Posted on 07/05/2005 6:50:58 PM PDT by Lorianne
Help for Africa will be high on the agenda of the G8 summit in Gleneagles this week. But it is not clear that debt relief, or even substantially increased aid flows, will be enough to produce success where so many previous development efforts have failed
“THE poor you will always have with you,” said Jesus. Few observers of global development policy would disagree. For decades, the international aid community has tried and tried again to find a way to lift the world’s poor out of destitution. And yet, innumerable aid programmes and billions of dollars later, the World Bank estimates that 2.8 billion people—more than half the population of the developing world—still live on less than $2 a day. Almost half that number live on less than $1.
Tony Blair would like to change that. Late last year, the British prime minister announced that he would make poverty reduction in Africa and tackling climate change the twin priorities of Britain’s year-long presidency of the Group of Eight (seven rich countries plus Russia). In preparation for the G8 summit to be held this week in Gleneagles, Scotland, he has been assiduously pushing his fellow leaders to embrace a combination of debt relief and increased aid flows to Africa, which he hopes to have sewn up into a neat package at the end of the conference. He also hopes to be able to announce an agreement that goes some way to recognising the science behind global warming—though it is not clear that the gap between America, which has refused to ratify the Kyoto treaty, and other G8 members can be bridged in time.
The International Monetary Fund publishes “Aid and Growth: What Does the Cross-Country Evidence Really Show?”. The World Bank debt department has information on debt-relief strategies. It also highlights statistics from its latest report on African Development Indicators (for sale here). Britain recently assumed the presidency of the G8 and Tony Blair is using this opportunity to focus on Africa. The UN has information on its Millennium Development Goals and on Africa. See also the US Agency for International Development and Britain's Department for International Development. For further information on Africa and the campaigns calling for debt relief, see Britain's Commission for Africa, Make Poverty History, Why Africa? and Live8.
On poverty reduction, Mr Blair has already had some success. Last month, at a meeting of G8 finance ministers in London, a deal was hammered out to forgive the debt of 18 nations, many of them in Africa. Other nations may qualify if they meet good-governance targets. For the celebrities and non-governmental organisations that have long harangued the rich world to forgive the unpayable debts of poor countries, this is a big victory.
But by itself, debt relief will not solve the problems of the third world. Though the G8 deal will forgive over $40 billion of debt, this translates into only about $1 billion a year for sub-Saharan Africa, because the loans are heavily subsidised. This is but a tiny fraction of aid flows. And countries left out of the deal—because, like Kenya, they are not “heavily indebted”, or like Nigeria, are deemed too well-off to qualify—still have remarkably low standards of living. Oil-rich Nigeria’s per-capita income is less than $500 a year.
Recognising this, Mr Blair’s Commission for Africa has called for an increase in aid flows to the troubled continent of $25 billion a year by 2010. America, the European Union, Canada and Japan have all promised to double their aid budgets for Africa within that timeframe. Germany, which had been grousing that this was a bad idea, shifted its position on Monday July 4th, making a similar pledge—though it also pointed out that its budgetary problems would make finding the money difficult. A raft of demonstrations and concerts, organised by Bob Geldof, is meant to put pressure on world leaders to reach a generous deal this week. The 53-nation African Union, meeting in Libya, is expected to call for the continent's debts to be wiped out.
But does it do any good? Nevertheless, some continue to think that the focus on Africa is misguided. Last week David Dodge, the governor of the Bank of Canada, told the Financial Times that the G8 should be addressing the gigantic economic imbalances that are threatening the current burst of global prosperity, rather than concentrating on aid to Africa. He has a point. In recent years, the world has grown far too dependent on American consumer demand to support export-linked growth in other countries—and the American consumer has grown far too dependent on cheap money to fuel spending, much of it lent by Asian central banks trying to keep their currencies artificially cheap in order to stimulate exports. This is clearly unsustainable. If the central banks, or consumers, suddenly decide to retrench, many worry the result could be a “hard landing” for the American economy—which would fall even harder on poor countries’ export industries than on Americans.
This is not quite as hard-hearted as it sounds. Many people question whether aid does much to help its intended recipients; some even argue that it has a negative effect on growth and poverty reduction. In a new paper from the International Monetary Fund, Raghuram Rajan and Arvind Subramanian try to assess these claims. After controlling for a number of factors, such as the type and duration of assistance, they find that aid does little to either promote or hinder economic growth. This provides little incentive to pour massive new sums into poor countries.
This emphasis on economic growth is important, for the evidence suggests that growth is by far the most effective way of alleviating poverty in the developing world. With growth comes rising incomes, with which the poor can buy adequate food, medical care and clothing. It also brings tax revenues that can be spent on public goods like clean water and decent schools.
Critics of aid have long pointed out that corrupt or incompetent governments will waste any hand-outs they are given
A new report by the World Bank confirms this view. In a study of growth and poverty in 14 developing countries, the authors found that poverty dropped in the 11 countries that experienced substantial growth, and rose in the three that saw little or no growth. Moreover, the countries that had higher rates of growth tended to have sharper drops in the poverty rate (see chart above).
If growth works, and aid does little to help, what are rich countries to do about their needy brethren abroad? Many—including The Economist and Messrs Rajan and Subramanian—think the answer is trade. Gordon Brown, Britain’s finance minister, seems to think they have a point. Now that progress has been made on securing promises from rich countries on aid and debt relief, Mr Brown has gone on the offensive against rich-world agricultural subsidies, which put farmers in poor countries at a disadvantage. Since poverty in the developing world tends to be highest in rural areas, giving those countries’ farmers access to the lucrative agricultural markets of richer nations would ease the suffering of the world’s poor.
Better government policies in the third world would also make a difference. Critics of aid have long pointed out that corrupt or incompetent governments will waste any hand-outs they are given—indeed, by providing funds that such governments can use to maintain their hold on power, aid donors can even make things worse.
Givers of aid have (so far fruitlessly) sought ways to keep recipient governments on the straight and narrow. But even well-meaning governments need a helping hand in figuring out ways to maximise the poverty-fighting potential of economic growth. The World Bank report suggests that while growth alone is good, policies like trade liberalisation, as well as things like improving infrastructure and access to capital, can greatly boost the speed at which the lives of the poor improve.
IT IS NOT THE G-8's RESPONSIBILITY TO FIX AFRICA.
It is Africa's responsibility. The leader of every nation there needs to pull his/her collective head out, and get to work.
PISS on Africa.
You are correct.
G-8 I will enjoy watching, yet again, another dismal failure. I hope that you even feel the slightest bit of remorse for your theft from the American public.
It is Africa's responsibility. The leader of every nation there needs to pull his/her collective head out, and get to work.
...and stop allowing atrocities, slaughtering of their own people to go on like it's nothing.
Agreed
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