The other approach is to greatly increase annual vehicle registration fees as the car ages.
Japan does do that................
Most certainly.
We should expect all manner of special fees even now unimaginable but which will remind us of Gores cell phone tax. Perhaps a special and expensive license to drive such a car?
As you point out, the longer we keep our wasteful personal internal combustion vehicles and unfairly burden the rest of society the increasingly greater amount of fees we will be charged. At some point, given they introduce toxic fumes, they may even become unlawful to be driven on the streets.
It may sound like a joke but it isn't.