Generation Wrecked

Ten years ago grunge musicians and college-age Cassandras who had never held a day job preached that corporate America would crush their generation's soul and leave them without a pension plan. Films like Singles and Reality Bites chronicled their transition from college graduate to Gap salesclerk.

A few years later the core of Generation X--the 40 million Americans born between 1966 and 1975--found themselves riding the wildest economic bull ever. Salesclerks became programmers; coffee slingers morphed into experts in Java (computerese, that is)--all flush with stock options and eye-popping salaries. Now that the thrill ride is over, Gen X's plight seems particularly bruising. No generation since the Depression has been set up for failure like this. Everything the dot-com boom delivered has been taken away--and then some. Real wages are falling, wealth continues to shift from younger to older, and education costs are surging. Worse yet, for some Gen Xers, their peak earning years are behind them. Buried in college and credit card debt, a lot of them won't be able to catch up as they approach their prime spending years.

FORTUNE recently encountered the bitter and (now) experienced voice of Generation X in a chain restaurant in suburban Dallas. Age 32 and piercing-free, Karen Doss has found out that the alternative rockers were right. To pay for college she worked full-time as a secretary at Pillsbury world headquarters. After graduation in 1993, she accepted her sole job offer as an advertising copywriter, even though she despised the industry. She finally quit last year to get her real estate license so that she could better support her husband while he fulfills his dream of owning a bar.

Halfway to pension age, she has just $5,000 in a 401(k) and $20,000 in home equity. Ideally, someone her age should have at least $100,000 stashed away. "I don't have a corporate pension, and they aren't what they were," she says. "Social Security is obsolete and ineffective. And I already know that I'm going to have to have a private health-care plan. I'm angry that I can't seem to get a break."

Yes, yes, yes, we know what you're thinking. The free-spending slackers have only themselves to blame, since the dot-com boom should have made them rich for life. On the surface that's true. A 30-year-old today is 50% more likely to have a bachelor's degree than his counterpart in 1974 and earns $5,000 more a year, adjusted for inflation. But that's where the good news stops. He also has more in student loans and credit card debt, is less likely to own a home, and is just as likely to be unemployed. His salary probably topped out during the boom, whereas his predecessor's rose throughout his career. Social Security will start to evaporate as he turns 50--or before, if the lockbox gets raided--so he'll have to depend almost completely on his own savings for retirement. The comparison with a 30-year-old in 1984 isn't any rosier.

Gen X "has done worse than their parents have done according to a number of dimensions, like net worth and home ownership," says Edward Wolff, a New York University economist who studies trends in income and wealth. In a recent paper Wolff notes that young households lay claim to a smaller percentage of total U.S. wealth than they did in 1989.

Additionally, the inflation-adjusted median net worth of a Gen X household ($9,000) is lower than that of a comparable household in 1989, according to the Federal Reserve's Survey of Consumer Finances.

Silicon Valley and Manhattan aren't the only stomping grounds for disgruntled young professionals. FORTUNE interviewed more than 50 Gen Xers in Dallas, Louisville, and Seattle, with jobs ranging from construction manager to software engineer (see table). Battered by the economy and the bad luck of being born between Madonna and Britney Spears, they're Generation Wrecked.

The kids who toted STAR WARS lunchboxes are the most highly educated generation in American history: Almost 60% of Gen Xers have some college education, and 6.6% have graduate school degrees. The Census Bureau calls their pursuit of higher education the "Big Payoff," since historically a college-educated full-time worker earns 1.8 times more over his lifetime than a high school graduate.

When you can't find a job or pay your student loans, though, college can seem like the Big Rip-Off. Today, the median student loan debt is at its highest level ever, $17,000, compared with $2,000 when the baby-boomers were in their 20s. According to educational lender Nellie Mae, graduating students average $20,402 in combined student loans and credit card debt. Those who have borrowed to pay for professional school, especially doctors and lawyers, are increasingly likely to have immense debt that is not reflected in proportionately higher salaries. Twenty-eight percent of those surveyed by Nellie Mae had combined undergraduate and graduate student debt of more than $30,000, and for 22%, their loan payments ate up more than one-fifth of their monthly income.

After midnight at a young professionals party in Louisville, Steve Flores, 31, and his wife, Jessica, 32, mingle, while the rest of the revelers line up for last call. Steve is a communications specialist for the party's sponsor, Brown-Forman, the big distiller. While working full-time, he is also pursuing an MBA. Although Steve worked to help pay for college, five years after graduation he has $40,000 of undergraduate debt to pay off; Jessica, an art therapist and professional harpist, has $50,000 in student loans. "I haven't started paying back my student loans for undergrad because they're deferred. I'm not taking any student loans for grad school," Steve says. He isn't so jovial when he thinks about the total tab. "We're dreading the day we actually have to start paying."

Those Big Payoff estimates rely on what 50-year-old college graduates make today to guess what 50-year-olds will make 20 years from now. That's not all that useful. "Whereas their parents experienced rising wages over their lifetime, Generation X may not. So college may have been a bad investment," says Wolff, the NYU economist. Adds Bruce Tulgan, a Gen Xer and founder of RainmakerThinking, a consultancy that studies labor trends: "I had a college president say to me, 'I don't know how much longer I can pull this off because people will start to ask, Is it worth this much money to be that much smarter?' "

A common misconception is that Gen Xers left college to find work in the dot-com go-go years. Not so. In fact, the climate in which they began working--the late '80s and early '90s--was pretty similar to today's: an economic downturn followed by a jobless recovery. Gen Xers managed to survive in that environment by denouncing long-held workplace tenets like corporate loyalty.

It would take a skilled cartographer to map 28-year-old David Li's convoluted dash through org charts at both big and small companies. After college in 1996, Li started out as an analyst for Accenture, worked as a health-care IT consultant for two other firms, and then became CTO of Claimshop.com, a medical claims processor.

Now, unemployed for a year and living in Dallas, Li says, "I'm not really looking for an entry-level position. But I need to realize that the job market now is a lot tighter than it had been when I first graduated from school." He's looking at jobs that pay around $50,000, 40% below the salary he was collecting at Claimshop. "I'm just hoping for something more along the lines of what you would normally expect to see from someone who has been out of school for four to five years."

Li will probably find a job--at 6%, the unemployment rate among Gen Xers is around the national average--but he and others are discovering that previous experience means next to nothing. Jenifer Garcia is temping as a bartender in Seattle after having worked as a hardware tester for Intel, a programmer for MSN, and a manager for Barnes & Noble's online division. Now the 29-year-old is applying for a full-time file clerk position again. "I feel like I'm 18 again, and not in a good way. I've gone through all of my savings and moved back in with my mom."

Even some of Seattle's dot-com winners have been humbled. Across town in a tonier part of Seattle, Rachel Best-Campbell and Alex Campbell bought their $700,000 house with proceeds from Alex's stock options. They sold most of their shares of Cache Flow, now known as Blue Coat Systems, at $96. (The company's stock now trades at $3, after a recent reverse split.) The Campbells' luck dried up in April, when Alex was laid off, rehired as a contractor without benefits, then rehired yet again as a full-time employee but at a lower level.

After months of wondering whether Alex would have a job, Rachel feels no guilt about getting rich during the boom. "Clearly someone out there had $96 to pay for that share of stock, and they wanted it, and they bought it. My dad likes to say, 'My 25-year-old daughter--she's retired now.'"

Those who didn't fulfill their early-retirement dreams in the late '90s are beginning to realize that they may be in the workforce longer than their parents. "You don't find many 65-year-olds working in advertising, so at some point the money must get good enough for people to retire. I don't know," says Luke Blackburn, a 32-year-old senior manager at a Louisville advertising firm. Luke has a house--he used money he received as a gift for a down payment--but little in the way of retirement savings. (Total: $0. He should have $50,000. Although he and Doss are the same age, his savings estimate is less since his living expenses are lower.) "I don't see much future return for investments, either stock or even Social Security benefits. I plan for the kids, but there's not much room for extra." Luke doesn't have a financial planner either. "The brokers only call you if they think you have money," he says. "They started calling me when they saw my job promotion announced in the newspaper."

At least the brokers' attempts aren't laughable. At a recent Department of Labor summit, a group of the country's top economists, politicians, and marketers decided that the best way to get Generation X to plan for retirement was through targeted advertising campaigns. Slogans included "It's your money, it's your choice, and it's your future," "Save for independence day," and "Wazzup." Whatever.

Instead of creating catch phrases, the government should focus on creating retirement options that give Gen Xers --and baby-boomers too, for that matter--the flexibility to withdraw money from their accounts if they're temporarily unemployed, starting a business, or just taking time out, say financial planners. Most important, the retirement accounts need to be portable to match the winding job paths of Gen Xers.

A New York Life Investment Management survey of high-net-worth Gen Xers found that the respondents thought they needed $2 million to retire. Not even close, says Beverly Moore, who conducted the study. A Gen Xer who makes $100,000 and wants to retire at 59 needs $7.3 million net of taxes to sustain that lifestyle. (That means saving $2,600 a month and assumes an 8% return.) The truth of the matter is that very few Gen Xers are saving enough to reach even the $2 million benchmark.

And a return to economic good times doesn't guarantee that most Gen Xers will reach that level. Remember that many of the problems that existed in the early '90s including falling real wages and the slow disappearance of the middle class, weren't erased by the boom. In the case of wages, they only inched up during the dot-com years. (Economists are still trying to figure out why they didn't rise more. One possibility: the influx of skilled foreign labor.) And of the wealth the boom created, the richest households gobbled up a disproportionate amount.

Back in Dallas, Karen Doss says she's angry that she hasn't been able to rely on family, an employer, or the government to help with her future. "The biggest problem with Social Security is that we have no control," she says. "Sure, you can put your money away, but Enron will not go away, and there is going to be another WorldCom. [Corporate America] will still lie and steal our money."

So is Karen prepared? On this subject, she does her best slacker impression. "I can't even tell you how much I have in my 401(k), and I have two of them floating out there with companies. I'm just going to hope it works out at this point. I just wanna die young so I don't have to deal with it."

One of the problems with my generation, the Gen Xer's, is that we were raised with the "me, me, me" and "now, now, now" mentality. Far to many of us are overloaded with material goods because we want it now and have saddled ourselves with massive debt instead of putting of instant pleasure for a secure and happy future.

How many of you know Gen Xers who drive $35K to $40K cars and SUVS because they are the cool car to have. Have all the newest and latest expensive electrical gadgets. Have giant TVs and stereos. Like to take exotic and expensive vacations. And then bitch that they don't have any money and their bills are too much.

No wonder that personal bankruptcy is at record highs the past 5 years.

"I had a college president say to me, 'I don't know how much longer I can pull this off because people will start to ask, Is it worth this much money to be that much smarter?' "

Everybody goes to college today because the schools push it. But when you come to think about, many jobs can be done without a college education. As for the above quote about being that much smarter -- are college students that much smarter given what a college education comprises today?

It's pretty sad when you spend a bundle on college and can't get a job in your field or have to settle for a crappy one. Guess it's time to sit down and do some hard thinking about whether an expensive college education is worth it in the long run.

A few years later the core of Generation X--the 40 million Americans born between 1966 and 1975--found themselves riding the wildest economic bull ever.

First of all, this is NOT the time span for Gen Xers. We are the children of the Baby boomers and I know they had more kids outside a 9 year span. It more like either 1980 or 1989 for the end date. But that is for another thread.

That being said, I find this to be more Gen X griping. I am just waiting for once, just once, for people my age to start complaining about high taxes and point to the obvious fact that the only real difference between us and out parents is that we will pay more taxes over our lifetime. Maybe thats why you don't have any savings?

Anyway, things are not as bad as they seem. I can't imagine my generation xers living during the Great Depression.

'I don't know how much longer I can pull this off because people will start to ask, Is it worth this much money to be that much smarter?'

You know, I've been waiting for this to become an issue, too. The only sector of the economy where there's been huge inflation in recent years is in education costs. They've gotten so outrageous ($25K for the big-name schools) I've been expecting to hear protests.

And when you think of the "education" that so many schools offer--in the humanities it's little more than PC agitprop.

I'm a Gen X (1971) and I'm always complaining about my high taxes. I just started making "real" money about 3 years ago (after working in my career for 10 years) and I still can't believe how much I pay in taxes every month. Seriously, between taxes, health Insurance and 401K, I had almost as much cash as when I was cocktailing (and having more fun too!)

Libertarian attitudes hasnt caused a massive growth in government over the past 30 years Willie.

Sure it has.
Gen-X's short attentions spans and confused priorities led to low participation at the polls, laissez-faire tolerance of Klintoon and Algore's junk-science, and political hyperinflation of the dotbomb bubble.

It's pretty sad when you spend a bundle on college and can't get a job in your field or have to settle for a crappy one. Guess it's time to sit down and do some hard thinking about whether an expensive college education is worth it in the long run.

Another aspect of the college tuition scam is that it represents, in effect, a privately-imposed tax on the middle class primarily for the benefit of minorities and the poor.

Proof lies in the stats that show how few students actually pay (directly or through accumulating debt) the tuition at these schools. Minority students are offered admission over similar- or better-qualified middle-class students, and then the favored students are offered a 'free ride' on top. Therefore the middle-class students' debt effectively pays for the favored students' education, explaining (at least in part) the dramatic rise in tuition levels (compared with underlying inflation) over the past 20 years.

So -- the parents of these middle-class kids, having fought to save after-tax dollars after supporting, through their heavy taxes, social experiments and other wealth transfer schemes, receive a preverse 'thank-you' from colleges that strip those family savings and in effect transfer the wealth again.

So -- when will parents wise up and thumb their nose at the whole system?

Another aspect of the college tuition scam is that it represents, in effect, a privately-imposed tax on the middle class primarily for the benefit of minorities and the poor.

So -- when will parents wise up and thumb their nose at the whole system?

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