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--> YouTube-Generated Transcript <--
0:00 · my viewers are most likely familiar with
0:02 · the story of Robin Hood and in most
0:04 · modern tellings of the story King
0:06 · Richard I the Lionhe Heart is a hero of
0:08 · the story who upon returning from the
0:10 · Crusades puts an end to the deprivations
0:12 · of his rapacious brother John some even
0:15 · add the detail that Richard was being
0:17 · held for ransom and John in various ways
0:19 · is trying to prevent the payment of that
0:20 · ransom in order to remain king like all
0:23 · legends the story is a mix of some
0:25 · historical fact and an awful lot of
0:27 · fiction but one thing is often left out
0:29 · of the story that one of the reasons
0:31 · that Richard was being held for ransom
0:33 · had to do with the murder of another
0:35 · king we don't know all that much about
0:39 · Conrad of Mulerat we just know that his
0:41 · death came by murder most foul it is a
0:46 · medieval murder mystery that deserves to
0:50 · be remembered
0:51 · [Music]
0:55 · jerusalem is an ancient city with
0:57 · evidence of settlement at least as far
0:59 · back as 5,000 years the fertile area at
1:02 · the crossroads of the Mediterranean has
1:04 · been held and conquered many times and
1:06 · the walled city besieged by numerous
1:08 · empires the city first came under Muslim
1:10 · rule after it was taken by the first
1:11 · caliphate from the Byzantines in 637 or
1:14 · 638 reported threats to Christian
1:17 · pilgrims by the Seljuk Empire in the
1:19 · 11th century resulted in the first
1:21 · crusade a religious war initiated by
1:23 · Pope Urban II to retake the Holy Land
1:26 · jerusalem was taken by siege by the
1:28 · armies of the first crusade from the
1:30 · Fatimid Caliphate in 1099 leading to the
1:33 · slaughter of the city's Muslim and
1:35 · Jewish inhabitants in creating the
1:36 · Christian kingdom of Jerusalem a leader
1:39 · in the crusade Godfrey Bulon was made
1:41 · leader of the city although he did not
1:43 · choose the title king
1:45 · godfrey died only a year later in 1100
1:47 · by some accounts of sickness and by
1:49 · another falling in battle he died
1:51 · without an error and was replaced by his
1:53 · brother Baldwin who was the first leader
1:55 · of the kingdom to use the title king
1:57 · thereafter the succession was decided by
1:59 · a group called the high court of
2:00 · Jerusalem a council of leading lords
2:03 · although the council tended to favor
2:04 · blood relatives of the previous king
2:06 · thus rulership was somewhat hereditary
2:09 · conflict with the Muslim world continued
2:11 · although alliances often shifted and
2:12 · various crusader factions sometimes
2:14 · allied with different Muslim factions
2:16 · the crusader orders the Knights
2:17 · Hospitalpiter and the Knights Templar
2:19 · formed to defend the kingdom and protect
2:21 · pilgrims with the aid of Europe the
2:23 · kingdom grew notably capturing the
2:24 · ancient city of Ty in
2:26 · 1124 there was also internal conflict as
2:29 · the kingdom still depended upon support
2:31 · from Europe and different factions vied
2:33 · for control
2:34 · baldwin I died without an heir and was
2:37 · replaced by his cousin Baldwin
2:39 · II baldwin II died without a son and so
2:42 · left the throne to his daughter
2:43 · Melisende who married a French count
2:45 · named Folk making him king the
2:48 · imposition of a foreign king brought
2:49 · revolt among the native crusader nobles
2:52 · moreover Folk was Count of Anjhu the
2:54 · grandfather of the future King Henry II
2:56 · of England thus tying the kingdom to the
2:58 · Ajan dynasty the kingdom faced a
3:01 · succession crisis during the reign of
3:02 · Baldwin IV Folk's grandchild crowned in
3:05 · 1174 baldwin suffered from leprosy which
3:08 · although not preventing him from ruling
3:09 · and fighting did prevent him from
3:11 · marrying or having children he spent
3:13 · much of his reign trying to groom an
3:15 · heir here the succession gets even more
3:17 · confusing baldwin IV had two halfsisters
3:20 · Zabilla and Isabella sabilla being the
3:23 · oldest was made heir to the throne she
3:25 · was wed to William of Monroat the
3:28 · Marquez of Monroat were related to both
3:30 · the kings of France and the Holy Roman
3:32 · Empire they had a son also named Baldwin
3:35 · but William died of a fever while Cibila
3:37 · was still pregnant at just 20 years old
3:40 · the princess was the key to the throne
3:42 · machinations over who she would marry
3:44 · began immediately the story is
3:46 · unsurprisingly convoluted it was a quick
3:49 · move to force her marriage to a
3:50 · Jerusalem nobleman Baldwin of Ibin as
3:54 · confusing as the number of Baldwins were
3:56 · this was perceived as potential by
3:58 · Baldwin IV as an attempted coup and
4:00 · Sibila was quickly married to another
4:02 · nobleman who had recently arrived in the
4:03 · Holy Land the relatively unknown Gee of
4:07 · Lusen however the contemporary chronicle
4:09 · of Ernol suggests another simple
4:11 · possibility possibly the young siblau
4:14 · was simply seduced by Gee gee was of the
4:17 · house of Luzen which was in Pchu part of
4:20 · the Anjivven dynasty and vassals of the
4:21 · king of England Henry II and then his
4:24 · son Richard
4:25 · I but Gee proved to be unpopular among
4:28 · both the baronss of Jerusalem and the
4:29 · kings of the other crusader states
4:32 · fearing a crisis and with multiple
4:33 · claimments to the throne the leper king
4:35 · held a council and settled upon his
4:37 · six-year-old nephew Baldwin son of
4:39 · Sabilla and William baldwin was named
4:42 · Baldwin V and made co-ruler of Jerusalem
4:45 · when Baldwin IV died in 1185 Baldwin V
4:48 · became king and Count Raymond of Tripoli
4:50 · another crusader state was made regent
4:53 · this was significant as historian Helena
4:55 · Prader writes "The fact that Tripoli was
4:57 · made regent with the consent of the high
4:59 · court and the count of Adessa was made
5:01 · the boy's guardian are both indications
5:03 · of the intensity of the animosity and
5:05 · suspicion the bishops and barums of
5:07 · Jerusalem harbored for Guinon by his
5:10 · time but the young king suffered from
5:13 · ill health and died in 1186 rumors of
5:15 · treachery were widespread but Cibila
5:17 · acted quickly and claimed the throne her
5:20 · husband was still unpopular and the
5:21 · Jerusalem nobility only allowed her
5:23 · ascension if she enold her marriage to
5:24 · Gee a stipulation to which she agreed
5:26 · only if she was allowed to marry the man
5:28 · of her choice she dutifully enolled her
5:30 · marriage ascended the throne and then
5:32 · chose to remarry Gee the decision was so
5:35 · reviled that the Latin patriarch of
5:37 · Jerusalem refused to crown Gee sibla
5:39 · chose to crown him herself despite
5:41 · opposition from virtually everyone but
5:43 · his apparently loyal wife and one
5:45 · important noble Reod Shantion Lord of
5:48 · the Fum of Ultra Jordan machinations had
5:51 · made Gee of Luzinong king of Jerusalem
5:53 · in 1186 it was a development that would
5:56 · drastically affect the kingdom under
5:58 · Baldwin IV and the Regency of Raymond an
6:01 · uneasy peace had been held with the
6:02 · Muslim Caliphates but Reol chose to
6:05 · provoke war first by attempting a
6:07 · disastrously failed attack on Mecca and
6:09 · then by taking the sister of the great
6:10 · Seljuk Turk general Saladine prisoner it
6:14 · isn't clear what Gee's role was in these
6:15 · decisions but he was at least unable to
6:18 · reign Rainald in less than a year later
6:21 · Gee would lead the crusader armies to a
6:23 · devastating defeat at the July 1187
6:26 · Battle of Hatton again historians
6:28 · disagree as to exactly how responsible
6:30 · Gee was for the defeat while many
6:33 · including Raymond of Tripoli argued that
6:35 · he should seek peace and avoid
6:36 · confrontation Gee sought battle possibly
6:39 · because he was overconfident and
6:40 · headstrong and possibly because he
6:42 · didn't trust Raymond the crusader army
6:44 · held a strong position at the village of
6:46 · Seaporus where they had an ample water
6:48 · supply yet Saladine managed to tempt Gee
6:50 · to lead his army on a chase taking them
6:52 · away from their water supply some
6:54 · describe this tactic as a brilliant move
6:56 · by Saladine others as a devastating
6:58 · tactical blunder by Gee and yet others
7:01 · portray Gee as a victim of circumstance
7:03 · he certainly had headstrong leaders
7:04 · including Renald pushing him to attack
7:07 · he also had been given a substantial sum
7:09 · by King Richard the 1 of England and
7:11 · perhaps felt that he had to secure
7:12 · victory in any case the crusader army
7:15 · exhausted by thirst and fighting on the
7:16 · ground of Saladine's choosing was
7:18 · devastated historian Kelly de Dere wrote
7:21 · in 2007 on 4 July 1187 the crusades
7:24 · changed and the change was felt not only
7:26 · in the Holy Land but also throughout
7:28 · Syria Egypt Bzantium and Europe it
7:31 · seemed as if the Christian god's wield
7:32 · of fortune had fallen while the Muslim
7:35 · gods had risen gee was captured his army
7:38 · destroyed he'd left Jerusalem virtually
7:40 · defenseless although a brief but feutal
7:42 · stand was made under the leadership of
7:43 · one of his rivals Baalon of Ibolan the
7:46 · kingdom was nearly overrun but a new
7:49 · hero arose conrad of Bonfra the younger
7:52 · brother of Cibilia's first husband
7:53 · William was described by a member of the
7:55 · Byzantine court of beautiful appearance
7:57 · comely in life springtime exceptional
7:59 · and peerless in manly courage and
8:01 · intelligence and in the flower of his
8:03 · body strength in July of 1187 Conrad
8:06 · came to Jerusalem apparently intending
8:08 · to join his father on crusade only to
8:10 · find Jerusalem had fallen his father was
8:12 · held prisoner and the crusader armies
8:13 · were in disarray he sailed into the last
8:16 · stronghold of Jerusalem the fortified
8:18 · city of Ty where the remnants of the
8:20 · crusader army had gathered a
8:22 · contemporary chronicle writes that he
8:23 · arrived in Ty in time to prevent its
8:25 · commander from surrendering the city he
8:27 · reorganized the defense and put up such
8:28 · a fight that a Muslim chronicler said of
8:30 · him "He was a devil incarnate in his
8:32 · ability to govern and defend a town and
8:34 · a man of extraordinary courage."
8:37 · Saladine went looking for easier prey
8:39 · but returned for a second siege there
8:42 · the legend says Saladine brought out
8:43 · Conrad's father and offered to release
8:45 · him if Conrad surrendered the city
8:47 · conrad reportedly said that he would not
8:49 · give one stone of Tyer's walls for his
8:51 · father's life and saying that he'd
8:52 · already lived a long life pointed a
8:54 · crossbow at his father and threatened to
8:56 · kill him himself it was a bold move
8:59 · saladine was shocked but his buff called
9:01 · released the Marquees anyway tyer was
9:04 · saved meanwhile the defeated Hatton
9:06 · raised a furer throughout Europe which
9:08 · called for another crusade the third
9:10 · crusade was led by powerful kings holy
9:12 · Roman Emperor Frederick Barbar Roa
9:14 · Philip II of France and Richard the 1st
9:16 · of England although Frederick himself
9:18 · died on his way to the Holy Land the
9:20 · crusaders won some victories and
9:22 · reconquered a part of the kingdom but
9:24 · not Jerusalem and again the kingdom
9:26 · needed a king saladine released Gee in
9:29 · 1188 and he came to Ty demanding that
9:31 · Conrad recognize him as king conrad
9:33 · refused referring to the will of Baldwin
9:35 · IV that kings Henry II and Philip were
9:38 · to choose the next king the method that
9:40 · Cibil and Guy had used to claim the
9:42 · throne had come back to haunt them then
9:44 · Cibila died of an illness in 1189 and
9:47 · Conrad and his supporters convinced her
9:48 · younger sister Isabella to divorce her
9:50 · husband and married Conrad it was an
9:53 · interesting machination conrad was
9:55 · possibly still married himself he had
9:57 · taken another man's wife and the
9:58 · marriage was technically illegal under
10:00 · church law since his brother had been
10:01 · married to Isabella's halfsister
10:04 · still possibly because there was so much
10:06 · opposition to Gee the papal leot
10:08 · sanctioned the marriage this raised an
10:10 · issue richard supported Gee as Luzinon
10:14 · was a vassal state of Richard philip on
10:16 · the other hand supported Conrad his
10:18 · first cousin who once removed in April
10:20 · 1192 the High Court of Jerusalem met to
10:23 · Richard's dismay they unanimously
10:24 · selected Conrad over Gee gee purchased
10:28 · the island of Cypress and ruled there
10:29 · continuing to use the title king then
10:32 · historian Patrick Williams of the
10:33 · University of Portsmouth wrote in a 1970
10:35 · edition of the journal Tradicio studies
10:37 · in ancient and medieval history thought
10:39 · and religion on 28 April 1192 Conrad
10:43 · Marquez of Mrat and Lord of Ty husband
10:46 · of the last royal princess of Jerusalem
10:48 · and newly elected king of that embattled
10:50 · state was assassinated and temporary
10:53 · chronicles differ in some respects but
10:55 · what is generally agreed is that Conrad
10:56 · was riding home from dinner with a light
10:58 · escort when two men approached knocked
11:00 · him from his horse and fatally wounded
11:02 · him with daggers they attempted to
11:04 · escape but one was killed and the other
11:05 · captured by Conrad's guards many
11:08 · accounts say that the men were part of
11:09 · the sect called the Order of Assassins
11:11 · but at least one contemporary account
11:12 · said that the two men were servants of
11:14 · Conrad who had been bribed others said
11:16 · that they were servants but had taken
11:18 · the jobs with the purpose of the
11:19 · assassination williams writes "It may be
11:22 · taken as established then that the
11:23 · murder of Conrad was accomplished on
11:24 · 28th April 1192 by two men who admitted
11:27 · to being of the sect of the assassins
11:29 · who had therefore been sent to their
11:31 · task by Sinian the master of the sect
11:33 · moreover the culprits had successfully
11:35 · masqueraded as Christians and had been
11:37 · at least familiar with Conrad for some
11:38 · time possibly even acting as his
11:40 · servants thus the assassination was
11:42 · apparently planned well in advance but
11:45 · the question remains by whom?" Some
11:48 · accounts say the surviving men admitted
11:50 · that he had been hired by Richard it's
11:52 · very plausible richard had opposed
11:54 · Conrad and Conrad was in the process of
11:56 · negotiating with Saladine behind
11:57 · Richard's back but Williams notes that
11:59 · the chronicle making that claim was
12:00 · written by a member of Saladine's court
12:02 · may have been covering for another prime
12:04 · suspect saladine knowing his reputation
12:07 · and not wanting decisive leadership for
12:08 · the kingdom may have had Conrad killed
12:12 · but there were other suspects as well
12:13 · had Gee having just lost to his rival
12:16 · hired the assassins could it have been
12:18 · Humphrey of Terrone Isabella's former
12:20 · husband or had the leader of the
12:21 · assassin Simeon had his own reasons to
12:23 · kill Conrad williams discounts Humphrey
12:26 · who had little to gain and was not known
12:28 · for his initiative and Gee who had
12:29 · apparently accepted his fate and made
12:31 · little protest to his loss while Cine
12:33 · had ordered the attack his reason for
12:35 · doing so himself is questionable a
12:37 · letter presented in 1193 suggests that
12:39 · Conrad had insulted Cine when he
12:40 · captured a boat of assassins but the
12:42 · letter was what Williams calls an
12:44 · obvious forgery and if Cineon had reason
12:46 · to kill Conrad why wait for years until
12:48 · he was elected king williams notes that
12:51 · Saladine also makes little sense as he
12:53 · was in negotiation with Conrad and was
12:55 · known to be hostile to the guild of
12:57 · assassins and unlikely to use them but
12:59 · there's also a case that Richard would
13:01 · not have used assassins as it would have
13:02 · gone against his sense of honor and he
13:04 · likely would have just simply challenged
13:05 · Conrad himself moreover he was planning
13:08 · to return to England and it's unlikely
13:10 · at that time that he was interested in
13:11 · upsetting the proverbial apple cart
13:14 · william suggested another candidate
13:16 · Henry II of Champagne henry was a French
13:19 · nobleman a nephew of both Henry of
13:21 · France and Richard who had come along
13:23 · with the Third Crusade henry had been
13:25 · sent by Richard to inform Conrad that he
13:27 · had been elected king williams writes
13:28 · "On Tuesday 28th April Conrad was killed
13:32 · by Thursday Henry had arrived back in
13:34 · Tire been unanimously recognized as the
13:36 · person fit to secede Conrad as king and
13:38 · had been persuaded to marry Conrad's
13:40 · pregnant widow Isabella." Williams
13:43 · argues that it is suspicious that Henry
13:44 · who had left Tyer found out about
13:46 · Conrad's assassination before Richard
13:48 · almost as if he knew it was coming
13:50 · further suspicion comes because Henry
13:51 · paid a visit to the mountain stronghold
13:53 · of the assassins in 1194 was he there to
13:56 · pay a debt still Williams concludes it
13:59 · is admitted that the case against Henry
14:00 · is far from conclusive it is however
14:03 · suggestive if at least as tenable as the
14:04 · case against any of the others richard
14:07 · continued the crusade but failed to take
14:08 · Jerusalem the continued existence of a
14:11 · reduced kingdom of Jerusalem was
14:12 · guaranteed by a three-year truce in the
14:14 · 1192 treaty of Jaffa negotiated between
14:16 · Richard and
14:17 · Saladine in a bizarre twist Henry died
14:21 · falling out of a window in 1197 the
14:23 · long-suffering Isabella married a fourth
14:25 · time to Amory of Lusen Gee's brother who
14:29 · had replaced Gee as Lord of Cyprus after
14:30 · his death in
14:32 · 1194 i know this is all rather confusing
14:35 · there are too many people with the same
14:36 · names enough machinations for a season
14:38 · of Game of Thrones in a murder mystery
14:41 · with multiple suspects none of whom are
14:43 · still around to be interrogated
14:45 · sometimes history is like that it could
14:46 · be difficult to unravel and sometimes
14:48 · mysteries remain a mystery even more
14:51 · than 800 years later and what do we
14:54 · really know about Conrad in fiction and
14:57 · film he's often been portrayed as
14:58 · something of a villain but Mariana
15:00 · Gilchrist of Hol University notes that
15:02 · the historical description of Conrad has
15:04 · been tainted by Anglojan chronicle and
15:07 · romance traditions that are favorable to
15:09 · Richard I is it possible that instead of
15:12 · being a villain that he was actually a
15:13 · very capable ruler had he survived how
15:16 · might have impacted his kingdom and one
15:19 · further important thing to note when
15:21 · Richard was returning home to England he
15:23 · had to travel in disguise because he had
15:25 · created enmity with both the French and
15:27 · the Holy Roman Empire when he was
15:29 · finally discovered and held it was by
15:31 · Liupold V the Duke of Austria who
15:34 · happened to be Conrad of Montatz first
15:39 · cousin one of the charges made against
15:41 · Richard at the time was that he had
15:42 · arranged for the murder of Conrad guilty
15:45 · or not Richard took the blame and
15:48 · England paid the price i hope you
15:51 · enjoyed watching this episode of The
15:53 · History Guy and if you did please feel
15:54 · free to like and subscribe and share the
15:56 · history guide with your friends and if
15:58 · you also believe that history deserves
16:00 · to be remembered then you can support
16:01 · the history guy as a member on YouTube a
16:04 · supporter on our community at locals or
16:07 · as a patron on Patreon you can also
16:09 · check out our great merchandise shop or
16:11 · book a special message from the history
16:12 · guy on
16:13 · [Music]
16:25 · Cameo heat heat
16:31 · [Music]
16:33 · [Applause]
16:39 · [Applause]
16:40 · [Music]

--> YouTube-Generated Transcript <--
0:00	·	my viewers are most likely familiar with
0:02	·	the story of Robin Hood and in most
0:04	·	modern tellings of the story King
0:06	·	Richard I the Lionhe Heart is a hero of
0:08	·	the story who upon returning from the
0:10	·	Crusades puts an end to the deprivations
0:12	·	of his rapacious brother John some even
0:15	·	add the detail that Richard was being
0:17	·	held for ransom and John in various ways
0:19	·	is trying to prevent the payment of that
0:20	·	ransom in order to remain king like all
0:23	·	legends the story is a mix of some
0:25	·	historical fact and an awful lot of
0:27	·	fiction but one thing is often left out
0:29	·	of the story that one of the reasons
0:31	·	that Richard was being held for ransom
0:33	·	had to do with the murder of another
0:35	·	king we don't know all that much about
0:39	·	Conrad of Mulerat we just know that his
0:41	·	death came by murder most foul it is a
0:46	·	medieval murder mystery that deserves to
0:50	·	be remembered
0:51	·	[Music]
0:55	·	jerusalem is an ancient city with
0:57	·	evidence of settlement at least as far
0:59	·	back as 5,000 years the fertile area at
1:02	·	the crossroads of the Mediterranean has
1:04	·	been held and conquered many times and
1:06	·	the walled city besieged by numerous
1:08	·	empires the city first came under Muslim
1:10	·	rule after it was taken by the first
1:11	·	caliphate from the Byzantines in 637 or
1:14	·	638 reported threats to Christian
1:17	·	pilgrims by the Seljuk Empire in the
1:19	·	11th century resulted in the first
1:21	·	crusade a religious war initiated by
1:23	·	Pope Urban II to retake the Holy Land
1:26	·	jerusalem was taken by siege by the
1:28	·	armies of the first crusade from the
1:30	·	Fatimid Caliphate in 1099 leading to the
1:33	·	slaughter of the city's Muslim and
1:35	·	Jewish inhabitants in creating the
1:36	·	Christian kingdom of Jerusalem a leader
1:39	·	in the crusade Godfrey Bulon was made
1:41	·	leader of the city although he did not
1:43	·	choose the title king
1:45	·	godfrey died only a year later in 1100
1:47	·	by some accounts of sickness and by
1:49	·	another falling in battle he died
1:51	·	without an error and was replaced by his
1:53	·	brother Baldwin who was the first leader
1:55	·	of the kingdom to use the title king
1:57	·	thereafter the succession was decided by
1:59	·	a group called the high court of
2:00	·	Jerusalem a council of leading lords
2:03	·	although the council tended to favor
2:04	·	blood relatives of the previous king
2:06	·	thus rulership was somewhat hereditary
2:09	·	conflict with the Muslim world continued
2:11	·	although alliances often shifted and
2:12	·	various crusader factions sometimes
2:14	·	allied with different Muslim factions
2:16	·	the crusader orders the Knights
2:17	·	Hospitalpiter and the Knights Templar
2:19	·	formed to defend the kingdom and protect
2:21	·	pilgrims with the aid of Europe the
2:23	·	kingdom grew notably capturing the
2:24	·	ancient city of Ty in
2:26	·	1124 there was also internal conflict as
2:29	·	the kingdom still depended upon support
2:31	·	from Europe and different factions vied
2:33	·	for control
2:34	·	baldwin I died without an heir and was
2:37	·	replaced by his cousin Baldwin
2:39	·	II baldwin II died without a son and so
2:42	·	left the throne to his daughter
2:43	·	Melisende who married a French count
2:45	·	named Folk making him king the
2:48	·	imposition of a foreign king brought
2:49	·	revolt among the native crusader nobles
2:52	·	moreover Folk was Count of Anjhu the
2:54	·	grandfather of the future King Henry II
2:56	·	of England thus tying the kingdom to the
2:58	·	Ajan dynasty the kingdom faced a
3:01	·	succession crisis during the reign of
3:02	·	Baldwin IV Folk's grandchild crowned in
3:05	·	1174 baldwin suffered from leprosy which
3:08	·	although not preventing him from ruling
3:09	·	and fighting did prevent him from
3:11	·	marrying or having children he spent
3:13	·	much of his reign trying to groom an
3:15	·	heir here the succession gets even more
3:17	·	confusing baldwin IV had two halfsisters
3:20	·	Zabilla and Isabella sabilla being the
3:23	·	oldest was made heir to the throne she
3:25	·	was wed to William of Monroat the
3:28	·	Marquez of Monroat were related to both
3:30	·	the kings of France and the Holy Roman
3:32	·	Empire they had a son also named Baldwin
3:35	·	but William died of a fever while Cibila
3:37	·	was still pregnant at just 20 years old
3:40	·	the princess was the key to the throne
3:42	·	machinations over who she would marry
3:44	·	began immediately the story is
3:46	·	unsurprisingly convoluted it was a quick
3:49	·	move to force her marriage to a
3:50	·	Jerusalem nobleman Baldwin of Ibin as
3:54	·	confusing as the number of Baldwins were
3:56	·	this was perceived as potential by
3:58	·	Baldwin IV as an attempted coup and
4:00	·	Sibila was quickly married to another
4:02	·	nobleman who had recently arrived in the
4:03	·	Holy Land the relatively unknown Gee of
4:07	·	Lusen however the contemporary chronicle
4:09	·	of Ernol suggests another simple
4:11	·	possibility possibly the young siblau
4:14	·	was simply seduced by Gee gee was of the
4:17	·	house of Luzen which was in Pchu part of
4:20	·	the Anjivven dynasty and vassals of the
4:21	·	king of England Henry II and then his
4:24	·	son Richard
4:25	·	I but Gee proved to be unpopular among
4:28	·	both the baronss of Jerusalem and the
4:29	·	kings of the other crusader states
4:32	·	fearing a crisis and with multiple
4:33	·	claimments to the throne the leper king
4:35	·	held a council and settled upon his
4:37	·	six-year-old nephew Baldwin son of
4:39	·	Sabilla and William baldwin was named
4:42	·	Baldwin V and made co-ruler of Jerusalem
4:45	·	when Baldwin IV died in 1185 Baldwin V
4:48	·	became king and Count Raymond of Tripoli
4:50	·	another crusader state was made regent
4:53	·	this was significant as historian Helena
4:55	·	Prader writes "The fact that Tripoli was
4:57	·	made regent with the consent of the high
4:59	·	court and the count of Adessa was made
5:01	·	the boy's guardian are both indications
5:03	·	of the intensity of the animosity and
5:05	·	suspicion the bishops and barums of
5:07	·	Jerusalem harbored for Guinon by his
5:10	·	time but the young king suffered from
5:13	·	ill health and died in 1186 rumors of
5:15	·	treachery were widespread but Cibila
5:17	·	acted quickly and claimed the throne her
5:20	·	husband was still unpopular and the
5:21	·	Jerusalem nobility only allowed her
5:23	·	ascension if she enold her marriage to
5:24	·	Gee a stipulation to which she agreed
5:26	·	only if she was allowed to marry the man
5:28	·	of her choice she dutifully enolled her
5:30	·	marriage ascended the throne and then
5:32	·	chose to remarry Gee the decision was so
5:35	·	reviled that the Latin patriarch of
5:37	·	Jerusalem refused to crown Gee sibla
5:39	·	chose to crown him herself despite
5:41	·	opposition from virtually everyone but
5:43	·	his apparently loyal wife and one
5:45	·	important noble Reod Shantion Lord of
5:48	·	the Fum of Ultra Jordan machinations had
5:51	·	made Gee of Luzinong king of Jerusalem
5:53	·	in 1186 it was a development that would
5:56	·	drastically affect the kingdom under
5:58	·	Baldwin IV and the Regency of Raymond an
6:01	·	uneasy peace had been held with the
6:02	·	Muslim Caliphates but Reol chose to
6:05	·	provoke war first by attempting a
6:07	·	disastrously failed attack on Mecca and
6:09	·	then by taking the sister of the great
6:10	·	Seljuk Turk general Saladine prisoner it
6:14	·	isn't clear what Gee's role was in these
6:15	·	decisions but he was at least unable to
6:18	·	reign Rainald in less than a year later
6:21	·	Gee would lead the crusader armies to a
6:23	·	devastating defeat at the July 1187
6:26	·	Battle of Hatton again historians
6:28	·	disagree as to exactly how responsible
6:30	·	Gee was for the defeat while many
6:33	·	including Raymond of Tripoli argued that
6:35	·	he should seek peace and avoid
6:36	·	confrontation Gee sought battle possibly
6:39	·	because he was overconfident and
6:40	·	headstrong and possibly because he
6:42	·	didn't trust Raymond the crusader army
6:44	·	held a strong position at the village of
6:46	·	Seaporus where they had an ample water
6:48	·	supply yet Saladine managed to tempt Gee
6:50	·	to lead his army on a chase taking them
6:52	·	away from their water supply some
6:54	·	describe this tactic as a brilliant move
6:56	·	by Saladine others as a devastating
6:58	·	tactical blunder by Gee and yet others
7:01	·	portray Gee as a victim of circumstance
7:03	·	he certainly had headstrong leaders
7:04	·	including Renald pushing him to attack
7:07	·	he also had been given a substantial sum
7:09	·	by King Richard the 1 of England and
7:11	·	perhaps felt that he had to secure
7:12	·	victory in any case the crusader army
7:15	·	exhausted by thirst and fighting on the
7:16	·	ground of Saladine's choosing was
7:18	·	devastated historian Kelly de Dere wrote
7:21	·	in 2007 on 4 July 1187 the crusades
7:24	·	changed and the change was felt not only
7:26	·	in the Holy Land but also throughout
7:28	·	Syria Egypt Bzantium and Europe it
7:31	·	seemed as if the Christian god's wield
7:32	·	of fortune had fallen while the Muslim
7:35	·	gods had risen gee was captured his army
7:38	·	destroyed he'd left Jerusalem virtually
7:40	·	defenseless although a brief but feutal
7:42	·	stand was made under the leadership of
7:43	·	one of his rivals Baalon of Ibolan the
7:46	·	kingdom was nearly overrun but a new
7:49	·	hero arose conrad of Bonfra the younger
7:52	·	brother of Cibilia's first husband
7:53	·	William was described by a member of the
7:55	·	Byzantine court of beautiful appearance
7:57	·	comely in life springtime exceptional
7:59	·	and peerless in manly courage and
8:01	·	intelligence and in the flower of his
8:03	·	body strength in July of 1187 Conrad
8:06	·	came to Jerusalem apparently intending
8:08	·	to join his father on crusade only to
8:10	·	find Jerusalem had fallen his father was
8:12	·	held prisoner and the crusader armies
8:13	·	were in disarray he sailed into the last
8:16	·	stronghold of Jerusalem the fortified
8:18	·	city of Ty where the remnants of the
8:20	·	crusader army had gathered a
8:22	·	contemporary chronicle writes that he
8:23	·	arrived in Ty in time to prevent its
8:25	·	commander from surrendering the city he
8:27	·	reorganized the defense and put up such
8:28	·	a fight that a Muslim chronicler said of
8:30	·	him "He was a devil incarnate in his
8:32	·	ability to govern and defend a town and
8:34	·	a man of extraordinary courage."
8:37	·	Saladine went looking for easier prey
8:39	·	but returned for a second siege there
8:42	·	the legend says Saladine brought out
8:43	·	Conrad's father and offered to release
8:45	·	him if Conrad surrendered the city
8:47	·	conrad reportedly said that he would not
8:49	·	give one stone of Tyer's walls for his
8:51	·	father's life and saying that he'd
8:52	·	already lived a long life pointed a
8:54	·	crossbow at his father and threatened to
8:56	·	kill him himself it was a bold move
8:59	·	saladine was shocked but his buff called
9:01	·	released the Marquees anyway tyer was
9:04	·	saved meanwhile the defeated Hatton
9:06	·	raised a furer throughout Europe which
9:08	·	called for another crusade the third
9:10	·	crusade was led by powerful kings holy
9:12	·	Roman Emperor Frederick Barbar Roa
9:14	·	Philip II of France and Richard the 1st
9:16	·	of England although Frederick himself
9:18	·	died on his way to the Holy Land the
9:20	·	crusaders won some victories and
9:22	·	reconquered a part of the kingdom but
9:24	·	not Jerusalem and again the kingdom
9:26	·	needed a king saladine released Gee in
9:29	·	1188 and he came to Ty demanding that
9:31	·	Conrad recognize him as king conrad
9:33	·	refused referring to the will of Baldwin
9:35	·	IV that kings Henry II and Philip were
9:38	·	to choose the next king the method that
9:40	·	Cibil and Guy had used to claim the
9:42	·	throne had come back to haunt them then
9:44	·	Cibila died of an illness in 1189 and
9:47	·	Conrad and his supporters convinced her
9:48	·	younger sister Isabella to divorce her
9:50	·	husband and married Conrad it was an
9:53	·	interesting machination conrad was
9:55	·	possibly still married himself he had
9:57	·	taken another man's wife and the
9:58	·	marriage was technically illegal under
10:00	·	church law since his brother had been
10:01	·	married to Isabella's halfsister
10:04	·	still possibly because there was so much
10:06	·	opposition to Gee the papal leot
10:08	·	sanctioned the marriage this raised an
10:10	·	issue richard supported Gee as Luzinon
10:14	·	was a vassal state of Richard philip on
10:16	·	the other hand supported Conrad his
10:18	·	first cousin who once removed in April
10:20	·	1192 the High Court of Jerusalem met to
10:23	·	Richard's dismay they unanimously
10:24	·	selected Conrad over Gee gee purchased
10:28	·	the island of Cypress and ruled there
10:29	·	continuing to use the title king then
10:32	·	historian Patrick Williams of the
10:33	·	University of Portsmouth wrote in a 1970
10:35	·	edition of the journal Tradicio studies
10:37	·	in ancient and medieval history thought
10:39	·	and religion on 28 April 1192 Conrad
10:43	·	Marquez of Mrat and Lord of Ty husband
10:46	·	of the last royal princess of Jerusalem
10:48	·	and newly elected king of that embattled
10:50	·	state was assassinated and temporary
10:53	·	chronicles differ in some respects but
10:55	·	what is generally agreed is that Conrad
10:56	·	was riding home from dinner with a light
10:58	·	escort when two men approached knocked
11:00	·	him from his horse and fatally wounded
11:02	·	him with daggers they attempted to
11:04	·	escape but one was killed and the other
11:05	·	captured by Conrad's guards many
11:08	·	accounts say that the men were part of
11:09	·	the sect called the Order of Assassins
11:11	·	but at least one contemporary account
11:12	·	said that the two men were servants of
11:14	·	Conrad who had been bribed others said
11:16	·	that they were servants but had taken
11:18	·	the jobs with the purpose of the
11:19	·	assassination williams writes "It may be
11:22	·	taken as established then that the
11:23	·	murder of Conrad was accomplished on
11:24	·	28th April 1192 by two men who admitted
11:27	·	to being of the sect of the assassins
11:29	·	who had therefore been sent to their
11:31	·	task by Sinian the master of the sect
11:33	·	moreover the culprits had successfully
11:35	·	masqueraded as Christians and had been
11:37	·	at least familiar with Conrad for some
11:38	·	time possibly even acting as his
11:40	·	servants thus the assassination was
11:42	·	apparently planned well in advance but
11:45	·	the question remains by whom?" Some
11:48	·	accounts say the surviving men admitted
11:50	·	that he had been hired by Richard it's
11:52	·	very plausible richard had opposed
11:54	·	Conrad and Conrad was in the process of
11:56	·	negotiating with Saladine behind
11:57	·	Richard's back but Williams notes that
11:59	·	the chronicle making that claim was
12:00	·	written by a member of Saladine's court
12:02	·	may have been covering for another prime
12:04	·	suspect saladine knowing his reputation
12:07	·	and not wanting decisive leadership for
12:08	·	the kingdom may have had Conrad killed
12:12	·	but there were other suspects as well
12:13	·	had Gee having just lost to his rival
12:16	·	hired the assassins could it have been
12:18	·	Humphrey of Terrone Isabella's former
12:20	·	husband or had the leader of the
12:21	·	assassin Simeon had his own reasons to
12:23	·	kill Conrad williams discounts Humphrey
12:26	·	who had little to gain and was not known
12:28	·	for his initiative and Gee who had
12:29	·	apparently accepted his fate and made
12:31	·	little protest to his loss while Cine
12:33	·	had ordered the attack his reason for
12:35	·	doing so himself is questionable a
12:37	·	letter presented in 1193 suggests that
12:39	·	Conrad had insulted Cine when he
12:40	·	captured a boat of assassins but the
12:42	·	letter was what Williams calls an
12:44	·	obvious forgery and if Cineon had reason
12:46	·	to kill Conrad why wait for years until
12:48	·	he was elected king williams notes that
12:51	·	Saladine also makes little sense as he
12:53	·	was in negotiation with Conrad and was
12:55	·	known to be hostile to the guild of
12:57	·	assassins and unlikely to use them but
12:59	·	there's also a case that Richard would
13:01	·	not have used assassins as it would have
13:02	·	gone against his sense of honor and he
13:04	·	likely would have just simply challenged
13:05	·	Conrad himself moreover he was planning
13:08	·	to return to England and it's unlikely
13:10	·	at that time that he was interested in
13:11	·	upsetting the proverbial apple cart
13:14	·	william suggested another candidate
13:16	·	Henry II of Champagne henry was a French
13:19	·	nobleman a nephew of both Henry of
13:21	·	France and Richard who had come along
13:23	·	with the Third Crusade henry had been
13:25	·	sent by Richard to inform Conrad that he
13:27	·	had been elected king williams writes
13:28	·	"On Tuesday 28th April Conrad was killed
13:32	·	by Thursday Henry had arrived back in
13:34	·	Tire been unanimously recognized as the
13:36	·	person fit to secede Conrad as king and
13:38	·	had been persuaded to marry Conrad's
13:40	·	pregnant widow Isabella." Williams
13:43	·	argues that it is suspicious that Henry
13:44	·	who had left Tyer found out about
13:46	·	Conrad's assassination before Richard
13:48	·	almost as if he knew it was coming
13:50	·	further suspicion comes because Henry
13:51	·	paid a visit to the mountain stronghold
13:53	·	of the assassins in 1194 was he there to
13:56	·	pay a debt still Williams concludes it
13:59	·	is admitted that the case against Henry
14:00	·	is far from conclusive it is however
14:03	·	suggestive if at least as tenable as the
14:04	·	case against any of the others richard
14:07	·	continued the crusade but failed to take
14:08	·	Jerusalem the continued existence of a
14:11	·	reduced kingdom of Jerusalem was
14:12	·	guaranteed by a three-year truce in the
14:14	·	1192 treaty of Jaffa negotiated between
14:16	·	Richard and
14:17	·	Saladine in a bizarre twist Henry died
14:21	·	falling out of a window in 1197 the
14:23	·	long-suffering Isabella married a fourth
14:25	·	time to Amory of Lusen Gee's brother who
14:29	·	had replaced Gee as Lord of Cyprus after
14:30	·	his death in
14:32	·	1194 i know this is all rather confusing
14:35	·	there are too many people with the same
14:36	·	names enough machinations for a season
14:38	·	of Game of Thrones in a murder mystery
14:41	·	with multiple suspects none of whom are
14:43	·	still around to be interrogated
14:45	·	sometimes history is like that it could
14:46	·	be difficult to unravel and sometimes
14:48	·	mysteries remain a mystery even more
14:51	·	than 800 years later and what do we
14:54	·	really know about Conrad in fiction and
14:57	·	film he's often been portrayed as
14:58	·	something of a villain but Mariana
15:00	·	Gilchrist of Hol University notes that
15:02	·	the historical description of Conrad has
15:04	·	been tainted by Anglojan chronicle and
15:07	·	romance traditions that are favorable to
15:09	·	Richard I is it possible that instead of
15:12	·	being a villain that he was actually a
15:13	·	very capable ruler had he survived how
15:16	·	might have impacted his kingdom and one
15:19	·	further important thing to note when
15:21	·	Richard was returning home to England he
15:23	·	had to travel in disguise because he had
15:25	·	created enmity with both the French and
15:27	·	the Holy Roman Empire when he was
15:29	·	finally discovered and held it was by
15:31	·	Liupold V the Duke of Austria who
15:34	·	happened to be Conrad of Montatz first
15:39	·	cousin one of the charges made against
15:41	·	Richard at the time was that he had
15:42	·	arranged for the murder of Conrad guilty
15:45	·	or not Richard took the blame and
15:48	·	England paid the price i hope you
15:51	·	enjoyed watching this episode of The
15:53	·	History Guy and if you did please feel
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