Posted on 02/18/2002 12:59:05 PM PST by RightWhale
http://www.observer.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,6903,651829,00.html
How star blasts forged mankind
Cosmic radiation two million years ago had a crucial impact on our evolution
Robin McKie
Sunday February 17, 2002
The Observer
They are the most destructive events in the universe, vast eruptions that rip apart stars and blast radiation across space.
But supernovae may also play constructive roles in the cosmos - recent scientific research has revealed that these stellar annihilations had a crucial impact on human evolution.
Two million years ago, just as the Earth's primitive apemen were evolving into big-brained humans, a pair of supernovae explosions occurred near Earth.
Our planet was buffeted with blasts of radiation - with devastating effects. 'These supernovae would have blown away our protective ozone layer,' said Dr Narciso Benítez, of Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore.
'Earth lost its protection against ultraviolet solar rays and for several hundred years the planet would have been battered by intense radiation. All sorts of mutational damage to animals' DNA would have occurred. New species could have emerged as a result. It is possible Homo sapiens may have been one of these.'
A supernova occurs when a hot, dense star burns up its fuel too quickly and suddenly implodes, generating shock waves and intense blasts of radiation across space. When a supernova explodes, it outshines all the other 200 billion stars that make up our galaxy, the Milky Way.
The likely impact of a supernova's radiation led scientists in the past to speculate that one may have affected evolution on Earth. But calculations indicated that fields of interstellar gas would have dissipated a supernova's radiation and blunted its impact.
However, Benítez and his colleague, Dr Jesús Maíz-Apellániz, of the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, now believe that at least two supernovae occurred near Earth two million years ago. The first would have blasted space free of interstellar particles; the second would have struck Earth at full force, destroying its ozone layer.
'Supernovae are very rare. So two such explosions occurring relatively close together might seem unlikely. However, we have discovered that around this time a group of hot, dense young stars - just the type that turn supernova - passed relatively close to Earth,' said Maíz-Apellániz.
'Some of this group - known as the Sco-Cen group - would have got within 100 light years of us, which, astronomically, is not a great distance. Our calculations suggest that two or three of these exploded as supernovae.'
In short, Earth was hit by an astronomical double whammy - though the discovery that supernova-prone stars passed near Earth two million years ago does not, on its own, provide complete proof, as the two scientists admit.
However, further support for the theory, to be published in Physical Review Letters next week, has been found by scientists studying samples of sediments from the Pacific ocean floor. German researchers recently uncovered an isotope of iron known as iron-60 in ocean bed samples laid down about two million years ago. 'Iron-60 is made by only one thing in nature - a supernova,' said Benitez. 'A supernova sprays space with many different elements.
Many are rare - like iron-60. These particles hit our atmosphere and settle like a thin layer of dust over the planet.' Intriguingly, the iron-60 layer found by the German group did not come from a single supernova but appeared to come from a number of them. 'Different layers seem to have fallen at different times, but all around two million years ago,' said Benítez.
In addition, observations of space around our Sun have revealed that unlike the rest of the galaxy, space near us has little interstellar gas in it. 'Essentially it is missing much of its dust and gas - just as if a supernova had cleaned it out,' added Maíz-Apellániz.
In other words, our tiny corner of the galaxy appears to have been swept clean by a supernova brush about two million years ago. Intriguingly, at just this time, a set of extinctions - known as the Pliocene/Pleistocene extinctions - is also known to have occurred.
Geologists have found that plankton and molluscs were wiped out in vast numbers and that land animals and plants were also affected. 'We now think these creatures were killed off because Earth's ozone was blasted away by two or more supernovae,' said Benítez.
'There would have been no protection against the Sun's intense ultraviolet radiation. All sorts of changes could have resulted.'
It was also around this time that mankind's direct ancestor, Homo erectus, the species considered to be the first true human being, appeared in Africa and Asia after replacing more primitive ape-like creatures such as Australopithecus africanus. These beings may have been some of the lucky few who were able to advantage of conditions in these hazardous, radioactive times. This triumph only occurred thanks to this celestial intervention, however.
'It is a very interesting idea,' said Professor Chris Stringer, of the Natural History Museum in London. 'Certainly, quite a number of extinctions around this period. At the same time, Homo erectus was beginning to make its way in the world.
'However, we would have to tie down the datings of the supernovae eruptions and also the dates that the layers of the iron-60 were deposited before we could start to take such an idea seriously as a cause of the changes we see in the fossil records'.
That's pretty funny. But I agree with what you wrote (even though I'm not sure you do yourself). We're just an unknown blip in the universe, doomed to fret and storm our hour on the stage and then to disappear unlamented for all eternity. No one knows we're here. No one cares. There's no purpose to our existence (though it seems to me that we're all a little happier when we help someone else.)
Body hair?
Bump for later.
Then, theorectically, I should be able to survive the next supernovae blast. =^)
But who would I procreate with? I shudder to think. =^(
Is iron-60 radioactive? Is UV radiation
considered radioactive? Or is this a
mistake?
Ho, hum. Wonder where science will be next year. At least the Bible still reads the same as it did way back when I was in college.
That was a guess but, if true, you don't have enough body hair to survive another blast.
If you stripped all of the ozone from the atmosphere today, the UV light from the sun would replace it very quickly. UV light makes ozone (O3) by splitting oxygen molecules (O2) into atomic oxygen (O) which quickly re-combine to form ozone. This paper suggests that the ozone layer was "blasted" away, which implies a shock wave. (rather than radiation) If he is suggesting a shock wave, then why would it only take the ozone layer? What about the rest of the atmosphere? If the density of the dust and gas in the shockwave was high enough to strip away the ozone layer, it would also deposit huge amounts of dust and gas into the atmosphere.
The asteroid theory of mass extinctions claims that dust in the upper atmosphere blotted out the sunlight, causing plants and the rest of the food chain to collapse. The shock wave remnant of a supernova would contain lots of dust and gas, and due to its velocity, lots of that dust (including Iron 60) would be dumped into the upper atmosphere, causing global extinction by the same method as the asteroid impact. (No need to invoke the ozone layer and UV light to explain this one)
SPF-2200 sunscreen fortified with Iron-60 maybe?
Probably made from bannana mush and mud.
Not even if you end up dating Rogue, Storm or Mystique?
Hopefully not any more Star Blast Gum,that stuff is aweful,can't even blow square bubbles with it.
Gamma,I'm late for my Lunar morphology class,got to jet!
However, if those should be the mutants we're talking about, I suppose I could hang around.
I just want to know who the weisenheimer is that keeps taking bites out of the moon.
Revelation 12
3. Then another sign appeared in heaven: an enormous red dragon with seven heads and ten horns and seven crowns on his heads.
4. His tail swept a third of the stars out of the sky and flung them to the earth. The dragon stood in front of the woman who was about to give birth, so that he might devour her child the moment it was born.
5. She gave birth to a son, a male child, who will rule all the nations with an iron scepter. And her child was snatched up to God and to his throne.
6. The woman fled into the desert to a place prepared for her by God, where she might be taken care of for 1,260 days.
7. And there was war in heaven. Michael and his angels fought against the dragon, and the dragon and his angels fought back.
8. But he was not strong enough, and they lost their place in heaven.
9. The great dragon was hurled down--that ancient serpent called the devil, or Satan, who leads the whole world astray. He was hurled to the earth, and his angels with him.
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