Thanks..
Selected bits from further queries on Grok:
“Correlational Studies in Criminal Populations: Multiple studies have found higher baseline testosterone levels in men who exhibit aggressive or violent behavior. For instance, male prisoners convicted of violent crimes (e.g., assault or murder) tend to have elevated testosterone compared to those convicted of non-violent crimes (e.g., property offenses).   This pattern holds in both adult and juvenile offenders, with the most violent individuals often showing the highest levels. Similar associations extend to non-prison samples, including undergraduates, where testosterone positively correlates with self-reported impulsive and violent criminal acts (e.g., fighting or vandalism).”
“Overall Consensus: While associations exist, causation is not established. Most evidence is observational and correlational, with meta-analyses concluding that links are “weak” and moderated by many factors. Experts emphasize that biology interacts with culture, upbringing, and social norms—violence is learned and can be unlearned. Simplistic claims (e.g., “testosterone causes crime”) are oversimplifications or myths.”
Experts emphasize that biology interacts with culture, upbringing, and social norms—violence is learned and can be unlearned. Simplistic claims (e.g., “testosterone causes crime”) are oversimplifications or myths.”
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Trans men or aka women with testosterone have been found to be more violent that those without?