian Ronald Hamowy has called the "medicalization of sin."
All this was part of an intellectual and political movement to improve upon the result of personal and economic choices by aggressively using government power to improve the general welfare.
Around the turn of the 20th century, the Supreme Court sporadically resisted this movement, striking down some (but far from all) laws restricting economic activities, and also state laws that, for example, prohibited private Catholic schools.
The Court was sharply criticized by Progressives at the time for being "activist" and political, though even some constitutional historians on the left today, such as Howard Gillman, acknowledge the continuity between the principles of the Founding and what the Progressive-era Supreme Court was trying to do in circumscribing state power.
With the Great Depression came the New Deal, which proposed similar measures at the national level. The story of how the Supreme Court came to reverse itself and eventually uphold this legislation as constitutional is fascinating, but too complicated to try to summarize here. (The best book on this is Rethinking the New Deal Court, by University of Virginia legal historian Barry Cushman.)
Suffice it to say that ever since U.S. v. Carolene Products (1938), legislation was supposed to be presumed constitutional unless one of the three exceptions in its famous "Footnote Four" was satisfied.
Heightened scrutiny would be given to a statute that
(a) "appears on its face to be within a specific prohibition of the Constitution, such as those of the first ten amendments,"
(b) interfered with the political process, or
(c) messed with a discrete and insular minority.
This allowed the court to uphold economic regulation, while preserving judicial review of enumerated rights such as freedom of speech and of the press.
(The fact that the right to bear arms explicitly mentioned in the Second Amendment has not been judicially protected, shows the ideological nature of this maneuver.)
Ironically, no one has been more stalwart in allegiance to the Roosevelt-New Deal judicial philosophy of Footnote Four than today's judicial conservatives, such as Robert Bork.
Randy Barnett
Nice phrase.
I question this claim by Dr. Barnett -- that the Constitution binds "government officials, not private individuals".
The USC is the highest law of the land. Period. It binds, and covers with its sheltering wings, every citizen of this country.
I doubt that Barnett would disagree. I sure don't.
The fact that mistakes have been, and will be, made -- indeed, some of them grievous -- in its name is not the fault of the document. The fault lies in unconquerable arrogance, political sensitivity, and all the other frailties that we humans are heir to.
Again, I'd bet that Barnett would agree.
Barnett poses this fundamental question:
"The real question, then, is not whether the Constitution is binding on citizens, but whether citizens are bound by the commands or laws issued by officials acting in its name.
Does the fact that a law is validly enacted according to the Constitution mean that it binds one in conscience?"
No, sir, with all due respect I disagree. The fundamental question re: the Constitution is:
Was the US Constitution created for the benefit(s) of the individual states in the united States, or for the whole peoples of this nation called the United States?
Having read quite a bit of Barnetts writings, it's clear to me he would say for the 'whole people'. Why would you disagree?
As to the question --"Does the fact that a law is validly enacted according to the Constitution mean that it binds one in conscience?" -- essentially changes horses in mid-stream, i.e. from jurisprudence to metaphysical.
Not at all, imo.. Constitutional laws bind all of us in conscience because, in effect, we as citizens have sworn to support & defend our Constitution. As you said, it's the "highest law of the land".
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