The FReeper Foxhole Remembers The Black Hawk War (1832) - Aug. 26th, 2003

www.il.ngb.army.mil ^

[SAMWolf]

Lord,

Keep our Troops forever in your care

Give them victory over the enemy...

Grant them a safe and swift return...

Bless those who mourn the lost.
.

FReepers from the Foxhole join in prayer
for all those serving their country at this time.

God Bless America
...................................................................................... ...........................................

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The Black Hawk War

By the spring of 1782, independence from Britain was won in Illinois country and the duties of the Illinois militia turned toward protection of settlements from Indian attacks. Illinois became part of the Northwest Territory in 1787 and in 1809, Illinois Territory was formed, with two counties: Saint Clair and Randolph. A military department was established under the acting governor, Nathaniel Pope, and militia regiments and companies were organized throughout the territory. Four Illinois Militia regiments were organized prior to the War of 1812. The First and Third Regiments were formed in Randolph County. These regiments included two battalions of militia troops. The Second Regiment consisted of three battalions, organized in Saint Clair County. The Fourth Regiment was formed by militiamen along the Wabash River and maintained two battalions. Illinois Territory became the 21st state to join the Union on December 3, 1818, authorized by President James Monroe, and the Illinois Militia was organized to correspond to the new state boundaries.

Though Illinois had come a long way from its early days under French rule, there was still mounting concern over conflict between whites and Indians. After 1783,

...pressures from land companies and prominent speculators, as well as the Indian-hating sentiments along the frontiers, fueled the government’s drive to secure Indian acceptance of the American land demands.

Between 1784 and 1789, government negotiation coerced Indian leaders in the East and in the Northwest Territory into signing a number of cession treaties, reducing the Indians’ land base and resources.

...[T]hese treaties were usually negotiated by the government, the insufficient authority or misrepresentation of many of the Indian individuals who signed the treaties, and the enormous loss of lands and resources resulting from the cessions caused the majority of Indian people to denounce the agreements.


MA-CA-TAI-ME-SHE-KIA-KIAK
Chief Black Hawk

The Black Hawk War, named for the leader of a band of Sauk and Fox Indians, was the result of government cession of lands in Illinois. Black Hawk was born in 1761 on the banks of the Rock River to the Sauk Indian tribe. As a young man, Black Hawk fought under Tecumseh in the War of 1812, and had formed an early dislike of United States policy regarding Indians. His feelings intensified when, on July 10, 1830, Sauk Chief Keokuk sold 26,500,000 acres of Sauk land east of the Mississippi to the United States government for three cents an acre. Part of the agreement included the selling of the village at the junction of the Rock River and the Mississippi River, a village that had been the home of Black Hawk’s band of Sauk and Fox Indians for over 150 years. Black Hawk and his followers did not sanction the sale of their lands, and when Black Hawk’s band returned from their hunt in the fall of 1830 to find whites occupying their village, they were determined to regain their homes. Fearful whites called upon Governor John Reynolds, who issued a proclamation calling out a mounted volunteer militia force to repel Black Hawk and his band. Illinois settlers volunteered to undertake this task, which ended in Black Hawk’s retreat across the river.




On April 6, 1832 Black Hawk, along with 1000 men, women and children, came back across the Mississippi into Illinois. The band proceeded up the Rock River in an attempt to reclaim their homeland, causing many settlers to flee. The governor of Illinois deemed this movement an invasion, mobilizing a militia of 1600 men and calling for support from U.S. troops. Federal authorities, along with Sauk and Fox tribal councils had ordered Black Hawk and his band west of the Mississippi, but Black Hawk would not give in. The governor issued a proclamation on April 16 that the militias assemble at Beardstown on the 22nd, and volunteers organized into four regiments under Colonel John Thomas, Jacob Fry, Abraham DeWitt and Samuel M. Thompson. A spy battalion under Major James D. Henry was formed, along with two "odd battalions" under Major Thomas James and Major Thomas Long. From Beardstown, 1600 men proceeded to Fort Armstrong and arrived there on May 7.

On May 9, the militia began to pursue Black Hawk’s band. Black Hawk, knowing of Major Stillman’s encampment three miles down the Rock River near Dixon, sent men bearing white flags, but Stillman’s troops fired on them and forty of Black Hawk’s warriors retaliated, killing eleven soldiers. The militia numbered 300, but fled after the first volley from Black Hawk’s warriors. The militia returned home with news that 2000 "bloodthirsty warriors were sweeping all Northern Illinois with the bosom of destruction." After this initial skirmish, Black Hawk removed the women and children of his band to Lake Koshkonong in Michigan Territory then descended into Northern Illinois.




On the 19th, General Atkinson and the entire militia moved up the Rock River, leaving Stillman’s Corps at Dixon to care for the wounded and guard supplies, but they fled and went home. Atkinson returned to Dixon and General Whiteside followed Black Hawk’s trail up the Kishwaukee River, but many of the militia men did not want to leave Illinois territory. Having been enlisted for one month, the militia was mustered out of service by the Governor on May 27 and 28. The Federal Government ordered 1000 regulars to the seat of war from the seaboard, under General Winfield Scott to resume the chase, and three hundred volunteer mounted rangers from Illinois agreed to remain in the field under Colonel Henry Frye and Lt. Colonel James D. Henry.

On May 22 Sauks and allied Potawotomis began raiding settlements in Illinois near Ottawa and Galena, Illinois, and LaFayette County, Virginia. The militia caught up with the raiding Indians and several small skirmishes ensued near Kellogg’s Grove, Plum River Fort, Burr Oak Grove, Sinsiniwa Mound, and Blue Mounds. Three weeks after Stillman’s defeat, the governor recruited additional militia forces, raising the number to 4000 troops including mounted militia, spy battalions, rangers, regular infantry, and 75 Potawatomis.


Fort Armstrong

From the end of June to the beginning of August, the militia chased Black Hawk and his band from the Illinois-Wisconsin border to the mouth of the Kishwaukee River, to Lake Koshkonong, and to Rock River, trailing behind them and missing them by two to three days at each location. On August 1 Black Hawk reached the Mississippi, at an eastern tributary, near the mouth of the Bad Axe River. His band was depleted and hungry and Black Hawk, defeated, appeared with a white flag to surrender to the Warrior, a supply transport steamer from Prairie du Chien, Captained by John Throckmorton. Black Hawk was ordered to board by his own canoe, but women and children of his band had already begun crossing the river with the band’s canoes. Throckmorton fired the cannon of the Warrior upon them at the shore, and both sides exchanged musket fire. Of the 1000 Indians who followed Black Hawk, only 150 survived the three-hour battle, and 17 white soldiers were killed. Three hundred of Black Hawk’s band managed to cross the river unscathed, but they where killed by Sioux warriors hired by General Atkinson. Black Hawk escaped with ten warriors and 35 women and children to the Dalles of Wisconsin but on August 27 they were delivered to Prairie du Chien. On September 21 a peace treaty was signed and on August 1, Black Hawk was placed under the guardianship of Keokuk. He never again attempted to regain his homeland. Black Hawk died in October 1838 at the age of 71, on a reservation on the Des Moines River in Davis County, Iowa.


Sauk Chief Keokuk

The Black Hawk War of 1832 lasted fifteen weeks and resulted in the deaths of seventy settlers and soldiers and hundreds of Black Hawk’s band. The Black Hawk War affected not only the lives of the Indians, settlers, and militiamen involved, but also the settlement of Illinois and Wisconsin.

The consequence of that inglorious skirmish was a campaign which ended in the almost complete annihilation of Black Hawk’s band, the demoralization of the Sauk and Fox nation, and untold hardship and inconvenience to thousands of white persons - to say nothing of the impetus camp life gave to the spread of the cholera epidemic.




The movement of soldiers throughout the state alone caused the deaths of two hundred and fifty soldiers and settlers due to disease. The war was also responsible for the end of conflict between whites and Indians in Illinois or Wisconsin. All remaining Indian land was purchased from tribes, opening the settlement of Northern Illinois and the southern portion of Wisconsin. It called attention to the

...attractions and resources of an important section of the Northwest. The troops acted as explorers of a large tract concerning which nothing hitherto definitely been known among white men… From the press were issued books and pamphlets by the score, giving sketches of the war and accounts of the newly discovered paradise…they advertised the country as set flowing thither a tide of immigration.

[SAMWolf]

Captain Abraham Lincoln

The most distinguished alumnus of the Black Hawk War, Captain Abraham Lincoln, is remembered not because of his campaigning, but in spite of it. A reasonably honest man, Lincoln in later years never denied that he had served in the war; but, when he alluded to his campaign at all, he mentioned the slaughter of mosquitoes, not Indians. Yet he had volunteered eagerly. Only hindsight permits us to see that his pursuit of Black Hawk proved to be but the first leg of a public career that eventually ended in the White House.

Abraham Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln’s experience in the Black Hawk War was much like that of his fellow militiamen throughout the state. The volunteer soldiers of Illinois left their homes and families to protect against Indian aggression, see the countryside, and earn money. In July 1831, Lincoln was working at New Salem for Denton Offutt, but the business was failing when Black Hawk and his band of Sauk and Fox Indians crossed the Mississippi into Illinois. Lincoln joined with friends from New Salem and Clary’s Grove and journeyed to Richland Creek, southwest of New Salem, and formed a mounted infantry company. The volunteers assembled at the farm of Dallis Scott on April 21, 1832, where they were sworn into service and Lincoln was elected Captain. William Kirkpatrick, owner of a sawmill, announced his candidacy and some of the Clary’s Grove boys proposed Lincoln.

Both candidates stepped out in front, on the village green, and the men formed a line behind their favorite. To Lincoln’s delight, two-thirds of the group fell in line behind him, and most of the others presently deserted Kirkpatrick and joined them.

Governor John Reynolds commissioned Lincoln as a captain in the 31st Regiment of Militia of Sangamon County, 1st Division on December 20, 1832. He received command of a Rifle Company and his rank was backdated to April 7, 1831. Lincoln’s company took its place in the 4th Regiment of Mounted Volunteers in Samuel Whiteside’s Brigade.

Lincoln was inexperienced as a military leader, but he attempted to instill discipline in his company. He had learned a little about close-order drill, not enough to master the most complicated commands, but he gained the respect of his fellow militiamen by standing firm.

He did not hesitate to use physical strength to preserve order. When an old Indian, bearing a certificate of good character from American authorities, stumbled into camp, Lincoln’s men talked of killing him, saying, "The Indian is a damned spy " and "We have come out to fight the Indian and by God we intend to do so." Drawing himself up to his full height, Lincoln stepped in front of the shivering Indian and offered to fight anyone who wanted to hurt the old man. Grumbling, the soldiers let the Indian slip away.

His service in the Black Hawk War gave him some acquaintance with military life and helped him to make important political contacts throughout the state.

Meeting volunteers from different parts of the state was useful to him politically, for it extended his reputation. While he was in the army, he came into contact with a number of rising young political leaders of the state, like Orville Hickman Browning, a cautious, conservative Quincy lawyer, who would become one of his most influential and critical friends. More important was his acquaintance with John Todd Stuart, a Springfield lawyer, who served as major in the same battalion as Lincoln.

Although Lincoln’s rank as captain was something he was said to have prided, he showed no reservation when discharged from his command on May 27 and re-enlisted as a private in Captain Elijah Iles’ company. He was mustered out of Iles’ company on June 16 and also served as a private in Captain Jacob Earley’s independent company from June 16 to July 10. He later told his law partner William Herndon, "I was out of work and there being no danger of more fighting, I could do nothing better than enlist again."

Though there is a vast array of sources characterizing Lincoln as a popular and capable leader during the Black Hawk War, some witnesses have regarded him in manner of ridicule.

In the 1870s, J.F. Snyder, who later became president of the Illinois State Historical Society, interviewed men of Lincoln’s company. He claimed they "never spoke of malice of Lincoln but always in a spirit of ridicule." He was characterized as being "indolent and vulgar," and they regarded him as "a joke, an absurdity, and had serious doubts about his courage. Any old woman, they said, would have made a more credible commander than he did."

He was also described as follows:

Among the green officers unable to maintain discipline in his company was a pock-faced, stoop-shouldered, slab-sided assistant storekeeper from New Salem, a two-rut, hilltop settlement near Springfield. The first order Captain Abraham Lincoln ever gave to his men received the retort, "Go to the devil, Sir!" Some of his men later confessed that they elected Lincoln as their commander, rather than his rival, William Kirkpatrick, because they would be able to do as they liked under Abe.

Despite characterizations of Lincoln as capable or incompetent, Lincoln later described his service in the Black Hawk War as valuable. In June 1860, Lincoln asserted to biographer John L. Scripps that he had "not since had any success in life which gave him so much satisfaction" as having served as Captain in the Black Hawk War, though he did not claim heroism in battle. In an anecdotal speech delivered on July 27, 1848 while "a fledgling congressman in our nation’s House of Representatives at Washington…[Lincoln spoke:]…by the way, Mr. Speaker, did you know I am a military hero? Yes sir; in the days of the Black Hawk War, I fought, bled, and camp away…," admitting that he broke no black in combat, poking fun at Democratic General Lewis Cass who aspired to be president that year, Lincoln said, "but I bent a musket pretty badly on one occasion." He proclaimed the mosquitoes caused his only loss of blood.

Lincoln’s service in the war, whether marked by heroism or ridicule, provided a detailed account of the soldiers’ experience, including the manner of dress, weapons and equipment enlisted, and compensation received for enrollment in the militia. There was no standard uniform for the volunteer militia. Lincoln, like many of his fellow militiamen

...may have worn a calico shirt, or cotton cloth, "striped white and blue." It would have been sewed for him in New Salem by Hannah Armstrong, wife of Lincoln’s sergeant John ("Jack") Armstrong, who regularly made his shirts. His trousers were probably his usual blue jeans, homemade. On his feet would have been huge cowhide boots. It is possible that the young Captain possessed a buckskin coat, in Kentucky style. Deerskins could be had cheaply, and sewing women made their services available in his hometown on that high knob bordering the twisting Sangamon River." "Topping out his outfit should have been "an old slouch wool hat" on his infamous "buckeye-chip hat," if he never secured military headgear.

Cullen Bryant characterized Illinois soldiers in 1832 as "rough-but-tough volunteers who struggled against the wily marauding Indians." He described the inexperienced soldiers as "unkempt and unshaved, wearing shirts of dark calico, and sometimes calico capotes." A military man in another company exclaimed that Lincoln’s gang gave the appearance of being "the hardest set of men he ever saw."

Lincoln’s weapons were also typical of the militia. "Sangamon County militiamen most certainly obtained guns manufactured for the War of 1812, if not earlier conflicts." Captain Lincoln would have carried a flintlock musket. "Smoothbores," not rifled muskets were used. On April 28, 1832, "Capt. A. Lincoln of Sangamon (drew) 30 Muskets & Bayonets." He also received "flints" and "1 Keg Powder." When Governor Reynolds organized the militia, he ordered 6000 flints, 1000 pounds of powder, 4000 pounds of lead to be drawn by the troops. The militiamen also drew musketball cartridges, which consisted of paper cylinders containing powder and balls, to facilitated faster reloading (solders would tear the packet with their teeth, pour the contents into the barrel, and ram it down with a rod). Sangamon County volunteers also carried cartridge boxes with belts, bayonets with scabbards and belts and materials for muskets such as ramrods, wipers and screws. When Lincoln was reinstated as a private on May 27 in Captain Elijah Iles’ company, the muster roll indicated that he had his own arms, valued at ten dollars, and a borrowed horse worth 120 dollars.

Base pay for a private was $6.66 per month. This amount tripled if the soldier brought a horse, and most did. Soldiers received a travel allowance and easy access to food and whiskey, all he cared to eat and drink when available. Arms, bedding and camp equipment came from government stores and "generally returned home with the volunteer at the conclusion of the campaign." Land warrants were also issued to veterans when new territories were opened.

For eighty days of service (a captain during the first month, thereafter he dropped to private) in what he called, according to his biographer and law partner, "a holiday affair and chicken-stealing expedition." Lincoln received a lump payment in 1833 of $125. In 1852 he got a land warrant for 40 acres in Iowa (which he had sold during the Civil War) and in 1856 another warrant for 120 acres in Illinois. Land sold for $1.00 an acre when it came on the market and appreciated rapidly. Therefore it might be agreed that Abraham Lincoln made more money per diem as a volunteer in the war than he did in any other job before or after, exclusive of the presidency…. In short, from a material point of view, the Black Hawk War was a generous employer not too choosy in selecting its employees. Indian fighting paid well and was considerably more diverting, and only slightly more dangerous, than chopping wood or slopping hogs back home.

Lincoln’s last official duty in the Black Hawk War "was to write out Jacob Early’s company role for Lieutenant Robert Anderson." Lincoln ended his third term of service on July 10, 1832 as a private in Captain Early’s Independent Spy Company. He returned home with difficulty because his horse was stolen.

Lincoln traveled on foot with his messmate George Harrison because their horses had been stolen the night before. By hitching rides whenever they could find them, Harrison and Lincoln covered the two hundred miles to Peoria in five days. There they pooled their resources and bought a canoe. Lincoln carved a paddle from a plank, and they drifted down to Havana. Harrison later recalled that travel by canoe was slower than by foot… After selling the canoe in Havana, they crossed the burning prairie to New Salem. On July 19 the Sangamo Journal welcomed home Dr. Early’s troops and apologized to A. Lincoln for having failed to list him among the legislative candidates some weeks before. The mistake was a natural one - few people in the county had ever heard of him.

[SAMWolf]

MA-CA-TAI-ME-SHE-KIA-KIAK
Chief Black Hawk




In the year 1767, in the village of Saukenuk, located a few miles north of the confluence of the Rock River with the Mississippi River in northwestern Illinois, a child was born. This was Ma-ca-tai-me-she-kia-kiak, which means "Black Sparrow Hawk" in the Algonquin language of the Sauk. Whites would later call him Black Hawk. He would become one of the most fearsome yet respected Native American warriors to be born in what is now the state of Illinois.

THE SAUK NATION

Sometime in early historic times, the Sauk, feeling pressure from the French and Chippewa, migrated southward out of central Wisconsin, into southwestern Wisconsin, Northwestern Illinois, and northeastern Iowa. Some settled at the rapids of the Mississippi, near what is today Keokuk, Iowa. Another group settled near the mouth of the Rock River in Illinois. A third group settled on the Osage and Missouri Rivers in the late 1700s. The Sauk were allied with the Meskwaki (known to whites as the Fox) and often lived among them and vice versa. Principal native enemies of the Sauk included the Minnesota Sioux (Santee Dakota and Yankton Nakota), Osage, and Chippewa.

At the age of just fifteen, Ma-ca-tai-me-she-kia-kiak joined a raid against the Osage. He succeeded in killing and scalping an enemy warrior, which entitled him upon return to Saukenuk to join in the scalp dance. At this early age, Black Hawk had become a Sauk warrior. A short time later, he led seven Sauk warriors in an attack against an encampment of 100 Osages. Ma-ca-tai-me-she-kia-kiak killed an enemy, then escaped without losing a man. In a very short time, he became one of the most influential warriors in the Nation.

THE TREATY OF 1804




In 1804, certain Sauk and Meskwaki leaders signed a disasterous treaty. By its terms, the Sauk and Meskwaki forfeited all of their lands adjaecent to the Mississippi River in both Illinois and Iowa. Most of the Sauk and Meskwaki people were outraged. White settlers soon began to move into the disputed area. Conflict seemed inevitable.

THE WAR OF 1812

When the War of 1812 began, Blackhawk and the Sauk fought for the British, no doubt viewing them as the lesser of two evils. Blackhawk's warriors won battles at Campblell's Island and Credit Island, but the British were ultimately defeated. With that defeat, the hope that the influx of white settlers could be checked was forlorn at best.

THE BLACKHAWK WAR




The Sauk now lived in Iowa, having been forced west by the Americans. But the settlers wanted more land. In 1828, President John Adams demanded that the Iowa lands of the Sauk be sold. And when the Sauk returned from their winter hunt that same year, they discovered that their lands had once again been sold. Faced with the hostile Lakota, Dakota and Nakota nations to the west, the Sauk faced east and sought to reoccupy their old lands. In April, 1832, the Sauk re-crossed the Mississippi and returned into Illinois. In August, they were attacked by white militia. Blackhawk led the resistance which was initially successful. His principal rival among the Sauks, Keokuk, remained aloof from the conflict. As a historical footnote, Abraham Lincoln, later to become the 16th President of the United States, and Jefferson Davis, later to become President of the Confederate States of America, both fought against the Sauk in the Blackhawk war. Likewise the 12th President, Zachory Taylor, also fought against the Sauk.

DEFEAT




Ma-ca-tai-me-she-kia-kiak's warriors were constantly outnumbered by Federal troops and milita. In addition to these forces, Sioux and Winnebago Indians served with the Federal troops. For fifteen weeks, Ma-ca-tai-me-she-kia-kiak and the Sauk warriors held them at bay. Finally the Sauk were cornered and defeated at the Battle of Bad Axe on August 2nd, 1832. Ma-ca-tai-me-she-kia-kiak and his son (Whirling Thunder) were made prisoners and shown around the country by President Andrew Jackson as spoils of war. The rest were removed to "Indian Territory" to the west.

THE END




Ma-ca-tai-me-she-kia-kiak died on October 3, 1838, at the age of 71. Still the whites would not let him rest. His grave was robbed and his body stolen. It was later recovered, but instead of being respectfully re-buried, the body was shipped to Burlington, Iowa, where it was kept in a museum. In 1855, the museum burned and the body was destroyed. At last Ma-ca-tai-me-she-kia-kiak was out of reach of those who would exploit and abuse him.

Additional Sources:

members.tripod.com/~RFester
lincoln.lib.niu.edu
www.freedomschools.k12.wi.us
www.rockfordillinois.com

[SAMWolf]

'You have taken me prisoner with all my warriors - I fought hard.

But your guns were well-aimed. The bullets flew like birds in the air, and whizzed by our ears like the wind through the trees in the winter. My warriors fell around me, it began to look dismal. I saw my evil day at hand.

The sun rose dim on us in the morning, and at night it sunk in a dark cloud, and looked like a ball of fire. That was the last sun that shone on Black Hawk. His heart is dead, and no longer beats quick in his bosom. He is now a prisoner to the white man; they will do with him as they wish. But he can stand torture, and is not afraid of death. He is no coward!

lack Hawk is an Indian -- farewell, my nation! Black Hawk tried to save you, and avenge your wrongs.

He has been taken prisoner, and his plans are stopped. He can do no more. He is near his end. His sun is setting, and he will rise no more

Farewell to Black Hawk '

Chief Black Hawk,
His Farewell Words

[SAMWolf]

[snippy_about_it]

.......FALL IN to the FReeper Foxhole!

.......Good Tuesday Morning Everyone!


If you would like added or removed from our ping list let me know.

[E.G.C.]

Good morning, Snippy and everyone at the Freeper Foxhole. How's it going?

[snippy_about_it]

Good morning EGC.

Yucky day ahead. When I awoke this morning (5 am EST) it was already 70 degrees with humidity at 94 percent. Arrrghh.

[radu]

GOOD MORNING Y'ALL! I hope the day is a good one for everyone.

To all our military men and women, past and present, Thank You for serving our fine country. We enjoy Freedom because of your efforts and that's not to be taken lightly.

The sun's coming up so we know what that means, don't we? LOL!! I'll say "good night" now and see y'all later.

[aomagrat]

Today's classic warship, USS Black Hawk

Uncle Sam class sidewheel gunboat
Displacement. 902 t.Lenght. 260'
Beam. 45'6"
Draft. 8'
Armament. 4 32-pdr. S.B., 2 30 pdr. R., 1 12-pdr. R., 1 12-pdr. S.B.

USS Black Hawk, a 902-ton side-wheel "Tinclad" river gunboat, was built at New Albany, Indiana, in 1857 as the civilian steamboat New Uncle Sam. She was purchased by the Navy in November 1862 and commissioned the following month under her original name. Soon renamed Black Hawk, her large size made her especially suitable for employment as the Mississippi Squadron flagship, and she served in that capacity under Rear Admirals David Dixon Porter and Samuel Phillips Lee.

Black Hawk participated in most of the major Western Rivers operations during the remainder of the Civil War, including the long campaign against Vicksburg in December 1862 to July 1863, the capture of Fort Hindman in January 1863, the attack on Haines Bluff in April-May 1863 and the Red River campaign in 1864. On 22 April 1865, as the great conflict was coming to an end, Black Hawk accidently burned and sank near Cairo, Illinois. Her wreck was salvaged and sold in 1867.

[snippy_about_it]

Thanks for the story today SAM.

In my estimation (personally speaking of course) this story didn't make me like Lincoln any more than I did yesterday. lol.

There is just something about him I don't care for and this actually helped reinforce those thoughts.

Disregarding my incomplete and mixed thoughts on Lincoln, I particularly like this quote by Black Hawk you posted:

"His sun is setting, and he will rise no more."

I'm sure I just need more education. :)

[snippy_about_it]

Good night radu (again). LOL.

[snippy_about_it]

Yeah.

Thanks aomagrat.

I had no idea there was a shipped so named.

[manna]

Present!

[GailA]

Good Morning...

[Soaring Feather]

GOOD MORNING FOXHOLE FOLKS!!

[thatdewd]

Mornin' all. That story about a certain militia captain is gonna bring down the wrath of 'Lord Paste-alot' upon this thread, lol. Seriously though, kudos for another excellent research job. I learn a lot reading "foxhole" threads.

[Valin]

On This Day In History


Birthdates which occurred on August 26:
1676 Sir Robert Walpole (Whig) British PM (1721-42)
1728 Johann Lambert Switzerland, mathematician, proved ã is irrational
1740 Joseph Montgolfier France, aeronaut (ballooning)
1743 Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier Paris, father of mod chemistry (Oxygen)
1820 James Harlan (Rep-Iowa)/US Seretary of Interior (1865-66)
1850 Charles Richet French physiologist (anaphylaxis-Nobel 1913)
1873 Lee De Forest Council Bluffs, inventor (Audion vacuum (radio) tube)
1875 Sir John Buchan Scotland, Gov-Gen of Canada/writer
1880 Guillaume Apollinaire France, poet/movie critic (Alcoola)
1884 Earl Biggers author ("Charlie Chan" detective series)
1885 Jules Romains France, novelist/dramatist/poet (Men of Good Will)
1901 Gen Maxwell D Taylor former US Army chief of staff
1904 Christopher Isherwood England, novelist/playwright (I Am a Camera)
1906 Dr Albert B Sabin polio vaccine discoverer
1909 Frank Gasparro Phila Pa, US chief engraver (1965-81)
1911 Lester Lanin orchestra leader (40 Beatle Hits)
1914 Julio Cort zar Argentina, writer (We Love Glenda So Much)
1915 Jim Davis Edgerton Mo, actor (Jack Ewing-Dallas)
1917 Jan Clayton Tularosa NM, actress (Ellen Miller-Lassie)
1917 William French Smith Attorney General (1981-85)
1919 Ronny Graham Phila Pa, actor (Bob Crane Show, Chico & the Man)
1921 Benjamin C Bradlee journalist (Wash Post)
1921 William Preston Columbia Penn (Penn State), actor
1927 Francois Leydet sierra club (Last Redwoods)
1927 Sam Massell
1932 Joe H Engle Abilene Ks, Brig Gen USAF/astro (STS T-2, T-4, 2, 51I)
1935 Geraldine Ferraro (Rep-D-NY) 1st female major-party VP candidate
1937 Tom Heinsohn NBA star/coach (Boston Celtic)
1938 Francine York Aurora Minn, actress (Slattery's People)
1942 John E Blaha San Antonio, Col USAF/astronaut (STS 29, 33, STS 43)
1942 Vic Dana Buffalo, singer/dancer (Talent Scouts)
1943 Ulf Sundelin Sweden, yachtsmen (Olympic-gold-1968)
1947 Candy Moore Maplewood NJ, actress (Lunch Wagon, Tomboy & Champ)
1948 Jet Black rocker (Stranglers-Dreamtime)
1948 Valerie Simpson Bronx, singer, Ashford's partner (Like a Rock)
1952 John Kinsella USA, swimmer (Olympic-gold-1972)
1954 Steve Wright Britain's wacky DJ
1957 Alex Trevino catcher (LA Dodgers)
1960 Branford Marsalis actor (Bring on the Night)
1960 Ola Ray St Louis Mo, playmate (Jun, 1980) (Thriller)
1965 Chris Burke actor with down syndrome (Life Goes On)
1981 Macauley Culkin actor (Home Alone, My Girl)

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Deaths which occurred on August 26:
526 Theodorik the Great, King of Italy
1723 Thonis van Leeuwenhoek, biologist/inventor (microscope)
1930 Lon Chaney, actor
1963 Larry Keating actor (George Burns Show, Roger-Mr Ed), dies at 67
1966 Art Baker TV host (You Asked For It), dies at 67
1974 Charles Lindbergh dies at 72 in his Hawaiian home
1976 Warner Anderson actor (Doctor, Lineup, Peyton Place), dies at 65
1977 HA Rey author of popular constellation book, dies at 78
1978 Charles Boyer actor (The Rogues), dies at 78
1981 Roger Nash Baldwin founder of the ACLU, dies
1983 Mike Kellin actor (Honestly Celeste), dies at 61 of cancer
1984 Julie Stevens actress (Lorelei-Big Town), dies at 67
1986 Jennifer Levin strangled by Robert Chambers in Central Park
1986 Ted Knight actor (Mary Tyler Moore Show), dies at 62
1981 Roger Nash Baldwin, founder (ACLU)

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Reported: MISSING in ACTION

1965 DAVIS EDWARD A. MORRISTOWN PA.
[02/12/73 RELEASED BY DRV,ALIVE AND WELL 98]
1967 DAY GEORGE EVERETTE NIAGARA FALLS NY.
[03/14/73 RELEASED BY DRV, ALIVE AND WELL 98]
1967 FULLER WILLIAM OTIS HOUSTON TX.
1967 KILCULLEN THOMAS MICHAEL ADELPHI MD.
1971 VENNIK ROBERT N. WYCKOFF NJ.
1972 CORDOVA SAM GARY HUNTINGTON BEACH CA.
[REMAINS RETURNED 12/15/88]

POW / MIA Data & Bios supplied by
the P.O.W. NETWORK. Skidmore, MO. USA.

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On this day...
55 -BC- Roman forces under Julius Caesar invade Britain
580 - Chinese invent toilet paper
1017 Turks defeat the Byzantine army under Emperor Romanus IV at Manikert, Eastern Turkey.
1346 English longbows defeat French in Battle of Crecy
1429 Joan of Arc makes a triumphant entry into Paris.
1629 Cambridge Agreement, Mass Bay Co stockholders agree to emigrate
1791 John Fitch grants US patent for his working steamboat
1843 Charles Thurber patents a typewriter
1846 W A Bartlett appointed 1st US mayor of Yerba Buena (SF)
1862 Confederate General Thomas ‘Stonewall’ Jackson encircles the Union Army under General John Pope at the Second Battle of Bull Run.
1863 Battle of Rocky Gap WV (White Sulphur Springs)
1874 16 blacks lynched in Tennessee
1883 Krakatoa erupts with increasingly large explosions kills 36,000
1903 Phillies walk 17 Dodgers in a game
1907 Houdini escapes from chains underwater at Aquatic Park in 57 sec
1914 Germans defeat Russians in Battle of Tannenberg
1916 Phila A's Bullet Joe Bush no-hits Cleve, 5-0
1916 Yanks turn triple-play beating Browns 10-6
1920 19th amendment passes-women's suffrage granted (about time!)
1937 Pumping to build Treasure Island in SF Bay is finished
1938 Montreal Maroons dropped from the NHL
1939 1st major league baseball telecast-Reds at Bkln Dodgers (W2XBS NY)
1942 7,000 Jews rounded up in Vichy Free Zone of France
1947 1st black baseball pitcher Don Bankhead (Hit a HR on 1st at bat)
1952 Fluoridation of SF water begins
1955 1st color telecast (NBC) of a tennis match (Davis Cup)
1957 USSR announces successful test of intercontinental ballistic missile
1957 Ford Motor Company reveals the Edsel, its latest luxury car.
1961 Official Intl Hockey Hall of Fame opens in Toronto
1962 Minn Twins Jack Kralick no-hits KC A's, 1-0
1964 LBJ nominated at Democratic convention in Atlantic City, NJ
1971 NY Giant football team announces its leaving the Bronx for NJ in 1975
1971 Orioles' Don Buford struck out 5 times in a game
1972 NY Cosmos beat St Louis Stars, 2-1 to win the NASL championship
1972 Summer Olympics open in Munich, West Germany
1973 David Eisenhower last sports column
1973 U of Tx (Arlington) is 1st accredited school to offer belly dancing
1973 10-year-old Mary Boitano is 1st woman to win 6.8-mile Dipsea Race in Marin County, CA, beating a field of 1,500 runners
1974 Soyuz 15 carries 2 cosmonauts to space station Salyut 3
1978 Cardinal Albino Luciani of Venice becomes Pope John Paul I
1978 Soyuz 31 carries 2 cosmonauts (1 East German) to Salyut 6
1981 Space Shuttle vehicle moves to Launch Complex 39A for STS-2 mission
1981 Voyager 2 takes photo's of Saturn's moon Titan
1982 NASA launches Telesat-F
1984 Tatyana Kazankina of USSR sets 3k woman record (8:22.62) in Lennigrad
1984 Zdena Silvaha (Cz) throws discus 74.55 m (women's world record)
1985 Balt Oriole Eddie Murray knocks in 9 RBIs in a game vs Calif Angels
1985 French government claims no knowledge of assault on Rainbow Warrior
1989 Trumbull Conn, is 1st US team since 1983 to win Little League WS
1990 2 slain college students found in Gainesville Florida
1991 Royal Brett Saberegen no-hits White Sox 7-0
1998 Attorney General Janet Reno asked for a 90-day preliminary investigation into alleged campaign fund-raising phone calls Vice President Gore made from the White House. Such calls would violate a 1883 law.

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Holidays
Note: Some Holidays are only applicable on a given "day of the week"

National Canning Month
National Catfish Month
England, Channel Is, Northern Ireland, Wales : Bank Holiday ( Monday )
Indonesia :
Namibia : Namibia Day
US : Women's Equality Day (1973)/Susan B Anthony Day (1920)
Zanzibar : Sultan's Birthday
Hong Kong : Liberation Day (1945) ( Monday )
USA : All You Can Eat Day

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Religious Observances
RC : Commemoration of St Zephyrinus, pope (198-217), martyr

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Religious History
1498 In Rome, Italian artist Michelangelo, 23, was commissioned by Pope Alexander VI to carve the "Pieta" Mary lamenting over the dead body of Jesus, whom she holds across her lap). The work was completed in 1501.
1832 Death of Adam Clarke, 70, English Methodist clergyman. Clarke's name endures primarily for the 8-volume commentary on the Bible which he produced between 1810-26, and still in print today!
1901 The New Testament of the ASV (American Standard Version) Bible was first published. This U.S. edition of the 1881 English Revised Version (ERV) comprised the first major American Bible translation since the King James Version of 1611.
1956 Swedish Christian statesman Dag Hammarskjald recorded in his devotional journal (Markings): 'Bless your uneasiness as a sign that there is still life in you.'
1978 Italian Cardinal Albino Luciani, 65, was elevated to the papacy as John Paul I. His unexpected death only 34 days later left a profound sadness for millions of people who had been drawn to him by his warm personality.

Source: William D. Blake. ALMANAC OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. Minneapolis: Bethany House, 1987.

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Thought for the day :
"You're smart when you only believe half of what you hear, Wise is when you know which half to believe."

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You might be a wrestling fan if...
you are the minister of a church for people that think Mick Foley is God.

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Murphys Law of the day...
Every solution breeds new problems.

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Cliff Clavin says says, it's a little known fact that...
A person afflicted with hexadectylism has six fingers or six toes on one or both hands and feet.

[w_over_w]

Morning Glory Snip and Sam~

Fascinating read . . .

[Darksheare]

I'm in, temporarily.
Have some errands to run-run-run!
I'll be back when I can.

[Soaring Feather]

Good to have you check in Dark. I was thinking about you this morning and wondering about the puter probs.