Posted on 05/13/2005 9:34:52 AM PDT by FreedomCalls
A battery with a lifespan measured in decades is in development at the University of Rochester, as scientists demonstrate a new fabrication method that in its roughest form is already 10 times more efficient than current nuclear batteries—and has the potential to be nearly 200 times more efficient.
Our society is placing ever-higher demands for power from all kinds of devices,” says Philippe Fauchet, professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of Rochester and co-author of the research. “For 50 years, people have been investigating converting simple nuclear decay into usable energy, but the yields were always too low. We’ve found a way to make the interaction much more efficient, and we hope these findings will lead to a new kind of battery that can pump out energy for years.”
The technology is geared toward applications where power is needed in inaccessible places or under extreme conditions. Since the battery should be able to run reliably for more than 10 years without recharge or replacement, it would be perfect for medical devices like pacemakers, implanted defibrillators, or other implanted devices that would otherwise require surgery to replace or repair. Likewise, deep-space probes or deep-sea sensors, which are beyond the reach of repair, also would benefit from such technology.
Betavoltaics, the method that the new battery uses, has been around for half a century, but its usefulness was limited due to its low energy yields. The new battery technology makes its successful gains by dramatically increasing the surface area where the current is produced. Instead of attempting to invent new, more reactive materials, Fauchet’s team focused on turning the regular material’s flat surface into a three-dimensional one.
Similar to the way solar panels work by catching photons from the sun and turning them into current, the science of betavoltaics uses silicon to capture electrons emitted from a radioactive gas, such as tritium, to form a current. As the electrons strike a special pair of layers called a “p-n junction,” a current results. What’s held these batteries back is the fact that so little current is generated—much less than a conventional solar cell. Part of the problem is that as particles in the tritium gas decay, half of them shoot out in a direction that misses the silicon altogether. It’s analogous to the sun’s rays pouring down onto the ground, but most of the rays are emitted from the sun in every direction other than at the Earth. Fauchet decided that to catch more of the radioactive decay, it would be best not to use a flat collecting surface of silicon, but one with deep pits.
A layer of silicon riddled with pits, each of which would fill with the radioactive tritium gas, would be like dropping the sun into a deep well lined with solar panels. Almost all of the sun’s rays, no matter which way they were emitted, would strike a well wall. Only those rays that fired straight up and out of the well would be lost. With this reasoning, Fauchet devised a method to excavate pits into a microscopic piece of silicon.
The pits, or wells, are only about a micron wide (about four ten-thousandths of an inch), but are more than 40 microns deep. After the wells are “dug” with an etching technique, their insides are coated with a material to form a p-n junction just a tenth of a micron thick, which is the best thickness to induce a current. The Advanced Materials paper details how these wells were dug in a random fashion, yielding a 10-fold increase in current over the conventional design. The team is already working on a technique to create and line the wells in a much more uniform, lattice formation that should increase the energy produced by as much as 160-fold over current technology.
“Our ultimate design has roughly 160 times the surface area of the conventional, flat design,” says Fauchet. “We expect to be able to get an efficiency that very nearly matches, and we’re doing this using standard semiconductor industry fabrication techniques.”
Houston-based BetaBatt Inc. has formed to capitalize on the technology, and has recently been awarded a technology commercialization grant by the National Science Foundation (NSF). NSF funded the initial research as well. Collaborators on this research included one of Fauchet’s graduate students, Wei Sun, Nazir Kherani from the University of Toronto, Karl Hirschman from Rochester Institute of Technology, and Larry Gadeken from BetaBatt, Inc.
Very cool, since it uses Tritium, it would be idea for use on the moon.
Cool!
So when can a 600v battery with a 15 year lifetime that is the size of a shoebox be ready?
In all seriousness this does sound interesting. I would have like to read some results of what is possible in the voltage current range.
want one of these in a pacemaker so i can glow in the dark.... LOL
and after the battery goes dead in ten years it is disposed of how?
Betavoltaics, the method that the new battery uses, has been around for half a century, but its usefulness was limited due to its low energy yields.
From what I read in another article, though, the last sentence is the catch. It produces for a long period of time, but the electrical output is miniscule, and because this particular improvement in question already converts virtually all of the energy to electricity, there is little hope that a significantly greater output could be achieved from the levels that are now being produced by this improved technology. Nevertheless, it may be useful in some applications that don't require much power, such as those mentioned.
And to stylin_geek I also say, "cool".
The same way as with your tritum sights in your pistol, or your wristwatch. The tritium eventually peters out into normal hydrogen or inert deuterium.
Seems dangerous, but from the other article I read, it's not. The radiation is produced by tritium, and it's such a low level of radiation that it can be completely contained by a very thin container, such as one made out of paper.
I wonder what kind of improvement you could see by using an isotope with a higher beta flux than tritum...
Don't know much about it, but that's a good question. This other article stated that the reason tritium is used is that it produces electrons in the process of beta decay. I'm not sure if it's the only element that does that, or if other elements might do the same.
I suppose you can stick it in a nuclear reactor and reprocess it (i.e. "recharge" if you will).
Oh, did you mean another isotope of hydrogen? Is there another isotope other than deuterium? Obviously, deuterium wouldn't get you there.
Would it be possible to wrap these surfaces around into a tiny geodesic "buckyball", as envisioned by Buckminster Fuller? The fissioning material is admitted through a gap left on side, and the decay product is permitted to exit on another side gap elsewhere on the nanostructure "buckyball".
What happens if there's a motor vehicle accident?
I'll stick to the internal combustion engine, thanks.
I holding out for a Mr. Fusion.
Beta decay, by definition, involves electron emission. Electrons are also called "beta particles".
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