Please meet the USS Princeton, CVL-23, sunk by land based Japanese bomber during the Battle of Leyte Gulf (1944):
Yes, it was the only one, unless you count kamikazes.
Kamikazes sunk three escort carriers, Bismark Sea, Ommaney Bay and Saint Lo.
The closet that a fleet carrier came to being sunk by land based aircraft was the USS Ben Franklin. Only miraculously super human effort kept her afloat.