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Is The Roman Catholic View of the Eucharist Supported by the Historical Evidence?
In Plain Site ^ | Jason Engwer

Posted on 02/20/2015 12:33:03 PM PST by RnMomof7

There aren't many subjects Catholic apologists like to discuss more than the eucharist. Even if their arguments about the papacy are refuted, even if the evidence they cite for the Immaculate Conception, Purgatory, and other doctrines isn't convincing, they still think they have a strong argument in the doctrine of the eucharist. They'll quote John 6 and the passages of scripture about the Last Supper. They'll quote centuries of church fathers referring to the eucharist as a sacrifice and referring to Jesus being present in the elements of the eucharist. They'll point out that even Protestants like Martin Luther have believed in a eucharistic presence. How, then, can evangelicals maintain that the eucharist is just symbolic, that there is no presence of Christ? Are evangelicals going to go up against 1500 years of church history?

This sort of reasoning seems to have had a lot of influence on evangelicals who have converted to Catholicism. Some converts to the Catholic Church even cite the eucharist as the primary issue, or one of the most significant issues, in convincing them to convert. But is the argument as compelling as so many Catholics think it is?

There are a lot of problems with this popular Catholic argument. The argument isn't even a defense of Catholicism. It's a defense of something like what the Catholic Church teaches. The Council of Trent made it clear just what the Catholic position is on this issue (emphasis added):

According to the Catholic Church, transubstantiation is the view of the eucharist always held by the Christian church. Some Catholics try to redefine this claim of the Council of Trent by saying that what Trent meant is that there was always some sort of belief in a presence in the eucharist, which was later defined more specifically as transubstantiation. While it's true that Trent doesn't claim that the word "transubstantiation" has always been used, Trent does claim that the concept has always been held by the Christian church.

There are two sentences in the quote above. The first sentence refers to a view of the eucharist always being held by the Christian church. The second sentence says that this view is transubstantiation. The way in which Trent describes the view always held by the Christian church makes it clear that transubstantiation is being described. The council refers to the whole substance of the bread and the whole substance of the wine being converted. That's transubstantiation.

Why do Catholic apologists attempt to redefine what the Council of Trent taught? Because what Trent said is false. Let's consider just some of the evidence that leads to this conclusion.

Though Catholics often cite some alleged references to their view of the eucharist in the Bible, the truth is that there's no evidence of the Catholic eucharist in scripture. John 6 is often cited as referring to eating Christ's flesh and drinking His blood by means of a transubstantiated eucharist. There are a lot of problems with the Catholic view of John 6, however, such as the fact that Jesus speaks in the present tense about how He is the bread of life and how people are responsible for eating and drinking Him. Jesus doesn't refer to how these things will begin in the future, when the eucharist is instituted. Rather, He refers to them as a present reality. And John 6:35 identifies what the eating and drinking are. The passage is not about the eucharist. (See http://members.aol.com/jasonte2/john666.htm for a further discussion of the problems with the Catholic interpretation of John 6.) Likewise, the passages about the Last Supper don't prove transubstantiation. They could be interpreted as references to a physical presence of Christ in the eucharist. That's a possibility. But they can also be interpreted otherwise.

There's no evidence for the Catholic view of the eucharist in scripture, but there is some evidence against it. In Matthew 26:29, Jesus refers to the contents of the cup as "this fruit of the vine". It couldn't be wine, though, if transubstantiation had occurred. And Jesus refers to drinking the contents of the cup with His followers again in the kingdom to come. Yet, the eucharist apparently is to be practiced only until Jesus returns (1 Corinthians 11:26). If the cup in Matthew 26:29 contained transubstantiated blood, then why would Jesus refer to drinking that substance with His followers in the future, at a time when there would be no eucharist? And if the eucharist is a sacrifice as the Catholic Church defines it to be, why is there no mention of the eucharist in the book of Hebrews?

The author of Hebrews is silent about the eucharist in places where we would expect the eucharist to be mentioned, if it was viewed as the Catholic Church views it. This is acknowledged even by Catholic scholars. The New Jerome Biblical Commentary (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1990) is a Catholic commentary that some of the foremost Catholic scholars in the world contributed to. It was edited by Raymond Brown, Joseph Fitzmyer, and Roland Murphy. Near the end of the section on the book of Hebrews, the commentary admits:

There's nothing wrong with viewing the eucharist as a sacrifice in the sense of thanksgiving and praise (Hebrews 13:15). Some of the church fathers referred to the eucharist in such a way. For example, Justin Martyr wrote the following in response to the followers of Judaism who claimed to be fulfilling Malachi 1:11 (emphasis added):

These arguments of Justin Martyr are contrary to what the Catholic Church teaches. According to Justin Martyr, the eucharist is a sacrifice only in the sense of being a means by which Christians offer prayers and thanksgiving to God. Justin Martyr not only says nothing of the eucharist being a sacrifice in the sense Catholics define it to be, but he even excludes the possibility of the Catholic view by saying that the eucharist is a sacrifice only in the sense of prayers and thanksgiving being offered through it. Justin Martyr seems to have had Biblical passages like Hebrews 13:15 in mind, which is a concept that evangelicals agree with. The eucharist is a sacrifice in that sense.

Some church fathers defined the eucharist as a sacrifice differently than Justin Martyr, including in ways that are similar to the Catholic view. But Justin Martyr illustrates two things. First, it's false to claim that all of the church fathers viewed the eucharist as the Catholic Church views it. Secondly, the eucharist can be referred to as a sacrifice in numerous ways. It's not enough for Catholic apologists to cite a church father referring to the eucharist as a sacrifice. What type of sacrifice did the church father believe it to be? And how convincing are that church father's arguments?

Even more than they discuss the concept that the eucharist is an atoning sacrifice, Catholics argue that there's a presence of Christ in the eucharist, and that the church fathers agreed with them on this issue. Some Catholics will even claim that every church father believed in a presence in the eucharist. They'll often cite a scholar like J.N.D. Kelly referring to the church fathers believing in a "real presence" in the eucharist. But what these Catholics often don't do is quote what Kelly goes on to say. As Kelly explains, the church fathers defined "real presence" in a number of ways, including ways that contradict transubstantiation. Some of the church fathers were closer to the consubstantiation of Lutheranism or the spiritual presence of Calvinism, for example.

See the section titled "The Church and the Host" at:
http://www.aomin.org/JRWOpening.html

Also see the historian Philip Schaff's comments in section 69 at:
http://www.ccel.org/s/schaff/history/2_ch05.htm

And section 95 at:
http://www.ccel.org/s/schaff/history/3_ch07.htm

I also recommend consulting Schaff's footnotes, since the notes cite additional passages from the fathers and cite other scholars confirming Schaff's conclusions.

The church fathers held a wide variety of views on subjects such as how to interpret John 6 and Christ's presence in the eucharist. For example, Clement of Alexandria wrote the following about John 6 (emphasis added):

In another passage, Clement contradicts transubstantiation. He writes the following about how Christians should conduct themselves when drinking alcohol (emphasis added):

Clement, like evangelicals, cites Matthew 26:29 as evidence that Jesus drank wine. If Clement believed that wine is what was drunk at the Last Supper, he didn't believe in transubstantiation.

Similarly, Irenaeus denies transubstantiation in his writings. He seems to have believed in consubstantiation rather than the Catholic view of the eucharist. For example (emphasis added):

Irenaeus describes the eucharist as consisting of two realities, one that comes from Heaven and another that's from the earth. He refers to the eucharist as an example of drinking wine, the same substance that people will drink in Christ's future kingdom, after the eucharist has served its purpose (1 Corinthians 11:26). Irenaeus, like Clement of Alexandria, contradicts transubstantiation. Though Irenaeus does seem to have believed in a presence in the eucharist, it isn't transubstantiation.

Other examples could be cited, and other examples are cited in the article I linked to above. It's a historical fact that the church fathers held a variety of eucharistic beliefs, including some that contradict what the Catholic Church teaches. This fact is contrary to the Council of Trent's claim that transubstantiation had always been the view held by the Christian church.

It should be noted, also, that many evangelicals believe in a presence in the eucharist. Some believe in consubstantiation. Some believe in a spiritual presence. Evangelicals don't even have to hold to any specific view. Jesus and the apostles told Christians to celebrate the eucharist. A Christian can do so without knowing whether there's any presence of Christ in the eucharist or what type of presence there is. For an evangelical, this issue isn't too significant. The reliability of our rule of faith (the Bible) isn't dependent on proving that Christ is present in the eucharist in some particular way. Catholics, on the other hand, must defend the Catholic Church's allegedly infallible teaching of transubstantiation. They must also defend the Council of Trent's claim that transubstantiation is the view always held by the Christian church, as well as Trent's claim that every other view is unacceptable. Evangelicals just don't carry the same burden of proof that Catholics carry on this issue. Catholics can't say that this is unfair, since the claims of the Catholic Church itself are what create the added burden of proof for the Catholic apologist. If you don't want to have to carry such a burden, then tell your denomination to quit making such weighty claims.

In summary:

The eucharist is another issue that illustrates how anachronistic, misleading, and false many of the claims of the Catholic Church are. Some Catholics seem to ignore or minimize their denomination's errors on issues like the papacy and the Immaculate Conception, because they think that the Catholic Church is at least closer to the truth than evangelicalism on other issues, like the eucharist. But such reasoning is fallacious. For one thing, all it takes is one error to refute Catholicism. Since the Catholic Church teaches that its traditions are just as authoritative as scripture, an error on one subject also disproves what the Catholic Church has taught on other subjects. If the Immaculate Conception doctrine is contrary to the evidence, for example, that isn't just problematic for the doctrine that Mary was immaculately conceived. It's also problematic for the doctrine of papal infallibility, since Pope Pius IX allegedly was exercising that power when he declared Mary to be conceived without sin. When the Catholic Church is shown to be wrong on the eucharist, the Immaculate Conception, or some other issue, that has implications for far more than just that one doctrine.

With regard to the eucharist, consider one of the larger implications of the Catholic Church being wrong on that subject. If it's true that the church fathers held a wide variety of eucharistic beliefs, and that they also held a wide variety of beliefs on a lot of other subjects, what does that tell us about early church history? It tells us that it's unlikely that the church fathers were part of one worldwide denomination headed by a Pope. What's more likely is that the church fathers disagreed with each other so much because they belonged to churches that were governmentally independent of one another, and they interpreted the scriptures for themselves. In fact, many of the church fathers specifically said as much. The fact that there were so many differing views among the church fathers, including views that contradict what the Catholic Church teaches, suggests that they weren't Roman Catholics.

If the Catholic Church isn't reliable, what are we to conclude about the eucharist, then? What do we do if we can't trust Catholicism to tell us what to believe? We ought to go to the scriptures. And if the beliefs of the church fathers and other sources are relevant in some way, we should also consider those things. We should study the issue ourselves instead of just uncritically accepting whatever an institution like the Roman Catholic Church teaches. When we go to the scriptures, we find that a number of eucharistic views are plausible, but transubstantiation isn't one of them (Matthew 26:29). The concept that the eucharist is an atoning sacrifice is unacceptable. Trying to continually offer Christ's sacrifice as an atonement for our sins, and offering it as a further atonement of the temporal portion of sins already forgiven, is contrary to what's taught in the book of Hebrews, such as Hebrews 9:12-10:18. For example, in Hebrews 9:25-26, we see the author distinguishing between Christ's sacrifice and the offering of that sacrifice. Not only was Christ only sacrificed once, but He also offered that one sacrifice to God only once. Catholics acknowledge that there was only one sacrifice, but they argue that the one sacrifice is offered repeatedly through the eucharist. This claim of the Catholic Church is contrary to scripture. And there are a lot of other contradictions between what scripture teaches on these subjects and what the Catholic Church teaches, especially in the book of Hebrews. We can reasonably arrive at a number of different views of the eucharist, but the Catholic view isn't one of them.



TOPICS: Apologetics; Evangelical Christian; Mainline Protestant; Theology
KEYWORDS: bread; doctrine; worship
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To: Ge0ffrey
Elsie, don’t you think Mary had free will?

The point is danced around and NEVER addressed by Catholics.

Mary's free will is NOT in question here.

The angel TOLD her what was going to happen: PERIOD.


This just in: Obama tells US citizens their taxes will be DOUBLED in 2016!!

“Be it done to me according to your word.” the sheep of the USA replied.


Take it out of Mary's mouth and place it somewhere else. Don't work; do it!!

521 posted on 02/24/2015 1:56:47 AM PST by Elsie
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To: elhombrelibre
You haven’t beaten me and you never will. Your quarrel is with Jesus Christ, not me.

Not my intention to BEAT you.

Merely illustrating a lack of comprehension of simple English; due; probably; to the constant pounding of "What it REALLY means" into the brains of members of the Roman Catholic Church.

Or ANY organization that has to 'explain' the Scriptures to someone.

522 posted on 02/24/2015 1:59:31 AM PST by Elsie
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Comment #523 Removed by Moderator

To: Elsie

Mary’s free will is the key part of the equation. She could have said NO! Likewise, each of us can say YES or NO to His abundant graces. Each of us can be a temple of the Holy Spirit or not. Mary’s YES is the most significant YES of any human that has ever lived or ever will live. That’s why Catholic Christians venerate her.


524 posted on 02/24/2015 4:47:27 AM PST by Ge0ffrey
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To: Ge0ffrey; Elsie; metmom; daniel1212; CynicalBear; CpnHook
Mary’s free will is the key part of the equation. She could have said NO! Likewise, each of us can say YES or NO to His abundant graces. Each of us can be a temple of the Holy Spirit or not. Mary’s YES is the most significant YES of any human that has ever lived or ever will live. That’s why Catholic Christians venerate her.

No...it's why catholics worship her. Pray to her, have statues of her, churches named after her, whole degrees devoted to the study of mariology, etc. It's why the fifth marian dogma is being pushed to make Mary co-redemtrix, helper and advocate....roles already being performed by Jesus and the Holy Spirit. Mary is not need as she can do nothing in these areas except draw attention away from Christ.

I'd say that anyone who decides to follow Jesus has made the most important decision of their life....that would include Mary.

Mary's decision to say yes is not the most important one ever though. Not even close.

When Jesus said yes to the Father....saying, "Father, if You are willing, remove this cup from Me; yet not My will, but Yours be done."

....that is THE MOST SIGNIFICANT YES the entire universe will ever have. It tops anything Mary, you, me, or anyone else could ever do.

That's why we worship Jesus. He alone should be the center of all worship and praise.

525 posted on 02/24/2015 6:37:02 AM PST by ealgeone
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To: Ge0ffrey
That’s why Catholic Christians venerate her.

You mean they think of her far above what is written (cf. 1Co. 4:6) even to basically making her a demigoddess. RCs teach that "She is the sanctuary and resting-place of the Blessed Trinity...the holy City of God, the greatness of the power which she wields over one who is God cannot be conceived, " that "...when she acts, it is also He who acts; and that if her intervention be not accepted, neither is His...." so that even God himself, is subject to the Blessed Virgin," in that her power is "so great that she seems to have the same power as God," "surpassing in power all the angels and saints in Heaven," for indeed ."the power thus put into her (Mary’s) hands is all but unlimited," and "there is no grace which Mary cannot dispose of as her own, which is not given to her for this purpose" and "through her alone does He dispense His favours and His gifts," and that "God gave her the power and the mission of assigning to saints the thrones made vacant by the apostate angels who fell away through pride....all the angels in heaven unceasingly call out to her...They greet her countless times each day with the angelic greeting, "Hail, Mary", while prostrating themselves before her, begging her as a favour to honour them with one of her requests...,' The whole world is filled with her glory,. "

But "she had to suffer, as He did, all the consequences of sin," "that Jesus and Mary suffered for our sins," that "We were condemned through the fault of one woman; we are saved through the merits of another woman." Sources .

in the the Catholic quest to almost deify Mary, it is taught by Catholics*,

Mary was a holy, virtuous instrument of God, but of whom Scripture says relatively little, while holy fear ought to restrain ascribing positions, honor, glory and powers to a mortal that God has not revealed as given to them, and or are only revealed as being possessed by God Himself. But like as the Israelites made an instrument of God an object of worship, (Num. 21:8,9; 2Kg. 18:4) Catholics have magnified Mary far beyond what is written and warranted and even allowed, based on what is in Scripture.

In addition, although (technically) Mary is not to be worshiped in the same sense that God is worshiped, yet the distinctions between devotion to Mary and the worship of God are quite fine, and much due to the psychological appeal of a heavenly mother (especially among those for whom Scripture is not supreme), then the historical practice of Catholics has been to exalt Mary above that which is written. As the Catholic Encyclopedia states, "By the sixteenth century, as evidenced by the spiritual struggles of the Reformers, the image of Mary had largely eclipsed the centrality of Jesus Christ in the life of believers." (Robert C. Broderick, ed., The Catholic Encyclopedia, revised and updated; NY: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1987, pp.32,33)

526 posted on 02/24/2015 8:56:35 AM PST by daniel1212 (Come to the Lord Jesus as a contrite damned+destitute sinner, trust Him to save you, then live 4 Him)
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Comment #527 Removed by Moderator

To: elhombrelibre

Discuss the issues all you want, but DO NOT MAKE IT PERSONAL.


528 posted on 02/24/2015 9:27:26 AM PST by Religion Moderator
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To: Religion Moderator

Huh? You allow anti-Catholic bashing and when I say I won’t continue talking to the tormentor you tell me not to make it personal? Would you tolerate tirades against Judaism on FREE Republic? I hope not. Just allow anti-Catholic bashing.


529 posted on 02/24/2015 9:56:05 AM PST by elhombrelibre (Against Obama. Against Putin. Pro-freedom. Pro-US Constitution.)
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To: elhombrelibre
Click on my profile page for Guidelines to the Religion Forum.

Ad hominems such as calling other posters names, reading their minds, attributing motives to them or making the thread "about" a particular Freeper are all forms of "making it personal."

Discuss the message, not the messenger.

530 posted on 02/24/2015 10:29:58 AM PST by Religion Moderator
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To: Religion Moderator

No, that makes sense. I get it. People can call the largest Christian faith the Whore of Babylon, but it’s personal if I call them ignorant and arrogant. Makes sense.


531 posted on 02/24/2015 10:43:08 AM PST by elhombrelibre (Against Obama. Against Putin. Pro-freedom. Pro-US Constitution.)
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To: Ge0ffrey
Mary’s free will is the key part of the equation

There is NO equation!

Quit trying to TWIST the text into saying something IT DOES NOT!

532 posted on 02/24/2015 11:13:30 AM PST by Elsie
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To: Ge0ffrey
Mary’s YES is the most significant YES of any human that has ever lived or ever will live.

Mary’s YES is a TOTAL fabrication of the Roman Organization!

Wake up and READ!!!

533 posted on 02/24/2015 11:15:56 AM PST by Elsie
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To: Elsie

Thank you! I’ve been screaming the same thing to myself all morning.


534 posted on 02/24/2015 11:18:34 AM PST by bonfire
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To: elhombrelibre
People can call the largest Christian faith the Whore of Babylon, but it’s personal if I call them ignorant and arrogant. Makes sense.

Good!

You are FINALLY seeing the difference.

535 posted on 02/24/2015 11:18:36 AM PST by Elsie
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To: Elsie; Ge0ffrey
The single greatest YES statement ever made. Nothing else to compare it with:

When Jesus said yes to the Father....saying, "Father, if You are willing, remove this cup from Me; yet not My will, but Yours be done."

....that is THE MOST SIGNIFICANT YES the entire universe will ever have. It tops anything Mary, you, me, or anyone else could ever do.

To try and equate Mary with this displays a lack of understanding of the Word and Who Jesus really is and what He's done for us.

536 posted on 02/24/2015 11:23:03 AM PST by ealgeone
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Comment #537 Removed by Moderator

Comment #538 Removed by Moderator

To: Elsie

I’m only seeing that you think this is a website for you to bash a religion with bigotry.


539 posted on 02/24/2015 1:15:37 PM PST by elhombrelibre (Against Obama. Against Putin. Pro-freedom. Pro-US Constitution.)
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To: elhombrelibre; Religion Moderator

The Religion Moderator is protestant and a friend of management and can do no wrong.

So if you sneeze in the direction of a prot you will be zotted.

On the other hand prots can insult Catholics with impunity and not even a slap on the wrist.

That’s why I occasionally jump in just to make fin of them.


540 posted on 02/24/2015 3:28:49 PM PST by LurkingSince'98 (Ad Majoram Dei Gloriam = FOR THE GREATER GLORY OF GOD)
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