After reading your take on the passage, I looked up the passage in the Orthodox Study Bible. It said:
"5:16 What about those Christians who have not been living righteously? Sin leading to death is willful, continual disbelief in the grace of the Holy Spirit towards us."
In other words, I take it to refer to non-repentance together with willful and continual lack of faith that God will forgive.
It is gratifying to find myself on (almost) the same page as my Protestant brothers and sisters.
It’s gratifying to hear the same from my Eastern Orthodox brothers and sisters too!