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How Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity Was Proven Correct a Century Ago This Week
American Thinker ^ | 05/27/2019 | Salim Mansur

Posted on 05/27/2019 11:36:11 AM PDT by SeekAndFind

Some six months after the Great War of 1914-18 ended, Arthur Eddington travelled at the head of a team on a scientific expedition to the island of Principe off the coast of Equatorial Guinea in West Africa. He headed one of the two teams of astronomers assigned by a Joint Permanent Eclipse Committee of the Royal Society and the Royal Astronomical Society of Britain to observe and record photographically the full solar eclipse scheduled to take place on May 29, 1919.

At the time under Portuguese rule, Principe was selected as one of the two sites – the other was Sobral in the Brazilian Nordeste – from where the total solar eclipse and its full effect could be best observed. The expedition was proposed by Eddington, a rising star among British astronomers, to test Einstein’s general theory of relativity published in the middle of the Great War.

Eddington’s expedition to Principe a century ago tested and confirmed Einstein’s general theory of relativity as the single most outstanding scientific achievement in history by one individual. For more than two centuries Newton’s theory of gravitation, of space and time and motion, had stood as the definitive theory in explaining the mechanics of the universe, and had marked a paradigmatic shift in thinking that characterized the birth of the modern world as Newtonian.

Einstein’s theory when confirmed signified a revolution of even greater magnitude in scientific thinking than what Newton wrought with the publication of his Principia in 1687.

In 1916, Einstein published “The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity” in the journal Annalen der Physik. Eddington was one of the very few individuals who grasped the implication of Einstein’s theory and was selected by Frank Dyson, the head of the Royal Astronomical Association, to witness and record the full solar eclipse

(Excerpt) Read more at americanthinker.com ...


TOPICS: History; Science
KEYWORDS: arthureddington; einstein; relativity; stringtheory
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To: caddie; V K Lee

Me, I think everything started turning to crap after “Right-Turn-on-Red” legislation started showing up all over the USA in the 1970s.

It was the last of the era of self-control.

* * *

It’s an interesting theory. The law changed. And you can still get arrested for not coming to a complete stop at the Stop sign.

I look on this as one of many examples of convenience in modern life that made people fidgety and more lazy at times.

Air conditioning, microwave ovens, the internet, free telephone calls, mobile phones, Facebook, Free Republic.

Together they made life “better” in terms of convenience, but we lost some reverence for life itself in the process, less dependence on family, and in many other things we are poorer today than in the 1970s.


21 posted on 05/27/2019 2:26:31 PM PDT by poconopundit
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To: SeekAndFind

From the article (which was quite good):

” . . . only 4 percent of the universe is made of known forms of matter and energy of which we humans are an insignificantly tiny part . . .”

From a purely materialistic point of view, that’s exactly correct; but if one views “we humans” as created in the image of God, and the rest of the universe as elaborate (if cold and dead) decoration, that evaluation of significance changes a bit.


22 posted on 05/27/2019 2:31:55 PM PDT by Stosh
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“Me, I think everything started turning to crap after “Right-Turn-on-Red” legislation started showing up all over the USA in the 1970s.”

I’ve had it in my mind that it was Beatlemania that screwed everything up.


23 posted on 05/27/2019 2:35:46 PM PDT by Clutch Martin (The trouble ain't that there is too many fools, but that the lightning ain't distributed right.)
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To: sparklite2

“the FACT of evolution.”

was referring to the THEORY of Darwinian evolution ...


24 posted on 05/27/2019 2:39:15 PM PDT by catnipman (Cat Nipman: Vote Republican in 2012 and only be called racist one more time!)
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To: catnipman

A theory is an attempt to explain the facts.


25 posted on 05/27/2019 2:42:31 PM PDT by sparklite2 (Don't mind me. I'm just a contrarian.)
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To: sparklite2; SunkenCiv; alloysteel; V K Lee
It’s also interesting how the speed of light was determined.

It involved timing of Jupiter’s moons coming around her when Jupiter is on this side of the sun...

* * *

sparklite2, I heard Professor Richard Feynman discuss that in one of his lectures.  It's fascinating.  BTW, many of Feynman's introductory lectures on gravitation, etc. can be found on YouTube.  I have converted a few to mp3 files and listened on the way to work. Great stuff!

Your example of Jupiter measurements is telling to me because it's decidedly of a "solar system scale". In other words, a great deal of (relative) accuracy can be arrived at through human built instruments.

However, when you consider that the center of our tiny solar system is calculated at 25,000 light years away and the closest other galaxy is 158,000 light years away.  And the closest spiral galaxy, Andromeda is 2.5 million light years away.

When you consider those distances, human verification of deep space astronomical theories is a crap shoot.

To me as a layman, a science like astronomy is of a different realm, one where religious faith in man's abilities and deep state space science overpower the measurable probabilities that give precision to mechanical and electrical engineering.

Am I mistaken?

26 posted on 05/27/2019 2:58:23 PM PDT by poconopundit
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To: caddie

Modern Times is a brilliant history. Read it many times, and need to get a new copy (I keep giving them away).

I was introduced to Paul Johnson by the Reverend D. Force of a small rural black Baptist congregation. An exceptionally interesting man who made James Earl Jones sound like a soprano.


27 posted on 05/27/2019 3:07:18 PM PDT by Tijeras_Slim
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To: SeekAndFind

He knocked a woman up, then left her for his cousin.

Later he left his cousin for his cousin’s DAUGHTER.

He was Woody Allen on steroids long before Woody Allen himself.

But everyone thinks he was an endearing old man with funny hair who was nice to everyone.


28 posted on 05/27/2019 3:20:00 PM PDT by gaijin
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To: poconopundit

The speed of light measurements are done on Earth. The refinement of the figure has been ongoing for the past few hundred years. No, it’s not a crap shoot, and it’s not based on religious anything. What you’re experiencing there is projection.

https://www.physlink.com/education/askexperts/ae22.cfm


29 posted on 05/27/2019 3:24:48 PM PDT by SunkenCiv (Imagine an imaginary menagerie manager imagining managing an imaginary menagerie.)
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To: poconopundit
One of the most interesting courses I've taken online was an astrophysics course for non-science majors.  I'm sorry but I can't remember where I found it.  

Anyway, one of the things he talked about was measuring the speed at which an accretion disc rotates around its companion black hole.  He said you can be careless with 3x or 4x , but lose credibility if you are careless with x2 or x4.  In other words, with the distances we're dealing with, engineering accuracy is not to be expected, but orders of magnitude may not be tossed lightly around.

Just for grins here's a tidbit of why we can never push something to light speed, and a use of e=mc2.

Imagine a planet rolling around in its orbit.  Anything moving has some amount of kinetic energy related to its mass and how fast it's moving.  The kinetic energy of a baseball moving at ten miles an hour will give the catcher a little different experience at two hundred miles an hour.  That's kinetic energy.

If we could accelerate our imaginary planet in its orbit by, say, pushing on it, its increased speed would also increase its kinetic energy.  Kinetic energy, naturally, is a form of energy, which has the potential to be converted to mass at the rate of e=mc2, or solving for mass,  m=e/c2.   So by increasing kinetic energy, there is a corresponding increase in mass.

The increased mass makes it harder to push the planet faster, and as you speed along closer to light speed, the energy/mass conversion adds so much mass to the planet you can't push it any faster, and the mass gets jaw droppingly large.  No wonder you can't push it any faster.

30 posted on 05/27/2019 3:32:21 PM PDT by sparklite2 (Don't mind me. I'm just a contrarian.)
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To: sparklite2

It’s interesting. it sounds intuitively correct, and I guess that’s helped Einstein visualize it.


31 posted on 05/27/2019 4:03:13 PM PDT by poconopundit
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To: SunkenCiv

Thanks for the reference, SunkenCiv.


32 posted on 05/27/2019 4:05:16 PM PDT by poconopundit
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To: poconopundit

Like I said, this was for non-science majors.
I’m sure the math nails it right down. ;)


33 posted on 05/27/2019 4:06:44 PM PDT by sparklite2 (Don't mind me. I'm just a contrarian.)
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To: poconopundit

My pleasure.


34 posted on 05/27/2019 5:20:37 PM PDT by SunkenCiv (Imagine an imaginary menagerie manager imagining managing an imaginary menagerie.)
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To: A strike

” ... little bit of atmosphere around the sun ...”

Why not? Hot gasses flying outward. Gravity pulling them back.

But, a gas would refract a star’s light’s frequencies differently (i.e dispersion), so if no separation of colors is observed, guess it can’t be gasses.


35 posted on 05/27/2019 6:06:15 PM PDT by cymbeline
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To: sparklite2

Prove it. Macro-evolution (versus intra-species adaptation) is not an observable, replicable fact.

You substitute snark for fact, as per your usual. This is simply an article of faith for you.


36 posted on 05/27/2019 6:33:46 PM PDT by YogicCowboy ("I am not entirely on anyone's side, because no one is entirely on mine." - J. R. R. Tolkien)
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To: sparklite2

“A theory is an attempt to explain the facts.”

indeed. but a theory is NOT a FACT!


37 posted on 05/27/2019 8:57:01 PM PDT by catnipman (Cat Nipman: Vote Republican in 2012 and only be called racist one more time!)
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To: catnipman

Theories are attempts to explain facts.
I don’t see the problem with that.


38 posted on 05/27/2019 9:29:35 PM PDT by sparklite2 (Don't mind me. I'm just a contrarian.)
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To: YogicCowboy

I’m not going to fight a crevo war with you.
The facts are on the web. Look ‘em up.
Or don’t. Your choice. Good bye.


39 posted on 05/27/2019 9:31:47 PM PDT by sparklite2 (Don't mind me. I'm just a contrarian.)
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To: Tijeras_Slim
You made my day by replying... I am so enthusiastic about Paul Johnson and I wonder why more Americans (and everyone) don't talk about him all the time.

'The Birth of the Modern' is my current read. It is kind of a prelude to 'Modern Times' and really explains how the world got to be the way it is now.

But the all-time best history of the USA is undoubtedly 'A History of the American People'.

Should be mandatory reading for anyone graduating from any American high school or university.

40 posted on 05/28/2019 8:33:52 PM PDT by caddie (Tagline: Guten Tag.)
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