Roman historical sources of crucifixions, Persian documentation, archeological evidence, Roman graffito, sigh, years and years of study of Archeology of Rome and the ANE. Including 2 years as president of one of the largest AIA chapters in the country.
The primary sources you list are 4th Cent or later. The others I will have to check for context. J. Gardner Wilkinson - LOL well at least you aren’t using Budge, but Wilkinson is close. Dr. Schliemann isn’t used much anymore.
I’m not doing your homework for you but start with John RW Stott for sources, and do some real academic research. Search AJA for crucifixion and you will see some REAL evidence.
sources for 4 crucified not two? Your response really sounds like JW, pseudo-archeology junk.
I think don’t a Bible student would use archeology to prove something in the Bible. The innerant Word of God needs no outside proof. “Cross” used in the N.T. ‘stauro’ means a stake or stick. You can’t explain that away. Regardless what trinketts or sketches one may find, a Bible student will take the trust in the Bible, always trying to get back to the original inspired Word of God.
Here is why I believe the horrible weapon of torture and death used on our Lord was a pole.
Mat. 19:31 The Jews therefore, because it was the preparation that the bodies should not remain upon the cross on the sabbath day, (for that sabbath day was an high day), besought Pilate that their legs might be broken, and that they might be taken away.
A grown man stretched out on a ‘traditional’ cross when his legs are broken the weight being tranfered to the hands/palms/wrist would just tear out if not redistributed with a rope or belt but not quickening death. But a man being crucified as reported in the Bible (hands stretched tight above his head, when you break his legs breathing would be reduced eponentially and suffocation would come quickly. With your traditional weapon that record in the Scriptures makes now sense, with the true weapon, a stake or stick, makes perfect sense. More importantly brother, he gave up his life before his legs could be broken which would have been contrary to prophesy, and we know he always did God’s will and lived a sinless life so we could receive everlasting life in paradise with him and other like us. God bless you.