Posted on 11/21/2021 1:01:57 PM PST by Kevmo
The Electromagnetic Considerations of the Nuclear Force
November 2017
Advanced Electromagnetics 6(4):70-82 DOI:10.7716/aem.v6i4.665 Authors: N. L. Bowen Colorado Mountain College Request Full-text Paper PDF
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Abstract This paper explores how the electromagnetic energies of the quarks within the nucleus affect the behavior of the nuclear force. By examining the electromagnetic energies and forces, many questions about nuclear behavior can be answered and many insights into the nucleus can be gained.
Previous theoretical models for the nuclear force include only the Coulomb electric forces, but with a disregard of the electromagnetic characteristics of the quarks. By incorporating the electromagnetic energies and forces into nuclear theory, this model has been able to achieve predictions of binding energy better than any previous model, doing so by using only one variable instead of five.
This model also directly unifies the nuclear force to the electromagnetic force.
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The Electromagnetic Considerations of the Nuclear Force, Part II: The Determination the Lowest Energy Configurations for Nuclei
N. L. Bowen1
1Colorado Mountain College, Glenwood Springs, Colorado, USA *corresponding author, email: nbowen@coloradomtn.edu
This paper is Part II of a series of papers, describing the concepts of the Electromagnetic Model of the nuclear force—that force which holds together the nucleons in a nucleus. The Electromagnetic Model claims that the nuclear force is a direct result of the electromagnetic forces of the quarks within the nucleons.
Part I of this series, “The Electromagnetic Considerations of the Nuclear Force” explains how the electromagnetic force is able to achieve nuclear bonding, when quarks are considered. Historical objections and common misconceptions regarding the electromagnetic force within nuclei are answered and clarified in the first paper of this series [1].
In this second paper, the lowest energy configurations of the nuclides are determined by using the laws of electromagnetics. The lowest energy configuration of hundreds of nuclei, from 2H to 250Ca, have been determined, computer-modeled, and simulated by applying the laws of electromagnetics to the quarks. For the lowest energy configurations of the nuclides, a pattern emerges in which there are basic building blocks, AKA segments or clusters, within the nuclides. These building-block segments are linked together in a chain-like manner, to form what are known as “nuclear molecules”.
This finding of clustered segments is very similar to the concepts of the Cluster Model of the nucleus [2]. Recent research, both theoretical and experimental, regarding the Cluster Model has shown that cluster-type structures do indeed exist within nuclei [3-5].
By applying the equations of the electromagnetic energy to the positively-charged and negatively-charged quarks that are within each nucleon, analytical predictions can be made about the lowest energy configuration of the nuclides. Simply described, the lowest energy configuration is with the most number of quark-to-quark bonds formed, and with the net positive charge of the nucleus spread out as far as possible, while still maintaining the bonds. Any negative charge, such as that found on an unbonded down quark, tends to be situated within the highest concentration of positive charge. This paper describes how the various possible lowest energy configurations are tested and compared with one another, in order to determine which configuration is actually the lowest energy configuration. Thus, the configurations described in this paper are not mere speculation, but rather they represent the lowest energy configuration of the nucleons when taking into consideration the laws of electromagnetics, as applied to the quarks. From carbon 12C upwards, the stable nuclides follow a straightforward pattern, and can be described by a few simple rules:
• There is one alpha-particle segment for every two protons and two neutrons.
• If the number of protons is odd, then contained within the configuration there is one tritium-segment, made of one proton and two neutrons. This tritium segment has one negatively-charged unbonded down quark.
• When there are more neutrons than protons, the extra neutrons form single-neutron segments, each with a negatively-charged unbonded down quark. These single-neutron segments are interspersed between the net positive charge of the alpha segments, thereby lowering the net repulsive Coulomb energy of the nuclide.
• When the number of protons and the number of neutrons are equal to each other and both are odd, such as nitrogen 14N, then there is a single neutron segment plus a single proton segment. This situation is rare for stable nuclides.
• Unbonded down quarks are nearer the middle of the configuration, allowing the net positive charge to be slightly more spread out.
Contrary to outdated conventional models of the nucleus—such as those that do not acknowledge the existence of quarks—this model proposes that an inherent structure exists within each nuclide, and that this structure strongly influences the nuclear behavior of the nuclide. For example, this model is able to achieve excellent predictions of binding energy, using only one variable.
The binding energies of these nuclei have been calculated and compared to experimental data; the calculated binding energies agree with the experimental binding energies within a few percent. No other currently-accepted model of the nuclear force has been able to demonstrate such a tight prediction of binding energy using only one variable. Also, by examining the structural configurations of each nuclide, we can gain a better understanding of numerous other nuclear behaviors—behaviors that are a direct consequence of the electromagnetic forces acting within that structure.
Thus, by identifying and recognizing the inherent structure within each nuclide, we can achieve more rigorous and accurate predictions of nuclear behavior. This, in turn, can give us a better understanding of Low Energy Nuclear Reactions. References:
[1] N. L. Bowen, The Electromagnetic Considerations of the Nuclear Force, J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci. 33 (2020) 194-233.
[2] C. Beck, State of the Art in Nuclear Cluster Physics, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 569: 012002, 2014. doi: 10.1088/1742- 6596/569/1/012002.
[3] N. Itagaki, et al., Exotic cluster structure in light nuclei, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 420: 012080, 2013.
[4] T. Ichikawa, J. A. Maruhn, N. Itagaki, and S. Ohkubo, Linear chain structure of four-α clusters in 16O, Physics Review Letters, 107: 112501, 2011.
[5] L. Zamick, D. C. Zheng, Linear α-chain states in nuclei, Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, 349, 3-4: 255-257, 1994.
Part 2 video found here:
http://ikkem.com/iccf23/MP4/3a-IN19.mp4
The Cold Fusion/LENR Ping List
http://www.freerepublic.com/tag/coldfusion/index?tab=articles
Keywords: ColdFusion; LENR; lanr; CMNS
chat—science
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Vortex-L
http://tinyurl.com/pxtqx3y
Best book to get started on this subject:
EXCESS HEAT
Why Cold Fusion Research Prevailed by Charles Beaudette
https://www.abebooks.com/9780967854809/Excess-Heat-Why-Cold-Fusion-0967854806/plp
Updated No Internal Trolling Rules for FR per Jim Robinson
https://freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/3928396/posts
If someone says stop, then stop. Do not enter onto a thread on a topic you don’t like just to disrupt, rattle cages, poke sticks, insult the regulars, or engage in trolling activities, etc. ~Jim Robinson
The issue isn’t whether we allow skepticism, it is whether we allow hyperskeptics and skeptopaths to ruin the scientific dialog. Such FReepers who persist in polluting these threads have been asked to leave, and we are asking that they open their own threads if they have comments.
https://freerepublic.com/focus/chat/3977426/posts?page=19#19
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This topic has a following, people who wish to learn and discuss the materials presented.
Please refrain from posting anything that doesn’t legitimately address the issue.
Something is going on in this segment of science. There are a considerable number of research groups studying the matter.
19 posted on 7/19/2021, 6:45:09 PM by Sidebar Moderator
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Soon the link between consciousness and matter will be discovered.
“within a few percent?”
LOL
The sentence RIGHT after that is: No other currently-accepted model of the nuclear force has been able to demonstrate such a tight prediction of binding energy using only one variable.
Do the others provide more accurate, multivariate predictions?
I had wondered what held the strong force.
In my viewpoint, it’s all a matter of perspective. Gravity SEEMs like a very strong force to us, but in reality it’s quite weak. When you get to the subatomic levels, some weak forces are stronger than gravity which has strength we run into every moment of every day.
Added to that: Scientists might be finding NEW forces at these levels.
Bkmk
From what I remember neutrons have 2 down quarks and protons have 2 up and 1 Dow quarks. This brings up several questions, Do quarks, if so are they doing so in the nucleus? Or is it only the glueons, that holds the strong force? Always wondered about what holds the strong force, nucleus together. I had not considered gravity, because I thought of it as a macro force, I will have to read up on it, thanks for your thoughts.
What I meant to ask, before my spell check, was if was possible that quarks changing identity in a nucleus (sum total of mass and charge remain constant) are responsible for the strong force?
I dunno. Beyond my paygrade at this point.
But consider that there could be at least one undiscovered force operating at those subatomic levels.
New Force of Nature? Tantalizing Evidence for New Physics From CERN’s Large Hadron Collider
https://freerepublic.com/focus/f-chat/4007899/posts
I spoke to one of the LENR researchers: KP Sinha, a retired nuke physicist from India. He postulates an attractive force.
https://freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/2732072/posts
https://freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/2743039/posts
https://freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/2743039/posts
That’s better than you can do.
.
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