Surprise Discovery in the Early Universe [earliest known massive cluster of galaxies]

RedNova.com ^ | 02 March 2005 | Staff

[PatrickHenry]

An international team of astronomers using the world's largest X-ray and optical telescopes have spotted the most distant massive object ever detected, a cluster of galaxies 9 billion light years distant from Earth.

The cluster of galaxies is so far away that the light detected by the team is much older than the Earth itself. The galaxy cluster, if it is even still there, would be at least 11 billion years old now.

"By capturing this ancient, 9-billion-year-old light, we have a snapshot of the universe at a youthful age of less than 5 billion years, which is about 1/3 of the present age," said project leader Christopher Mullis, a research fellow in the University of Michigan's Department of Astronomy.

Schematic diagram of the distribution of known galaxy clusters in space. As Earth-bound observers look out from the bottom point toward the top of the cone, they view an increasingly distant and early universe. Distance (redshift) is marked on the right axis and the corresponding cosmic look-back time is indicated on the left axis. The newly discovered cluster at z=1.4 (labeled "XMMU J2235") illuminates a remote regime which is well beyond the horizon of previous studies (labeled "ROSAT horizon").

As exciting as it is to break a record, it's also an important cosmological finding. "Just a few years ago, astronomers did not believe structures like this even existed at such an early time," Mullis said. This galaxy cluster, which is being seen as it appeared about 2 billion years after its formation, is well-organized and "mature," he said. Although it is very far back in time, it looks as if this structure had formed in a way that is consistent with more recent structures.

"Even at this early stage in cosmic history, this appears already as a mature, fully assembled structure which implies that this is an old cluster in a young universe," said European Southern Observatory astronomer Piero Rosati, who collaborated on the study.

The record-breaking galaxy cluster was also a somewhat surprising find for the team, who were testing a new approach to hunting distant objects. "Basically we stepped up to the plate for our first time at bat with this new system, and we hit a home run," Mullis said.

Mullis and his colleagues started their search by combing through archives of old images from the European Space Agency's orbiting X-ray observatory, XMM-Newton, looking for diffuse X-ray sources that had not been previously studied. Cluster galaxies shine brightly in optical light, but they also emit strong X-ray signals resulting from very hot gas that envelopes the cluster.

The record-breaking cluster initially turned up, small but distinct, off center in an image made by another team.

The X-ray image of the distant cluster is comprised of just 280 photons---individual parcels of light---collected over a 12.5-hour exposure. By comparison, on a sunny day the human eye is flooded by about 10 quadrillion photons per second.

With this distant cluster candidate and dozens of others culled from the X-ray archive, Mullis and his team then turned to one of the world's largest optical telescopes, the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope, located in the Atacama Desert, Chile. They took a series of relatively quick exposures of the candidates with red and blue filters on the telescope.

What Mullis and his Italian and German collaborators were looking for at each of the candidate spots were very red galaxies, indicating light that has traveled for an extremely long time to reach Earth. "The redder the better," Mullis said. Almost immediately, they turned up this cluster of red objects that seemed to be beyond the previous distance record.

"I spent a full day rechecking my data before I called any of the other scientists," Mullis said. "It appeared to be almost unbelievably distant."

Subsequent, more detailed measurements on 12 major galaxies in the cluster were used to confirm that they were equidistant from Earth at about 9 billion light years. The entire cluster is probably hundreds or even thousands of galaxies held together by gravity, Mullis said.

Collaborator Hans Bohringer of the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in Garching, Germany said the discovery "encourages us to search for additional distant clusters using the same efficient techniques used to locate the present cluster."

Mullis and his team are going to broaden the search to find more super-distant galaxy clusters with this new approach. They also plan to go back and take longer optical and X-ray telescope exposures of the record-setting cluster to get a better sense of its features.

"Finding it is one thing," Mullis said. "We also need to go back in there and maximize that return." With enough data on this and other super-distant massive objects, Mullis expects to find new answers to some fundamental questions of how the universe formed.

Mullis will be presenting this finding at an international astronomy conference in Hawaii focused on connecting galaxy clusters to the underlying physics of space time and gravity. The meeting is being organized by U-M physics professor Gus Evrard, and sponsored in part by the Michigan Center for Theoretical Physics.

"It's special to live in the era of human history when the terrain of the whole visible universe is being revealed," Evrard said.

A paper by Mullis and his team will also appear in an upcoming issue of The Astrophysical Journal.

More images and information is available on Christopher Mullis' dedicated web page here.

[RightWhale]

The universe is much bigger. Although what we see at about 13 billion light years distance was about the time right after the Big Bang, the rest of the universe goes on a few billion times farther and can not be seen because it is beyond the light horizon.

[Cold Heat]

The X-ray image of the distant cluster is comprised of just 280 photons---individual parcels of light---collected over a 12.5-hour exposure.

I dunno????

Seems like a lot of extended logic applied to some very old photons. Or are they old.

[Cold Heat]

This may be the most interesting if not profound statement in the whole article.

I would totally agree.

I suggest they do this a few more times.

[bikepacker67]

Thank you.
I now have a headache.

;-)

[RightWhale]

More of us should have headaches over this. The universe appears flat (in a multi-dimensional way) because we can see only a tiny portion of it. Like the earth used to be thought flat because nobody ever went more than eight miles from their birthplace.

[Royal Wulff]

Ya I understand that, but 11 billion years ago, the Universe was much MUCH closer together, so wouldn't that light have reached this part of the universe earlier?

Space itself has expanded over the last 11 billion years. The light has to travel "upstream" against the expansion of space.

[bikepacker67]

The light has to travel "upstream" against the expansion of space.

Well yes and no... the "light stream" is faster than the "expansion stream" which is what confounds me when I read these stories.

[Alamo-Girl]

Indeed. Thanks for the pings!

[ngc6656]

At the moment of creation (singularity), the light reaching us would be "immediate". Now if we were expanding at say half the speed of light, the light we would see wouldn't be 11B years old, but rather 6.5B. No?

After a night's sleep (men, troubled by the things they see in the night sky, toss and turn in their sleep... -- a play on the words of Loren Eiseley there 8>) ) it occurred to me that due to time dilation, light is ageless. Recall the example of a clock on a space ship slowing as the ship approaches the speed of light. At the speed of light, the clock comes to a standstill.

However, light telegraphs to us the apparent age of the cosmological event that was its origin, this by its observed doppler shift. So, I think the answer to your question is the light would not be 5.5 billion years old, but its observed doppler shift would not appear to be red-shifted as greatly if the solar system was traveling at 0.5c.

(Eyes roll back in head, need for more sleep is felt -- prepare for a ramble) This raises a hurdle that my simple mind has not yet overcome: With one or two nearby exceptions, all of the observable galaxies in our Universe exhibit red shift. In other words, regardless of the direction in which we look, all but the noted exceptions appear to be moving away from us. Paradoxically, that places us at the center of the red-shifting Universe with everything fleeing from us.

The gifted teachers of our times explain this phenomenon by pointing out that we can imagine our home galaxy and all others being on the surface of an expanding balloon. For a three dimensionally thinking person, this answers one question, but raises others.(p) What lies along the perpendiculars to the surface of or along the radii of the balloon inside and outside our "plane?" I found some relief in the pages of a book read back in the 1970s. I've forgotten its exact title, but I believe the author's name was "Kaufman" (or a variation on that spelling) and that he was employed at the Griffin Observatory in Los Angeles. In the book was an illustration divided into 4 sections by an "X". The intersection of the X was the "present." The area between the two top arms of the X was the "future." The area between the two bottom legs of the X was the "past." The two areas to the left and right of the present were "elsewhere." Perhaps the perpendiculars to the surface of our expanding balloon are elsewhere.

[donh]

Griffin Observatory

Griffith

[ngc6656]

Yes, thanks.