More global warming crap to get worry warts to worry. Dont be a worry wart.
Posted on 08/03/2023 6:38:40 AM PDT by Jan_Sobieski
The radiation belts around Earth are loaded with dangerous protons and electrons that can damage spacecraft. Now researchers are launching experiments to see if they can clear away the high-energy particles that pose the hazard by blasting them with radio waves.
When humans began exploring space, the first major find was the Van Allen radiation belts, doughnut-shaped zones of magnetically trapped, highly energetic charged particles. The Van Allen belts consist mainly of two rings: The inner belt starts roughly 1000 kilometers above Earth’s surface and extends up to 9600 km, while the outer belt stretches from about 13 500 to 58 000 km above Earth. The location and shapes of the belts can vary, and they can even merge completely.
High-energy protons are found within the area of the inner belt, whose size remains generally stable over the course of years to decades. The outer belt, on the other hand, is home to high-energy electrons and can vary dramatically in size and shape over the course of hours or days.
The huge amounts of radiation in the Van Allen belts can pose major risks for the host of satellites that pass through or orbit within these swaths of space. There are ways to make spacecraft more resistant against this radiation. For instance, spikes on their surfaces known as electron emitters can radiate away excess lower-energy electrons that might otherwise accumulate and cause a spark. In addition, shielding can help keep high-energy protons and electrons from penetrating nonconducting materials and building up inside them, which could lead to a damaging discharge…
(Excerpt) Read more at spectrum.ieee.org ...
I’m not slipping into any kind of myopic situation. Also, this conversation is obviously now at an end. If you wish to discuss the deplorable condition of American society, or whatever, find a different thread to do it on.
ROFL!!!
We had it in 1958. James Van Allen's discovery of these trapped radiation zones was the first physical phenomenon discovered by space exploration.
BTW, that "third belt" appeared and disappeared over the course of a few weeks following a solar storm. It was more of an inward expansion of the outer belt, than a wholly separate belt.
We had sufficient understanding of the Van Allen BELTS in 1969-70 to navigate AROUND them ... AROUND being the important point that some people seem incapable of comprehending or unwilling to acknowledge. That isn't to say that we knew everything about them in 1970 or that we know it all today.
David Lee Roth took all the oxygen out of the Van Halen Belts
More global warming crap to get worry warts to worry. Dont be a worry wart.
It was a total fake out. A human being going through the Van Allen belt would be turned into refried beans. Low earth orbit is as far as we’ve ever gone.
Thank you! I knew I remembered it from some Irwin Allen project, just couldn’t remember which one.
“I’m not slipping into any kind of myopic situation.”
Pence didn’t think he was (or had) either.
FWIW.
Currently recalibrating the BS meter...trying to figure out exactly when the Fed Gov finally threw in the towel in terms of dealing straight with the American people (now thinking it’s been at least sixty years.
Think about it. Once a ruling caste tells a giant lie and perceives that it has gotten away with it, it’s going to keep doubling down like a gambling addict
Absolutely!
Escape velocity (or even a velocity allowing a spacecraft to achieve low-earth orbit) is ideally achieved (as in, most efficiently) by lifting off exactly from the equator and rocketing straight eastward (zero azimuth). This takes full advantage of the approximately 1000 mph of initial “flinging force” supplied by the rotation of the earth around its North-South axis.
Polar orbit is relatively difficult to achieve since shortly after liftoff the vehicle needs to begin turning to the left toward a zero or near zero azimuth (or right toward 180), eventually spending/losing that initial flinging force. An large amount of extra fuel is therefore needed to be onboard at liftoff to continue propelling a (typically small, always unmanned) spacecraft (such as the Gravity Probe B) into a low-earth polar orbit.
The manned Apollo missions bound for the moon didn’t need to get into polar orbit per se, but the DID need to take somewhat of a hard left (azimuthal) turn after liftoff to get into (and supposedly temporarily DWELL IN) an elevated angle low-earth orbit, since it supposedly needed to staged in such a way to avoid going through the bulk of the Van Allan Belt.
Lighting up again to speed up to escape velocity, the vehicle needed to then simultaneously turn hard again, this time upward, from an orbital elevation of zero or thereabouts, initially probably to something like 50 or 60 degrees to avoid the Van Allen Belt, then quicky upwards of what, say 80 degrees elevation before straightening out toward its rendezvous with the moon.
So much extra fuel is needed for all of this maneuvering. How were multiple humans and all of their heavy spacecraft(s), science equipment, and extra fuel for the return trip, all lifted and carried all that way? Looking back now, it’s easy to see why LBJ and NASA might have started thinking about stealthily throwing in the towel and faking the whole thing.
Oops directly eastward is 90 degrees azimuth!
An large amount of extra fuel is therefore needed to be onboard at liftoff to continue propelling a (typically small, always unmanned) spacecraft (such as the Gravity Probe B) into a low-earth polar orbit.
That's why the second stage is so much large than the first stage. Except that it's not.
You're really good at throwing jargon around, but you don't understand a syllable of it.
There are actual rocket scientists on this forum. I might be one of them (not saying).
You're out of your league.
Not. FWIW.
Had recently that the manned Apollo missions dwelled in low-earth orbit. This means zero or near zero elevation prior to twisting upward and around the huge donut-shaped Van Allan Belt. How wrong is this description?
Please stop insulting people who ask questions, then calling for help from friends.
Did you understand what was meant by a polar orbit (e.g., for the GP-B spacecraft)?
Consider the following:
From:
https://www.aulis.com/traj_craft.htm
Due to the tilt of the Earth’s geographic axis and its geographic poles being off-centre to the geomagnetic poles by 11.5°, this places the minimum latitudes for Van Allen’s cones of escape between 58.5° and 81.5° north or south of the equator (depending on which side of the of the Earth you are ‘escaping’ from).
Van Allen’s sentiments appear verbatim in the 2005 textbook, The Physics of Space Security by David Wright et al: “…like the proton flux, the electron flux is highest near the equator and becomes negligible at a latitude of 60° north or south.”
So for the Apollo astronauts to be able to ‘avoid’ the most dangerous parts of the belt, their outbound trajectory at the bare minimum must take them to a latitude >60° above or below the equator. This is why Van Allen had proposed back in 1959 that “manned space rockets can best take off through the radiation free zone over the poles”. Which brings us to the nub of the trajectory problem.
ROFL!!!
Boy, I knew what a polar orbit is when you were still messing your diapers.
Get your head out of “aulis” and learn something real.
You seem to know a lot about people you don’t know anything about.
Moreover you insult and fail to discuss things.
Making it hard to determine if you actually know anything. As opposed to what you claim to know.
gaslight
Just so you know, cgbg, using two different screen-names is a violation of forum rules.
Now ... if you really want to know how a polar orbit launch is done (as opposed to the nonsense you’ve been posting here), watch the next SpaceX Starlink mission. You’ll learn something.
Until then ... good bye to both your screen-names.
Have no idea who on earth are you talking about.
Do you always get spun up this easily?
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