Posted on 04/06/2021 4:17:58 AM PDT by Kevmo
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
Available online 26 March 2021
Production of ultra-dense hydrogen H(0): A novel nuclear fuel
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.02.221
Highlights • The use of hydrogen nuclear fuel is tabulated for several types of fusion reactors.
• The steps in the formation of ultra-dense hydrogen H(0) at surfaces are described.
• The main function of the catalyst is to give enough density of bound alkali atoms.
• High density of alkali atoms is required so that alkali RM clusters can be formed.
• The use of catalysts forming H(0) in chemical industry is investigated.
Abstract Condensation of hydrogen Rydberg atoms (highly electronically excited) into the lowest energy state of condensed hydrogen i.e. the ultra-dense hydrogen phase, H(0), has gained increased attention not only from the fundamental aspects but also from the applied point of view.
The physical properties of ultra-dense hydrogen H(0) were recently reviewed (Physica Scripta 2019 https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ab1276), summarizing the results reported in 50 publications during the last ten years.
The main application of H(0) so far is as the fuel and working medium in nuclear particle generators and nuclear fusion reactors which are under commercial development. The first fusion process showing sustained operation above break-even was published in 2015 (AIP Advances) and used ultra-dense deuterium D(0) as fuel.
The first generator giving a high-intensity muon flux intended for muon-catalyzed fusion reactors was patented in 2017, using H(0) as the working medium.
Here, we first focus on the different nuclear processes using hydrogen isotopes for energy generation, and then on the detailed processes of formation of H(0). The production of H(0) employs heterogeneous catalysts which are active in hydrogen transfer reactions.
Iron oxide-based, alkali promoted catalysts function well, but also platinum group metals and carbon surfaces are active in this process. The clusters of highly excited Rydberg hydrogen atoms H(l) are formed upon interaction with alkali Rydberg matter. The final conversion step from ordinary hydrogen Rydberg matter H(l) to H(0) is spontaneous and does not require a solid surface.
It is concluded that the exact choice of catalyst is not very important. It is also concluded that the crucial feature of the catalyst is to provide excited alkali atoms at a sufficiently high surface density and in this way enabling formation and desorption of H(0) clusters.
Finally, the relation to industrial catalytic processes which use H(0) formation catalysts is described and some important consequences like the muon and neutron radiation from H(0) are discussed.
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[...] It is possible to have an energy output by forming H(0) from hydrogen gas. This condensation energy will easily be believed to be non-chemical thus nuclear due to its size (of the order of hundred times larger than normal chemical energy output). It may be a large part of the energy which is considered to be caused by so-called cold fusion, as suggested previously by Winterberg [6,7]. Other nuclear reactions in H(0) may be the main processes considered to be cold fusion, with very little of normal fusion products like 4He and neutrons out. So-called cold fusion according to Fleischmann and Pons [8] is probably due to the condensation reactions of H(0) as mentioned above and also due to the spontaneous nuclear processes which take place in H(0) [9]. Such spontaneous nuclear processes are similar to those induced by pulsed lasers [[10], [11], [12]] which do not give 4He and neutrons as products but instead give mesons, especially charged and neutral kaons [[13], [14], [15]]. Thus, these processes are not fusion processes. The mesons formed have lifetimes of less than 100 ns. Most often, it is the decay of the mesons which can be studied easily, giving high-accuracy lifetimes in agreement with those measured at large accelerators [16]. Since almost all mesons formed (kaons and pions) decay to muons which have a much longer lifetime of 2.20 μs, the muons have been detected easily [[12], [13], [14], [15],18], and also confirmed separately [15]. The sources of mesons and muons obtained in this way are the strongest that exist and they can be operated with high energy efficiency and at a low cost.
These meson producing processes are very similar for H(0) and D(0). This means that many early experiments on cold fusion which aimed at finding the true contribution of fusion by comparing experiments using deuterium with similar experiments using ordinary hydrogen were meaningless. The nuclear reactions in H(0) are instead annihilation-like processes [19]. The tragic un-scientific processes which took place after the report of “cold fusion”, aimed to block all research on “cold fusion”, have damaged science and especially the reputation of science in society. Now when the pieces of knowledge of these processes are falling into place, it is time to acknowledge that only more science-based rationales can be used to solve such scientific problems, not denials and political or personal persecution.
The Cold Fusion/LENR Ping List
http://www.freerepublic.com/tag/coldfusion/index?tab=articles
Keywords: ColdFusion; LENR; lanr; CMNS
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Best book to get started on this subject:
EXCESS HEAT
Why Cold Fusion Research Prevailed
Free Download:
http://iccf9.global.tsinghua.edu.cn/lenr%20home%20page/acrobat/BeaudetteCexcessheat.pdf
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Makes sense, get rid of the electronics and pack up the protons into a super-dense fuel. Can’t see an issue with that!
I think there’s a typo.
Get rid of the electrons... not electronics.
Probably "auto-correct" in action again...........
Whoops, thanks - meant electrons.
So does this new form of H take more energy to produce than it contains - like the H used for fuel today?
Unknown
Doesn’t this sound a lot like a hydrino?
If autocorrect were a human, I’d be in prison for murder.
Maybe H(0) just SEEMS like H(0) but in reality it is still H(1) but with an extremely tight electron orbit, a reduced state also known as a hydrino.
Yes, unless triggered into a mode where nuclei actually fuse and release more energy than the storage process needs. Doing that repeatedly on demand is the unsolved trick. MUCH data exists that it happens sporadically....though that is denied by the hot fusion physics types.
It’s funny how detractors want to consider the external costs for LENR but ignore such pre- and post-generation costs for gasoline, coal, fission, etc.
Annihilation process—46% potentially useful energy from the mass conversion, with losses attributed to neutrino production. Aneutronic process—no neutrons produced or released.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319921004080
Spontaneous decay has been observed in small samples. Laboratory space lighting noted to degrade samples from days to weeks of exposure. Similar problems of bulk storage regards antimatter. Manufacture on a just-in-time usage basis likely for initial applications.
The formation of ultra dense hydrogen from hydrogen Rydberg matter by way of the Shell Hydrogenation Catalyst 105, releases an amount of thermal energy similar to the Tadahiko Mizuno experiments.
As to nuclear fusion, Holmlid in prior experiments with laser triggered Coulomb explosion within the D(0) coated target, found traces of Helium 3 & Helium 4. The density of the Deuterium was such that some pressure induced (Pycnofusion) occurred, even without the presence of a converging shock typical of Inertial Fusion fuel pellets.
Both of interest. Got references where one can read further??
There is a list of publications upon the page for the retired department chair Leif Holmlid, covering published papers from 2004 to the start of 2021. His total research history covers a large territory with contributions dating to the 1970 time frame.
The listing is a valid starting point for relevant background. He has due to ill health, largely passed the torch to others, so more recent paper co-authors tend to lead the experimental effort.
https://www.gu.se/en/about/find-staff/leifholmlid
https://publons.com/researcher/2826392/leif-holmlid/publications/
re: “Doesn’t this sound a lot like a hydrino?”
I don’t know what these guys are seeing ... I’m looking at this today as a research subject.
Absent the full battery of tests and lab observations Dr. Mills performs (gas chromatography, line spectra, etc) this very well could be what they are observing (Hydrinos).
These guys with UDH and calling it a metal on the basis of its characteristics at both high temps and pressures are playing “word definition games”.
Firstly, an intro to “Metallic Hydrogen”:
https://youtu.be/SRyU2spCCPk
Then at 16:23 I learn that *other* materials have similar properties at high temperatures and pressures, so, H is not unique in this regard:
“Other materials/elements exhibit these same kinds of properties under similar conditions of high temperature and high pressure” (IOW, Hydrogen NOT UNIQUE):
Start at 16:32
https://youtu.be/BnNBTB5aKZQ?t=992
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