I have a small question: Was Paul given any keys? Or was he, like the 11, under Peter’s leadership? I ask because of 1 Cor. 3:10-11. Where Paul writes by the Holy Spirit, of being a masterbuilder and laying a foundation. Would he not be given keys to what he is being told to build? He cannot be building the same foundation that Peter was given the keys to, the Messianic Church. Paul says he has laid a foundation and other are building on IT, therefore he cannot be building on the foundation that Peter was given the keys to.
I could be wrong but I believe 1 Cor was written after the letter to the Romans.
At any rate its traditional knowledge that records both Sts Peter and Paul established the Church in Rome, and indeed the two worked together to establish the Church Universal in all the locations they visited either physically together or apart.
So this passage from the first letter to the Corinthians is not all that surprising nor is it harmful to Catholic dogma for the reasons described above and also for the fact that the direct answer to your direct question is: No, he was not given the keys as St Peter was.
This fact actually bolsters the Catholic claim instead of injuring it. No man but St. Peter was given the keys, keys which again had a powerful symbolic meaning (cf Is 22:21) that most certainly St Peter understood.
A king or his chosen steward would have many who would help build the kingdom,(so the fact that St Paul helped build the early church is irrelevant as far as a question of authority goes) but only the king or his chosen steward would have the authority to rule over the kingdom.