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Posted on 07/08/2003 12:04:22 AM PDT by SAMWolf
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 are acknowledged, affirmed and commemorated.
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| Our Mission: The FReeper Foxhole is dedicated to Veterans of our Nation's military forces and to others who are affected in their relationships with Veterans. In the FReeper Foxhole, Veterans or their family members should feel free to address their specific circumstances or whatever issues concern them in an atmosphere of peace, understanding, brotherhood and support. The FReeper Foxhole hopes to share with it's readers an open forum where we can learn about and discuss military history, military news and other topics of concern or interest to our readers be they Veteran's, Current Duty or anyone interested in what we have to offer. If the Foxhole makes someone appreciate, even a little, what others have sacrificed for us, then it has accomplished one of it's missions. We hope the Foxhole in some small way helps us to remember and honor those who came before us.
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Battle of Mobile Bay Under the early light of dawn, Union Adm. David Farragut began his attack on Mobile Bay, Alabama. Aware of the danger near Fort Morgan, Farragut ordered his captains to stay to the "eastward of the easternmost buoy" because it was "understood that there are torpedoes and other obstructions between the buoys."¹ Unfortunately, the lead ironclad, the USS Tecumseh, unable to avoid the danger, struck a mine and sank into the oceans depths. Yet, against all odds, the seasoned admiral ordered his flagship, the Hartford, and his fleet to press forward through the underwater minefield and into Mobile Bay.  Although Farragut was a champion of the "wooden navy," he agreed to include four new ironclad ships modeled after the USS Monitor in his attack fleet. It was widely believed that these warships were unsinkable. But the Tecumseh indeed sank that summer morning, August 5, 1864, unexpectedly killing the majority of its crew and demonstrating the deadly effects of advances in technology such as the torpedo. For in the words of one Confederate soldier reminiscing on the ill-fated ship, "She careens, her bottom appears! Down, Down, Down she goes to the bottom of the channel, carrying 150 of her crew, confined within her ribs, to a watery grave." The blockade was a crucial part of what the North called the "Anaconda Plan." As its name suggests, this strategy intended to squeeze the Confederacy until it surrendered. The Union Navy would cut off overseas trade by a tight blockade and divide the Confederacy in two by diving like a snake down the Mississippi River with a combined land and naval force. Together these two pressures would hopefully show the South that secession was futile and that it should surrender. Blockade running became so important to the South that one historian called it "the lifeline of the Confederacy." Successful blockade-runners helped the South receive much-needed goods, while the ships' crews and owners received rich rewards to compensate for the risks taken. It was so vital to the Confederacy that while most of the vessels were privately owned at first, later in the war the state and Confederate governments became co- or full owners of the ships. However, the risks were great. If the Union captured a ship, it became Union property and its captain would spend the rest of the war in a Union prison.  The same limited industrial facilities that made the South need these ships meant it could only produce a limited number, which left the Confederates at a disadvantage on the seas. As the North worked hard to tighten its blockade, the South began to look to Europe for procuring not only ironclads to keep Union monitors from closing ports, but fast cruisers to keep trade flowing. British shipyards were building blockade-runners with more powerful engines; they also built what were known as commerce raiders, which attacked Union trading ships and took their goods. Yet pressures from the United States on these foreign countries limited the South's ability to secure the number of vessels needed for a successful blockade-running operation and for organizing a strong Confederate Navy. The North continued to gain advantage as the war continued. By 1863, large blockade-runners could only operate in and out of Wilmington, North Carolina; Charleston, South Carolina; Mobile, Alabama; and Galveston, Texas. Southern ocean trade dropped to one-third of its original level, and the Confederacy began running out of clothing, weapons, and other supplies. In an attempt to counteract the Union Navy, especially the ironclads, the Confederates introduced the torpedo, which became very controversial. Before the Civil War, explosive devices had been floated towards enemy ships, but these could be seen on the surface allowing time for reaction. Torpedoes, on the other hand, remained hidden below the water, which provoked complaints from the North that no civilized country would use an "invisible" weapon. Union Adm. David Farragut explained the dilemma the North found itself facing: "Torpedoes are not so agreeable when used on both sides; therefore, I have reluctantly brought myself to it. I have always deemed it unworthy [of] a chivalrous nation, but it does not do to give your enemy such a decided superiority over you."  Print after an artwork by J.O. Davidson, 1886, depicting the Union and Confederate squadrons at the moment that USS Tecumseh sank after striking a mine ("torpedo"). Confederate ships (left foreground) are Morgan, Gaines and Tennessee. Union monitors visible astern of Tecumseh are Manhattan and Winnebago. USS Brooklyn is leading the outer line of Union warships, immediately followed by USS Hartford. All of these issues converged at the Battle of Mobile Bay, which began on August 5, 1864 when Admiral Farragut's fleet moved into the torpedo-filled Mobile Bay. The fleet included 14 wooden ships (including the flagship Hartford), four monitors (the Tecumseh, Manhattan, Winnebago, and Chickasaw), as well as several gunboats that stayed nearby if needed. As the fleet neared Fort Morgan, the Tecumseh hit a torpedo and quickly sunk. This loss did not stop the Union attack. Seeing what was happening, Admiral Farragut ordered his fleet to press forward through the underwater minefield into Mobile Bay. The 13 other ships made it past Fort Morgan, then, after some resistance, forced the Confederate ships in the bay to surrender or flee. Over the next three weeks, fire from Farragut's vessels and the Union Army finally forced the defenders of Fort Morgan to surrender. Though the city of Mobile would remain in Confederate hands into 1865, the port was now closed to blockade runners.  This victory brought a tremendous boost to Northern spirits, but at a high cost. Monitors were widely believed to be unsinkable--yet it took the Tecumseh just two minutes to go down. In the end, only 21 of the 114 men aboard escaped death. In addition, while clearing the many torpedoes, seven more Union ships, including two ironclads, sank. Their loss provided a particularly painful illustration of how changing technology affects the men fighting a war. The Report of Brig. Gen. Richard L. Page, Commander of the Fort Early on the morning of the 5th of August, 1864, I observed unusual activity in the Federal fleet off Mobile Bay, indicating, as I supposed, that they were about to attempt the passage of the fort. After an early breakfast the men were sent to the guns. Everybody was in high spirits. In a short time preparations were ended, and then followed perfect silence, before the noise of battle. At 6 o'clock A.M. the enemy's ships began to move in with flags flying. They gradually fell into a line, consisting of twenty-three vessels, four of which were monitors. Each of the first four of the largest wooden ships had a smaller one lashed on the side opposite the fort, and was itself protected by a monitor between it and the fort. The smaller ships followed in line. As they approached with a moderate wind and on the flood tide, I fired the first gun at long range, and soon the firing became general, our fire being briskly returned by the enemy. For a short time the smoke was so dense that the vessels could not be distinguished, but still the firing was incessant. When abreast of the fort the leading monitor, the Tecumseh, suddenly sank. Four of the crew swam ashore and a few others were picked up by a boat from the enemy. Cheers from the garrison now rang out, which were checked at once, and the order was passed to sink the admiral's ship and then cheer.  At this moment the Brooklyn, the leading ship, stopped her engine, apparently in doubt; whereupon the order was passed to concentrate on her, in the hope of sinking her, my belief being that it was the admiral's ship, the Hartford. As I learned afterward, he was on the second ship. Farragut's coolness and quick perception saved the fleet from great disaster and probably from destruction. While the Brooklyn hesitated, the admiral put his helm to starboard, sheered outside the Brooklyn, and took the lead, the rest following, thus saving the fouling and entanglement of the vessels and the danger of being sunk under my guns. When, after the fight, the Brooklyn was sent to Boston for repairs, she was found to have been struck over seventy times in her hull and masts, as was shown by a drawing that was sent me while I was a prisoner of war at Fort Lafayette. The ships continued passing rapidly by, no single vessel being under fire more than a few moments. Shot after shot was seen to strike, and shells to explode, on or about the vessels, but their sides being heavily protected by chain cables, hung along the sides and abreast the engines, no vital blow could be inflicted, particularly as the armament of the fort consisted of guns inadequate in caliber and numbers for effective service against a powerful fleet in rapid motion. The torpedoes in the channel were also harmless; owing to the depth of the water, the strong tides, and the imperfect moorings none exploded....
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Civil War Submariners' Teeth Tell Much About the Men
Brian Handwerk for National Geographic News
September 19, 2002
View a 360° image of the interior of the H.L. Hunley
A team of forensic scientists and physical anthropologists working to recover and identify the remains of the eight crew members who died 138 years ago on the Civil War submarine Hunley are making some significant advances in their task.
The Hunley sank on February 17, 1864 shortly after it had successfully attacked the Union blockader U.S.S. Housatonic. The sub lay undisturbed in waters off South Carolina until May 1995 when a salvage team funded by author Clive Cussler found it.
A close-up of the H.L. Hunley as it sits in its cradle at the Warren Lasch Research Center in Charleston, South Carolina.
The 40-foot-long (12-meter) hull was raised in August 2000 and moved to a specially built lab. Scientists began excavating the sub in January 2001. The work is funded in part by the National Geographic Society.
Forensic Detectives
Two forensic anthropologists, Doug Owsley, at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, and Richard Jantz, at the University of Tennessee, are leading the forensics work at the Hunley site. Their goal is to recreate the individual identities of each of the eight crew members.
Even without old dental records, a person's teeth can provide a lot of information, and Owsley has been conducting extensive dental examinations.
"The teeth are very instructive," he said. "We had four pipe smokers among the crew. We can clearly tell that from examining their teeth."
Owsley can tell which crew members were pipe smokers by the stains on their teeth and the telltale grooves that show where habitual users positioned their pipes to enjoy a smoke. Four pipes were found among the bones jumbled together on the vessel's silt-covered floor. Owsley is also hoping to figure out which pipe belonged to each of the smokers.
"By examining the teeth and the pipes themselves, we can make a match," he said. "Eventually, when facial reconstructions are being created, I'd like to see some of these crew members portrayed with their own pipes in their mouths."
The Tale Teeth Tell
Surprisingly, the teeth can also provide clues into the working lives of the crew members through "task notches" in the teeth. The teeth of three of the crew show heavy tooth chipping, grooves caused by repeatedly holding objects like needles between the teeth, and artificial gaps created between teeth.
"Some of them were habitually using their teeth for activities like tailoring, which was important for a lot of naval jobs at that time," Owsley explained.
The presence of these clues may aid in reconstructing the life stories of the crew members.
"I think you can tell who had longer service in the Navy, because of the way they were using their teeth as tools," said Owsley. "The men with a Navy background are all chipped up; they have notches in their teeth from repairing sails, splicing and stitching lines, and tailoring and adding ornamental designs to their uniforms."
Gold Fillings Reveal Status and Style
The men's teeth also reveal a wide range of dental conditions and pathology, providing a glimpse of 19th century dental care, and the physical toll exacted by a long and demanding war.
Many of the crew had early stage cavities, a likely result of substandard health care at a time of war. "During the war, these men obviously didn't have a lot of time to get to the dentist—if they could even find a dentist," Owsley said.
Dental work that was probably done before the war started tells the scientists a lot about the wealth and position of the men on the Hunley.
Only two of the sailors had dental fillings. One of them has standard metallic fillings. The Hunley's legendary commander Lt. George Dixon sports fillings of silver amalgam and even gold.
"Gold fillings were a status symbol, as they are in some places today," said Owsley. "Their presence also tells us something about the relative wealth of Dixon, and also supports the historical tradition that paints him as a rather dashing, flamboyant young officer."
The bones of the Hunley crew will yield far more clues about how they lived their lives and who they were. And then the men will finally be buried, with full military honors, at Charleston's Magnolia Cemetery sometime during the fall of 2003.
Clive Cussler and the members of the original dive team take a well-deserved bow for their efforts to find, and help bring to the surface, the mysteries of the Hunley.
Clive Cussler interviewed at the Conservation Center as the Hunley arrived Tuesday.
These are views of the Hunley we were able to capture Friday, August 11th. The submarine is now safety stored in the tank at the Hunley research facility in North Charleston. This picture shows a clear view of one of the hatches the men used to get inside the Hunley.
Great shot of inflatable pockets and straps used to support the Hunley as it was raised from the ocean floor.
Many members of the team integral to the Hunley organization accompany the Hunley on its barge up the Cooper.
Reenactment soldiers and mourners preparing to fire 12 "pounder" cannons, and throw flowers into the water as the Hunley passes the Yorktown.
Reenactment soldiers, seamen and naval officers stand at attention with many flags as cannons are fired when the Hunley passes the Yorktown.
Religious representatives issuing blessings for the members of the Hunley, as the Hunley is brought to rest again in the Conservation Center.
Descendants of Seamen James Wick, Michael and Richard Barker. Richard is the Great Great Grandson of James Wick, the only married member of the Hunley team.
Click WCSC logo for Hunley Photo Gallery
Allyson's co-op class does community service. She asked me today if it would be a good idea for her class to do something for veterans next year. I was so proud of her for thinking of it on her own. What can kids do to help veterans in their community? I'm going to make phone calls tomorrow.
Meek and I are playing on a Texas thread, posting pictures of the river. Are you homesick too? Let's all go.....
Kerrville Veterans Hospital
I have about 200 pings and I don't think I can even respond 10%, LOL. I'm late!
Hope everyone is having a great evening.
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