Posted on 04/16/2009 9:05:38 AM PDT by AreaMan
Don't Sleep, There Are Snakes: Life and Language in the Amazonian Jungle
Daniel L. Everett
Pantheon
The Pirahã are the "Show me!" tribe of the Brazilian Amazon. They don't bother with fiction or tall tales or even oral history. They have little art. They don't have a creation myth and don't want one. If they can't see it, hear it, touch it or taste it, they don't believe in it.
Missionaries have been preaching to the Pirahãs for 200 years and have converted not one. Everett did not know this when he first visited them in 1977 at age 26. A missionary and a linguist, he was sent to learn their language, translate the Bible for them, and ultimately bring them to Christ.
Instead, they brought him to atheism. "The Pirahãs have shown me that there is dignity and deep satisfaction in facing life and death without the comfort of heaven or the fear of hell and in sailing toward the great abyss with a smile."
Not that they have escaped religion entirely. Spirits live everywhere and may even caution or lecture them at times. But these spirits are visible to the Pirahãs, if not to Everett and his family, who spent 30 years, on and off, living with the tribe.
But they don't have marriage or funeral ceremonies. Cohabitation suffices as the wedding announcement and divorce is accomplished just as simply, though there may be more noise involved. Sexual mores are governed by common sense rather than stricture, which means that single people have sex at will while married people are more circumspect.
People are sometimes buried with their possessions, which are few, and larger people are often buried sitting "because this requires less digging." But there is no ritual for each family to follow.
"Perhaps the activity closest to ritual among the Pirahãs is their dancing. Dances bring the village together. They are often marked by promiscuity, fun, laughing, and merriment by the entire village. There are no musical instruments involved, only singing, clapping, and stomping of feet."
Everett's language studies began without benefit of dictionary or primer. None of the Pirahãs spoke any English or more than the most rudimentary Portuguese. (Among their many eccentricities is their total lack of interest in any facet of any other culture including tools or language — not that they won't use tools, like canoes, they just won't make them or absorb them into their culture.)
Amazingly, "Pirahã is not known to be related to any other living human language."
At first it seems rather deprived. There are only 11 phonemes (speech sounds). There are no numbers, no words for colors. No words for please, thank you or sorry. There are, however, tones, whistles and clicks. And the language comes in three forms — regular plus Humming speech and Yelling speech.
Over the years, Everett comes to the conclusion that the Pirahã language reflects and arises from their culture in its directness, immediacy and simplicity. Ultimately he defies Noam Chomsky's theory of Universal Grammar (Pirahã lacks a basic requirement) and starts a firestorm in the linguistics field. Everett alludes mildly to this in the book, but a little Internet browsing will leave readers shocked — shocked! — at the way linguists talk to one another.
There are plenty of anecdotes involving the reader in Everett's adventures, hardships, terrors, epiphanies and the pure strangeness of daily life with a people who live in the immediate present and whose most common "good night" is "Don't sleep, there are snakes." (sound sleep is dangerous and, besides, toughening themselves is a strong cultural value — foodless days are also common).
Fascinating as both anthropological memoir and linguistic study, Everett's book will appeal to those interested in very not-North American cultures and in the ways people shape language and it shapes us.
It's a book that rouses a sense of wonder and gives rise to even more questions than it answers.
Lynn Harnett, of Kittery, Maine, writes book reviews for Seacoast Sunday. She can be reached at lynnharnett@gmail.com.
Hmmm. True, but usually you don’t hear the voices until you try to stop. And then there’s the spiders, too...
This reads like a fiction ala Margaret Mead. I’ll wait for a more authoritative source.
No, I think the take-home message is that atheism (except for spirits in the rocks) is superior to our puny Bible. We, too, could aspire to the heights of their enviable “civilization.” If only we weren’t so backwards.
Precisely. This IS modern liberalism. God is dead, but we believe in spirits. Do what feels good. Shared misery of living in the now.
Not a word about child rearing. I’ll bet that’s illuminating. And of course, the educated ‘missionary’ that’s been there for 30 years - he’s been converted.
If it isn’t good for me, then its no good. Rather than create habitation that protects you, and your children, from snakes, you don’t sleep.
This is proof Darwin’s an idiot. These people should be extinct. They literally don’t have the sense that God gave the snakes that kill them from time to time.
“Sexual mores are governed by common sense rather than stricture”
The writer seems to have a very shallow understanding of cultures and societies. It was the introduction of “stricture”, monogamy, ceremony and rules that brought animal-like sexual behavior that helped society greatly advance. “Common sense” sexual behavior is actually high risk for disease and increases risk to children as well as puts the female in a risky, uncertain position of having to take care of self and child. Jealousies and competition for mates would reduce effort devoted to other productive activities. It is just one of the reasons that a society has stayed small and not progressed over the course of several thousand years during which nearly all other human societies have grown, developed and thrived.
Some successful culture, huh.
...And the language comes in three forms — regular (for social discourse occasions) plus Humming speech (for the dating rituals) and Yelling speech (for marriage, after dating)...
And, I'll bet, here's why he converted...
Sexual mores are governed by common sense rather than stricture
I’ve just finished a book by the Peruvian writer Vargas Llosa titled “The Story Teller” about such a tribe. There are some 30 tribes in the Peruvian jungle speaking their own languages.
For two generations hundreds of evangelical missionaries from the USA have lived with these tribes for the purpose of learning their languages, creating dictionaries and grammars, and translating the Bible into each language. Everett is at the quirky end of the curve. Most of these missionaries are dedicated people whose own faith is secure.
These indigenous languages are especially interesting in how they handle time. The tribe Vargas Llosa wrote about conflated the present and past tenses. Others seem to reverse present and future in a strange way that produces great patience.
It is
That's precisely why I always have a sandwich handy.
L
You’re welcome! The culture of the South American riberenos is pretty basic (according to P.J. O’Rourke, as well as the author under discussion presently), but they’re eons ahead of these natives.
Exactly ... non-survival of the non-fittest in action, no matter how attractive it might be to some giddy Western males. (Until they catch the Crud, of course.)
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