[SAMWolf]

The Aftermath

Of Lt. Colonel Banastre Tarleton's 1,076 man force at Cowpens, 110 were killed and 712 were captured, of whom 200 were wounded. Tarleton also lost two artillery grasshoppers, two regimental standards (colors), thirty-five wagons, 100 horses, 800 muskets, a traveling forge and even the officers' slaves. More importantly, Lt. General Charles Cornwallis had lost his light troops. He would no longer be able to launch lightning attacks. On January 23, Major Edward Giles reached Maj. General Nathanael Greene's camp and delivered the news of the victory. The camp celebrated with many toasts to the victory and musket fire. Giles then carried the news all the way to the Continental Congress in Philadelphia, forgetting to stop at Williamsburg and inform Virginia Governor Thomas Jefferson.

General Sir Banastre Tarleton

Congress awarded Brig. General Daniel Morgan a gold medal. Lt. Colonel's William Washington and John Eager Howard received silver medals. Andrew Pickens received a sword. The Virginia House of Delegates awarded Morgan "a horse with furniture, and a sword," while South Carolina Governor John Rutledge promoted Pickens to brigadier general. Back at Cowpens the fighting was not over. Lt. Colonel Washington still wanted to catch Lt. Colonel Tarleton, so he gathered his dragoons and began his pursuit. Tarleton galloped past the abandoned baggage train. He now learned that General Cornwallis was still to the south, so he coerced a Rebel into serving as a guide. Thirty minutes later, Washington arrived and asked the Rebel's wife for information. Fearful of her husband's safety, she pointed Washington down the wrong road. Only after twenty-four miles did Washington figure he had been misled.

General Morgan himself did not linger on the battlefield to bask in the victory. He was sure that General Cornwallis would pursue him, so on the day of the battle he marched five miles north to Island Ford and crossed the Catawba River. While Morgan was on his way to Gilbert Town, Lt. Colonel Tarleton was arriving at Cornwallis' camp at Turkey Creek where he made a report of the battle to the General. After Cornwallis learned from Tarleton of the Battle of Cowpens, he swore to recover the prisoners. Meanwhile, Tarleton endured silent accusations of his responsibility for the disasterous loss. On January 27, 1781, he requested that he be allowed to retire and await a court martial. Cornwallis denied his request with a letter of confidence on January 30th.

General Daniel Morgan

General Morgan soon rejoined with General Greene in a retreat from the pursuing General Cornwallis across North Carolina. What has become known as the 'Race to the Dan River' was underway. In his effort to catch the Continentals, Cornwallis burned his wagon train. This action would cripple him following the Battle of Guilford Courthouse, North Carolina in March 15, 1781. For Daniel Morgan, the cold and rainy weather brought on his sciatica and soon it was too painful for him to sit on a horse. On February 10, 1781, Morgan retired to his home in Virginia until July.

[SAMWolf]

Feeding the Armies

In the Revolution, Patriot and British armies often marched and fought on empty stomachs as plans for obtaining food went awry. This was particularly true in the backcountry where food was scarce. Examples of foraging for food and food-related problems abound. Earlier in the war, General Gates and his Southern Continentals, on the march to Camden, subsisted on apples, peaches, and half-ripened corn. James Collins, writing about backcountry campaigns in his Autobiography of a Revolutionary Soldier, told of eating turnips and parched corn. In one poignant example, Battle of Cowpen's participant John Martin, recuperating from wounds in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, and beyond assistance of the army, reported the death of his horse because he lacked money to purchase forage. In another instance, Cornwallis, because his army was so dead tired and hungry, chose not to pursue General Greene in the aftermath of the Battle of Guilford Courthouse. Up in Virginia, Samuel McCune was employed to drive cattle from Augusta County to Yorktown. Throughout the southern theater of war, scouting parties on both sides would scour the country in every direction in search of food.



At Cowpens, Daniel Morgan worried about obtaining food for his men - the area around the Pacolet River had been plundered and fought over so much, there was little to requisition. In addition, he had horses to feed. Each militiaman had brought a horse, in addition to those of the cavalry, making the total over 450. Perhaps that was part of Morgan's plan to stop at Cowpens - there should be some grass for the horses, even in winter, and, possibly free-ranging calves could be found and killed for beef. Beef was indeed available: James Turner, a Spartanburg District resident and participant in the battle, butchered beef to feed Morgan's army before and after the battle. It was reported that militia groups constantly left camp to hunt for forage. Such were the realities of feeding the armies.

[Valin]

On This Day In History


Birthdates which occurred on May 13:
1314 Sergius of Radonesh Russian saint
1592 John Cloppenburg vicar/theologist
1655 Innocent XIII [Michelangiolo dei Conti] Italy, 244th Roman Catholic Pope (1721-24)
1717 Maria Theresa Empress of Austria (Wife of emperor Franz I)
1729 Henry William (Baron) Stiegel early American glassmaker
1730 Charles Watson-Wentworth 2nd marquis of Rockingham (Whig) British PM (1765-66, 1782)
1735 Horace Coignet composer
1746 Oliver Brownson composer
1756 Wojciech Zywny composer
1761 Adrian Loosjes Pzn publisher/writer (Mauritius Lijnslager)
1769 Joâo VI King of Portugal (1816-26)
1776 Charles Ots composer
1776 Rodrigo Ferreira da Costa composer
1792 Pius IX "Pio Nono" [Giovanni-Maria Mastai-Ferretti], Pope (1846-78)
1795 Joshua Ratoon Sands Commander (Union Navy), died in 1883
1828 Josephine Elizabeth Butler social reformer
1830 Zebulon Baird Vance Governor (Confederacy), died in 1894
1831 Willem baron of Goltstein of Oldenaller Dutch minister of Colonies
1840 Alphonse Daudet French writer (Tartarin of Tarascon)
1842 Sir Arthur Seymour Sullivan London England, composer (Gilbert & Sullivan)
1843 Count Paul J Smet de Naeyer Belgian politician
1847 Johannes Haarklou composer
1854 Louis H Chrispijn Dutch director (Lost & Found, Silvia Silombra)
1854 Paul Klengel composer
1856 Peter Henry Emerson 1st to promote photography as an independent art
1857 Ronald Ross England, pathologist (Nobel 1902)
1857 Sir Ronald Ross England, pathologist (Nobel 1902)
1859 Eugust Enna composer
1866 Ottokar Eugen Novacek composer
1867 Sir Frank Brangwyn Wales, painter/muralist/cartoonist (Willam Morris)
1868 Paolo Gallico composer
1874 Henry Clough-Leiter composer
1876 Raoul Laparra composer
1881 Ilona Durigo Hungarian singer
1882 Georges F Braque French cubist painter (The Bike)
1883 Henk JFM Sneevliet leader RSAP/editor Spartacus (Dutch-Indies)
1886 Joseph Achron Latvia/US violinist/composer (Golem suite)
1891 Fritz Rasp Bayreuth Germany, actor (Diary of a Lost Girl)
1896 Charles F Pahud de Mortanges Dutch equestrian (Olympics-gold-1928, 32)
19-- Leslie Winston Austin TX, actress (Cindy-Waltons)
1900 Jos Panhuysen author (Pornographer)
1903 Alfred Pugsley civil engineer
1903 Paul Page Birmingham AL, actor (Girl From Havana, Moth)
1904 Alfred Earle Birney poet
1904 Tim Wall cricketer (18 Tests for Australia 1928-34)
1906 Thomas Mitchell architect/engineer
1907 Austin Whitaker schoolmaster classical scholar/archivist
1907 Daphne du Maurier English writer (Rebecca, Parasites)
1907 Laurence Kirwan archaeologist
1908 Michael Richardson commandant (Home for Disabled Sailors)
1911 Maxine Sullivan [Marietta Williams], US singer/actress (Going Places)
1911 Robert Middleman Cincinnati OH, actor (Barney-The Monroes)
1912 Helen Craig San Antonio TX, actress (Snake Pit, They Live by Night)
1913 Sanjiva Reddy President (India)
1913 William R Tolbert President of Liberia (1971-80)
1914 Joe Louis world heavyweight boxing champion (1937-49)
1915 John Habakkuk principal (Jesus College in Oxford)
1917 Paul Osmond British senior civil servant
1917 Wilhelmus C Wijen [Broeder Pius] social worker (Curaçao)
1918 John Johnston British diplomat (Rhodesia, Malaysia)
1920 Ratu Kasmisere Mara PM of Fiji (1960-70, 70- )/President (1994- )
1921 Syd[ney G] Vincent British mine workers leader
1926 Beatrice Arthur [Frankel] New York NY, actress (Maude, Dorothy-Golden Girls)
1927 Clive Barnes New York Times drama critic (New York Times, New York Post)
1927 Herbert Ross director/choreographer (Footloose)
1930 Mike Gravel (Senator-R-AK)
1931 Eileen Diss theatrical designer (August, Secret Places, Betrayal)
1931 Jim Jones reverend, poisoned over 900 in Guyana (Jonestown Massacre)
1931 Sydney Lipworth CEO (Monopolies & Mergers Commission)
1931 William Utting chief inspector (British Social Services)
1933 Alden Ashforth composer
1933 Sid Morrison (Representative-R-WA, 1981- )
1933 Stig Gustav Schonberg composer
1934 Adolf Muschg writer
1935 Nigel Butterley composer
1935 Yizhak Sadai composer
1936 Alan Rayfield governor (Long Latin Prison)
1936 Rafael Campos Santiago Dominican Republic, actor (Tonka)
1937 John Cope MP/Paymaster General
1937 Judith Somogi New York NY, conductor (Frankfurt Opera-1982)
1937 Roger [Joseph] Zelazny sci-fi author (6 Hugos, Chronicles of Amber)
1937 Zohra Lampert New York NY, actress (Doctor's Hospital)
1938 Buck Taylor Hollywood CA, actor (Monroes, Gunsmoke)
1939 Anthony Hide racehorse trainer
1939 Harvey Keitel Brooklyn NY, actor (Taxi Driver, Pulp Fiction, Reservoir Dogs)
1939 Terry Dill Forth Worth TX, PGA golfer (1992 Bank One Senior Classic)
1939 William W Cobey Jr (Representative-R-NC, 1985-87)
1940 Bruce Chatwin England, writer (On the Black Hill)
1940 Richard Brooks singer (Impressions)
1941 Imca Marina [Bijl], singer (Viva España, Bella Italia, Oh Brazil)
1941 Joe Brown singer/guitarist
1941 Ritchie Valens singer (Donna, La Bamba)
1941 Senta Berger Vienna Austria, actress (Cast a Giant Shadow)
1942 Jim Douglas jazz guitarist
1942 Vladimir A Dzhanibekov USSR, cosmonaut (Soyuz 27, 39, T-6, T-12, T-13)
1943 Mary Wells Detroit MI, singer (My Guy)
1944 Betsy Finley Ashton broadcast journalist/author/lecturer
1944 Carolyn Franklin US singer/songwriter (Baby Baby Baby, Angel)
1944 Clive Radley cricketer (England batsman in 8 Tests 1978)
1944 Crispin Agnew of Lochnaw British explorer/genealogist
1945 Magic Dick [Richard secondalwitz], harmonicaist (J Geils Band-Centerfold)
1946 Danny Klein New York NY, rock bassist (J Geils Band-Centerfold)
1946 Tim Pigott-Smith actor (Sweet William, Jewel in Crown)
1947 David Hughes cricketer
1947 Overend Pete Watts rock bassist (Mott the Hoople-All the Young Dudes)
1947 Stephen R Donaldson US, secondci-fi author (Lord Foul's Bane)
1949 Franklin Ajaye Brooklyn NY, comedian/actor (Jazz Singer, Car Wash)
1949 John Glover conductor
1949 Zoe Wanamaker actress (Raggedy Rawney)
1950 Danny Kirwan rocker (Fleetwood Mac)
1950 John "Jocko" Marcellino rocker/actor (Tagget, Hot to Trot, Rain Man)
1950 Peter Gabriel London England, rocker (Sledgehammer, Shock the Monkey, Solsbury Hill, Genesis-The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway)
1950 Stevie Wonder [Steveland Morris] Saginaw MI, singer/songwriter (I Just Called To Say I Love You, Superstition, You are The Sunshine of My Life, My Cherie Amour)
1951 Paul Thompson rock drummer (Roxy Music)
1951 Selina Scott TV newscaster (West 57th)
1952 John R Kasich (Representative-R-OH, 1983- )
1952 Manfred Langer Austrian/Dutch disco builder
1952 Sew Shivnarine cricketer (3 Tests for West Indies 1978, later USA captain)
1956 Aleksandr Yuriyevich Kaleri Russia, cosmonaut (Soyuz TM-14)
1956 Darius Rucker lead vocalist (Hootie & the Blowfish-Let Her Cry)
1957 Claudie André-Deshays France, cosmonaut (Soyuz TM-24)
1957 Eloise Broady Houston TX, playmate (April 1988)
1958 Frances Barber Wolverhampton England, actress (Castaway)
1959 Robert Earnshaw racehorse trainer
1960 Richard M "Dick" van de Toorn actor (Pastorale)
1960 Shannon Vessup-Millen Los Angeles CA, WPVA volleyballer (National-9th-1991)
1961 Dennis Rodman NBA forward (Chicago Bulls)
1963 Julian Brookhouse rocker (Curiosity Killed Cat-Keep Your Distance)
1963 Wally Masur England, tennis star
1964 Jose Rijo pitcher (New York Yankees, Cincinnati Reds)
1964 Sam Randolph Santa Barbara CA, Nike golfer (1993 New England-2nd)
1964 Sara Gomer England, tennis star
1965 Chris Washburn NBAer
1968 Annette DeLuca North Bergen NJ, LPGA golfer
1968 James Harris NFL defensive end (Minnesota Vikings)
1969 Lyle Mouton Lafayette LA, outfielder (Chicago White Sox)
1970 Doug Evans NFL defensive back (Green Bay Packers-Superbowl 31)
1970 Giuseppe Busillo hockey forward (Team Italy 1998)
1970 Mark Beaufait Royal Oak MI, US hockey forward (Olympics-1994)
1970 Mitch Lyons NFL tight end (Atlanta Falcons, Pittsburgh Steelers)
1970 Selwyn Jones NFL defensive back (Seahawks, Denver Broncos-Superbowl 32)
1971 Hamish Pepper Auckland New Zealand, laser single handed yachter (Olympics-96)
1971 Michael Sirotka Chicago IL, pitcher (Chicago White Sox)
1971 Rob Fredrickson NFL linebacker (Oakland Raiders)
1971 Tom Nalen NFL center (Denver Broncos-Superbowl 32)
1972 Darryl Sydor Edmonton, NHL defenseman (Dallas Stars)
1972 Josh Heinrich NFL/WLAF defensive end (Lions, Barcelona Dragons)
1973 Brooke Jennifer Gambrell Boise ID, Miss America-Idaho (1996)
1973 Michelle Mouser Miss USA-Ohio (1997)
1974 Albert Connell wide receiver (Washington Redskins)
1974 Lisa Jacob 800 meter freestyle relay (Olympics-96)
1975 Chris Crawford NBA forward (Atlanta Hawks)
1977 Diane Halber Torrance CA, figure skater (1996 National Collegiate champion)
1977 Sara DeCosta ice hockey goalie (USA, Olympics-98)

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Deaths which occurred on May 13:
0384 Servatius/Aravatius bishop of Tongeren, dies at 65+
1381 John of Chatillon Governor/Viceroy of Holland, dies
1390 Robert II the Steward King of Scotland (1371-90), dies
1619 Johan van Oldenbarnevelt lands advocate, beheaded
1732 Theodor Schwartzkopff composer, dies at 72
1776 Anton de Haen medical Ratio medendi, dies at 71
1787 Johann Michael Malzat composer, dies at 38
1793 Martin Gerbert composer, dies at 72
1812 Johann Matthias Sperger composer, dies at 62
1831 Christian G Körner German lawyer, dies at 74
1832 Georges Cuvier French zoologist (La Règne Animal), dies at 62
1835 John Nash British town planner/architect (Regent's Park), dies
1839 Israel Ashkenazi of Shklov found Ashkenazic community (1815), dies
1839 Joseph Fesch French cardinal/war commission/earl/senator, dies
1864 Junius Daniel Confederate Brigadier-General, dies at 35
1873 Kaspar Masek composer, dies at 79
1882 Jules-Nicolas Crevaux French explorer, murdered at 35
1884 Cyrus Hall McCormick inventor, dies
1885 Juliana Horatia [Gatty] Ewing author (Lob Lie-by-the-Fire), dies
1892 Jean Alexander Ferdinand Poise composer, dies at 63
1896 Nora Perry writer, dies
1904 Jan Boissevain ship owner/politician, dies
1914 R E Foster only dual England captain at cricket & soccer, dies
1916 Sholem Aleichem yiddish writer (Fiddler on the Roof), dies
1925 Boris V Savinkov Russian writer/terrorist, dies
1930 Fridtjof Nansen diplomat (Nobel 1922), dies
1930 Helena Lange German feminist, dies
1931 Josif Marinkovic composer, dies at 79
1933 Paul Ernst writer, dies at 67
1942 Hyam Greenbaum composer, dies at 41
1951 Marianne [Goudeket-]Philips author (Issue Beukennoot), dies at 65
1956 Aleksandr A Fadejev Russian author (Young Guard), commits suicide at 54
1961 Gary Cooper 2 time Academy award winning actor (High Noon), dies at 60
1962 Dr H Trendley Dean introduced fluoridation into water
1962 Frank Jenks actor (Colonel Flack), dies of cancer at 60
1962 Franz Jozef Kline US expressionist painter, dies at 51
1962 H Trendley Dean doctor (introduced fluoridation into water)
1966 Henk [Hendrik M] of Randwijk poet/editor in chief (illegal), dies
1967 Frank McGrath actor (Wagon Train), dies at 64
1971 Valerian Mikhaylovich Bogdanov-Berezovsky composer, dies 67
1972 Dan Blocker actor (Hoss-Bonanza), dies following surgery at 41
1975 Bob Wills actor (Lone Prairie), dies at 69
1978 Albert Roberts cricketer (5 Tests for New Zealand, 7 wickets), dies
1979 Nelly Aenders actress (In Pyama), dies at 65
1981 Carl Weinrich composer, dies at 76
1982 Irmgard Keun West German writer (Blühende Neurosen), dies at 72
1982 Kara Abulfazogli Karayev composer, dies at 64
1982 Renzo Rossellini Italian composer, dies at 74
1985 Leatrice Joy silent screen star, dies in Riverdale (Bronx) New York NY at 91
1985 Selma Diamond actress/comedienne (Selma-Night Court), dies of cancer at 64
1988 Chet Baker jazz trumpeter, falls to death out of a hotel window at 59
1990 Venedikt Jerofejev Russian writer, dies
1991 Jimmy McPartland jazz cornetist, dies of cancer at 83
1992 Floyd Arceneaux trumpeter, dies at 58
1992 Gisela Elsner writer, dies at 55
1993 Borolas [Joaquin Garcia] Mexican comedian (Santa Sangre), dies of heart attack at 71
1993 Evert "Eef" Dolman Dutch cyclist (Olympics-gold-1964), dies at 47
1994 Arthur Basil Cotle medievalist, dies at 77
1994 Duncan Hamilton driver, dies at 74
1994 Ruth Gillette actress (Wild Gold), dies of cancer at 88
1995 Cecil Marley cricketer (WICBC president 1971-74, Jamaican captain 1946), dies
1996 John "Jack" Baines mountaineering publisher, dies at 57

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Reported: MISSING in ACTION


1968 SMITH DONALD G. AKRON PA.
01/01/69 RELEASED

1969 AIKEN LARRY JAMAICA NY.
07/10/69 RECOVERED FROM VC HOSPITAL, DECEASED

1969 BESSOR BRUCE C. FAIRFAX VA.

1969 BROOKS JOHN H. BRYANT POND ME.

1969 MASUDA ROBERT S. SAN JOSE CA.
POSS THROWN INTO WELL

1969 MUNOZ DAVID L. LOS ANGELES CA.
POSS THROWN INTO WELL

1969 SCOTT MIKE J. NEWARK NJ.

1970 HUBERTH ERIC J. THOUSAND OAKS CA.
SURVIVAL UNLIKELY-SAR

1970 TRENT ALAN R. WADSWORTH OH.
SURVIVAL UNLIKELY-SAR

POW / MIA Data & Bios supplied by
the P.O.W. NETWORK. Skidmore, MO. USA.

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On this day...
0535 St Agapitus I begins his reign as Catholic Pope
0609 Pope Boniface I turns Pantheon into Catholic church
0641 Eligius (Saint Eloy) becomes bishop of Doornik-Noyon
1106 Henry I of Limburg becomes duke of Netherlands-Lutherans
1110 Crusaders march into Beirut causing a bloodbath
1364 Peter Coutherel banished from Leuven
1497 Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola
1559 Excavated corpse of heretic David Jorisz burned in Basel
1568 Mary Queen of Scots is defeated by English at battle of Langside
1588 King Henri III flees Paris
1607 English colonists (John Smith) land near James River in Virginia
1624 Admiral Hermites fleet blockade Lima Peru
1637 Cardinal Richelieu of France creates the table knife
1643 Battle at Grantham: English parliamentary armies beat royalists
1643 Heavy earthquake strikes Santiago Chile; kills 1/3 of population
1652 Ingen Ryuki invited to become the abbot of Sofokuji temple in Nagasaki
1654 Venetian fleet under Admiral Adeler beats Turkish
1767 Mozart's opera "Apollo et Hyacinthus" premieres in Salzburg
1777 University library at Vienna opens
1779 War of Bavarian Succession ends
1787 Arthur Phillip sets sails with 11 ships of criminals to Botany Bay
1820 The opera "Die Jäearsbraut" is completed
1828 US passes Tariff of Abominations
1830 Republic of Ecuador is founded, with Juan Jose Flores as president
1835 1st foreign embassy in Hawaii is established
1846 US declares war on México, 2 months after fighting begins
1861 Queen Victoria announces England's position of neutrality
1864 Atlanta Campaign-Battle of Resaca GA
1865 South Brownsville TX (Palmito Ranch) Final engagement of Civil War PVT John J Williams of 34th Indiana is last man killed
1874 Pope Pius IX encyclical "On the Greek-Ruthenian rite"
1876 Amersfoort-Zutphen railway opens
1877 César Franck's "Lesson Eolides" premieres
1882 Toba-Indians killed 20 members of French expedition
1884 Institute for Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is founded
1887 15th Preakness: William Donohue aboard Dunboyne wins in 2:39½
1888 Brazil abolishes slavery
1888 DeWolf Hopper 1st recited "Casey at the Bat"
1888 Princess Isabel of Brazil signs "Lei Auréa" abolishing slavery
1890 18th Preakness: W Martin aboard Montague wins in 2:36.75
1890 Lord Salisbury offers Germany Helgoland in exchange for Zanzibar, Uganda & Equatoria
1891 17th Kentucky Derby: Isaac Murphy aboard Kingman wins in 2:52¼
1905 James J Jeffries retires as boxing champion
1906 Bezalel Art School opens in Jerusalem
1909 Christian National Labor Workers (CNV) party begins in Netherlands
1911 37th Kentucky Derby: George Archibald aboard Meridian wins in 2:05
1911 New York Giant Fred Merkle is 1st to get 6 RBIs in an inning (1st)
1912 Royal Flying Corps is established in England
1913 1st 4 engine aircraft built & flown (Igor Sikorsky-Russia)
1916 1st observance of Indian (Native American) Day
1916 42nd Kentucky Derby: Johnny Loftus aboard George Smith wins in 2:04
1917 1st appearance of Mary to 3 shepherd children in Fatima, Portugal
1917 Ernest Bloch's "Schelomo" premieres
1918 1st US airmail stamps issued (24¢)
1922 48th Kentucky Derby: Albert Johnson aboard Morvich wins in 2:04.6
1923 Pulitzer prize awarded to Willa Carter (One of Ours)
1926 German Government of Luther falls
1927 "Black Friday" on Berlin Stock Exchange
1927 VVOG soccer team forms in Harderwijk
1930 Farmer killed by hail in Lubbock TX; this is the only known fatality due to hail
1931 Paul Doumer elected President of France
1932 Russian composer Dmitri Shostakovich marries Nina Varsar
1933 59th Preakness: Charley Kurtsinger aboard Head Play wins in 2:02
1934 Great dustbowl storm
1936 Quiroga Government takes office in Spain
1939 65th Preakness: George Seabo aboard Challedon wins in 1:59.8
1939 SS St Louis departs Hamburg with 937 Jews fugitives
1940 British bomb factory at Breda
1940 Churchill says I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears & sweat
1940 Dutch Queen Wilhelmina flees to England
1940 German breakthrough at Grebbelinie
1941 Martin Bormann is named head of Nazi Party Chancellery in Germany
1941 Trial against resistance fighter comte d'Estienne d'Orves begins
1941 Willy Lewis' US jazz band performs in Switzerland
1942 Helicopter makes its 1st cross-country flight
1942 Pitcher Jim Tobin belts 3 homeruns in a game
1943 German & Italian forces in Africa surrender
1943 German occupiers confiscate all radios
1944 70th Preakness: Conn McCreary aboard Pensive wins in 1:59.2
1945 US troops conquer Dakeshi Okinawa
1946 Sarwate & Banerjee add 249 for 10th wicket for Indians vs Surrey
1946 US convicts 58 camp guard of Mauthausen concentration camp to death
1946 Winston Churchill welcomed in Rotterdam
1947 Senate approved the Taft-Hartley Act limiting the power of unions
1949 1st British-produced jet bomber, Canberra, makes its 1st test flight
1950 Diner's Club issues its 1st credit cards
1952 Minor-league Bristol pitcher Ron Necciai strikes out 27 in 9-innings
1952 Pandit Nehru becomes premier of India
1953 New York Giants Willie Mays & Darryl Spencer each hit 2 homeruns & a triple
1954 "Pajama Game" opens at St James Theater NYC for 1063 performances
1954 Labour Party wins British municipal elections
1954 Robin Roberts gives up a homerun then retires the next 27 men in a row
1954 US performs atmospheric nuclear test at Enwetak
1955 Mickey Mantle hits 3 consecutive homeruns of at least 463'
1956 Pachyderm Building at Cleveland Metroparks Zoo opens
1958 French settlers riot against French army in Algeria
1958 Jordan & Iraq form the Arab Federation
1958 Pierre Pflimlin forms French Government
1958 Rioters attack US Vice President Nixon in Venezuala
1958 Stan Musial, is 8th to get 3,000 hits
1959 Kraft Music Hall with Milton Berle, last airs on NBC-TV
1960 1st launch of Delta satellite launching vehicle; it failed
1960 Phillies lose 3rd consecutive 1-0 game
1960 WOLE TV channel 12 in Aguadillo Puerto Rico
1962 Mickey Wright wins LPGA Western Golf Open
1965 Rolling Stones record "Satisfaction"
1965 Several Arab nations break ties with West Germany after it established diplomatic relations with Israel
1966 Federal education funding is denied to 12 school districts in the South because of violations of the 1964 Civil Rights Act
1966 Rolling Stones release "Paint it Black"
1967 New York Yankee Mickey Mantle hits career homerun #500 off Stu Miller
1967 Octagonal boxing ring is tested to avoid corner injuries
1968 1,000,000 French demonstrate against De Gaulle & Pompidou
1970 Beatles movie "Let it Be" premieres
1971 Grace Slick of Jefferson Airplane seriously injured in a car accident
1972 115 die in nightclub atop 7-story Sennichi department store (Osaka Japan)
1972 Milwaukee Brewers beat Minnesota Twins, 4-3, in 22 innings (started 5/12)
1973 "Cyrano" opens at Palace Theater NYC for 49 performances
1973 Judy Rankin wins LPGA Lady Carling Golf Open
1973 Tennis hustler Bobby Riggs beats Margaret Smith Court in a Mother's Day match in California
1975 "Rodgers & Hart" opens at Helen Hayes Theater NYC for 108 performances
1975 Hail stones as large as tennis balls hit Wernerville TN
1975 Stanley Cup ; Philadelphia Flyers beat New York Islanders 4-3
1976 9th & final ABA championship: New York Nets beat Denver Nuggets, 4 games to 2
1977 Howard Stern begins broadcasting at WRNW, Briarcliff Manor NY
1978 "Angel" closes at Minskoff Theater NYC after 5 performances
1978 Henry Rono of Kenya sets record for 3,000 meter steeplechase (8:05.4)
1978 Joie Chitwood drives a Chevette 5.6 miles on just 2 wheels
1978 Musical "Runaways" with Elizabeth Swados premieres at Plymouth Theater NYC for 199 performances
1979 "The Utter Glory of Morrissey Hall" opens & closes at Mark Hellinger NYC
1979 Sandra Post wins LPGA Lady Michelob Golf Tournament
1979 Shah & family sentenced to death in Teheran
1980 Cincinnati Red Ray Knight hits 2 homeruns in 5th inning vs New York Mets
1981 Dinamo Tbilisi wins 21st Europe Cup II
1981 Pope John Paul II shot, wounded by assailant in St Peter's Square
1982 Braniff Airlines files for bankruptcy
1982 Chicago Cubs win their 8,000th (beat Astros)
1982 Soyuz T-5 is launched-Berezovoi & Lebedev for 211 days in space
1982 Terri Lea Utley, (20), from Arkansas, crowned 31st Miss USA
1983 Reggie Jackson is 1st major leaguer to strike out 2,000 times
1984 "Oliver!" closes at Mark Hellinger Theater NYC after 17 performances
1984 Amy Alcott wins LPGA United Virginia Bank Golf Classic
1984 Johan Cruyffs last competitive match
1985 Carlton Fisk becomes the 5th catcher to steal 100 bases
1985 Laura Elena Martinez-Herring, 21, (Texas), crowned 34th Miss USA
1985 Philadelphia Police bomb a house held by group "Move", kills 11
1987 Ajax wins 27th Europe Cup II
1989 Approximately 2,000 students begin hunger strike in Tiananmen Square, China
1989 Minnesota Twin Kirby Puckett becomes the 35th to hit 4 doubles in a game
1989 Trinidad & Tobago ties US 1-1, in 3rd round of 1990 world soccer cup
1990 "Change in the Heir" closes at Edison Theater NYC after 16 performances
1990 Dottie Mochrie wins LPGA Crestar Golf Classic
1991 "Michael Jackson: The Magic & the Madness" goes on sale
1991 Apple releases Macintosh System 7.0
1991 South African activist Winnie Mandela convicted of abducting 4 blacks
1991 Yankee Stadium fans sing "Like a Virgin" to Jose Canseco
1992 3 astronauts simultaneous walked in space for the 1st time
1992 Ajax wins 21st UEFA Cup
1992 Concrete foundation for ballpark at Gateway (Jacobs Field) is poured
1992 Final episode of "Night Court" airs on NBC-TV
1992 Frank Stallone beats Geraldo Rivera in boxing on Howard Stern Show
1993 6th annual business person run held in Wall Street
1993 Arsenio Hall's 1,000th show retrospective seen in Netherlands
1993 CBS' Knots Landing ends 14 year run with 334th show in Netherlands
1993 Kansas City Royal George Brett hits his 300th homerun
1993 Methane gas explosion in Secunda coal mine South-Africa, kills 50
1994 Indians, begin a 18 home game win streak at Jacobs Field
1995 6.5 earthquake hits Greece
1995 Chelsi Smith, 21, of USA, crowned 44th Miss Universe; Shanna Lynn Moakler, (19-New York), replaces Chelsi Smith as Miss USA
1995 New Zealand beats US for the America's Cup
1996 OJ Simpson appears on British TV discussing his not guilty verdict
1997 Eddie Murray is 6th baseball player to play in 3,000 games

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Holidays
Note: Some Holidays are only applicable on a given "day of the week"

Ancient Rome : Lemuria; a. d. iij Id. Maias
US : Mother's Day, give her a call today - - - - - ( Sunday )
Ireland : Feis Ceoil music festival (1897) - - - - - ( Monday )
Baltimore : Preakness Frog Hop - - - - - ( Wednesday )
US : Native American/Indian Day - - - - - ( Saturday )

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Religious Observances
Bhuddist-Singapore : Buddha's Birthday
Roman Catholic : Commemoration of St Robert Bellarmine, bishop/confessor/doctor

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Religious History
1665 A statute was enacted in Rhode Island, offering freemanship with no specifically Christian requirements, thus effectively enfranchising Jews.
1839 Birth of William P. Mackey, a Scottish physician who later in life became a Presbyterian pastor. Mackey wrote several hymns during his life, including "Revive Us Again."
1917 Near Fatima, Portugal, three shepherd children reported that Mary, the mother of Jesus, had appeared to them. Since 1930, this appearance has come to be known as Our Lady of Fatima.
1925 In Tallahassee, Florida, the State legislature passed a bill requiring daily Bible readings in all public schools.
1981 In St. Peter's Square, Rome, Turkish terrorist Mehmet Ali Agca, 23, shot and seriously wounded Pope John Paul II in an assassination attempt. Following a long convalescence, however, John Paul resumed his world travels.

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Thought for the day :
"At 18, I was ashamed of how ignorant my father was. At 21, I was amazed at how much he had learned in three years."

[Johnny Gage]

Air Power
Dassault SUPER ETENDARD

The Super Etendard is a carrier-based single-seat strike fighter first introduced into service in 1978. It is an updated version of the Etendard IVM. Based on experience gained during the Korean war (1950-53), French authorities drew up specifications for a light interceptor. This definition was rapidly assimilated into a program for a light tactical bomber that could also fulfil an air superiority mission. At the same time, NATO published its requirements for the LWTSF (Light Weight Tactical Strike Fighter). In response, the Dassault company presented its Mirage and Etendard aircraft.

To meet the needs of both national and NATO programs, Dassault carried over the aerodynamic design of its Super-Mystère, applying it to smaller aircraft equipped with power plants that could reach transonic speeds without afterburners. This led to the design of the Mystère XXII (Etendard II), Mystère XXIV (Etendard IV) and Mystère XXVI (Etendard VI), developments which were remarkable for improving lift so that take-off and landing became possible at reduced speeds.

The Etendard IV M was the first naval aircraft developed by Dassault. The Etendard IV M made its maiden flight 21st May 1958 at Melun-Villaroche (the Seine-et-Marne region of France). The wings of the aircraft are mid-mounted, swept-back, and tapered with blunt tips there are sawtooth in the leading edges. There is one turbojet engine inside the body. There are semicircular air intakes below the canopy and a single exhaust. The fuselage has a long, pointed nose. The body bulges at the air intakes and tapers to the rear. There is a bubble canopy well forward on the nose. The dorsal spine extends from the cockpit to midbody. The tail is large, swept-back, and tapered tail fin with curved tip. The flats are low- to mid-mounted on the tail fin, swept-back, and tapered with blunt tips.

Between 1961 and 1965, the French Navy took delivery of 69 Etendard IV M's and 21 Etendard IV P's. The Etendard IV M continued in service in the French Navy until July 1991. These aircraft logged a total of 180,000 flying hours and made 25,300 carrier landings. Even today, there are still several Etendard IV P's and IV PM's in service.

The naval single-seater combat aircraft, Dassault Super-Etendard, is a modernized version of the Etendard IV M. Main modifications include updating of the weapons system through the installation (a first for a French production aircraft) of a modern navigation and combat management system. The aircraft prototype made its maiden flight 28 October 1974 at Istres (the Bouches-du-Rhône region of France).

The French Navy commissioned the plane for the first time in 1977 and 71 aircraft are now in service on the aircraft carriers Foch and Clemenceau. This plane, armed with Exocet missiles and flown by Argentinian pilots (14 aircraft), proved its combat effectiveness during the Malvinas [Falklands] war with Britain in 1982.

The Super-Etendard will be replaced by the naval version of the multi-role combat aircraft Rafale at the beginning of the 21st century.

Specifications:
Country of Origin: France
Builder: DASSAULT-BREGUET
User Country: Argentina, France
First flight: May 1958 Etendard IV, October 1990 (Upgraded Super Etendard)
In-service in the French Navy: 1964 Etendard IV, June 1993 (Upgraded Super Etendard)
Similar Aircraft: Fantan A, Mitsubishi F-1, Mirage F1, Yak-38 Forger
Crew: One
Role: strike fighter

Dimensions:
Span: 31 ft, 6 in / 9.60 meters
Length: 47 ft / 14.31 meters
Height: 3.85 meters
Range: 750-1080 nautical miles
Endurance: 1h45 to 2h15 with réservoir supplémentaire
Speed: Mach 1,3 (@ 11 000 m) and Mach 0,97 (@ low altitude)
Ceiling: 45,000 feet / 13700 meters
Weight: 11.90 tonnes (6.25 à vide).
In-Flight Refueling: Yes
Internal Fuel: 2612 kg
Payload: 2100 kg w/full int fuel
Power plant/Thrust: SNECMA 8 K50 jet engine / 5 tonnes

Armaments:
two 30-mm guns
Air-to-ground middle range missile (ASMP)
Exocet air-to-surface Aerospatiale missile
Matra Magic 2 air-to-air missile
AS30 air-to-surface laser-guided missile
rockets
free fall and parachute drag bombs
laser-guided bombs

Systems:
radar Anémone
nacelle Atlis
détecteur Sherloc
brouilleur Barracuda
Drax radar detector
Barracuda and Phimat jamming pods
leurres Alkan 5081
rear flare dispenser

Sensors: Agave radar, RWR, ballistic bombsight

Special equipment:
6 Oméra 31 cameras (100, 150, 200 and 600 mm)
Drop Tanks 600 L drop tank with 479kg of fuel for 99nm of range
625 L drop tank with 499kg of fuel for 103nm of range
1100 L drop tank with 879kg of fuel for 182nm of range

All photos Copyright of Global Security.org

[Gamecock]

As a South Carolinian, I just love this battle. To see an accurate movie that portrays the events leading up to this battle, watch Mel Gibson's The Patriot.

The 25th time I watched it I had a copy of Dr Walter Edgar's splendid "South Carolina, A History" open in my lap and read along. The history and movie are very close.

If you have to be one, be a Big Red One!

[aomagrat]

Today's classic warship, USS Cowpens (CVL-25)

Independence class light aircraft carrier
Displacement: 11,000 t.>br> Length: 622'6"
Beam: 71'6"
Extreme Width: 109'2"
Draft: 26'
Speed: 32 k.
Complement: 1,569
Armament: 26 40mm, 16 20mm, 30 aircraft
Nickname: The Mighty Moo

USS Cowpens (CV-25) was launched 17 January 1943 by New York Shipbuilding Corp., Camden, N.J., sponsored by Mrs. M. H. Spruance; daughter of Vice Admiral W. F. Halsey; and commissioned 28 May 1943, Captain R. P. McConnell in command. She was reclassified CVL-25 on 15 July 1943.

Departing Philadelphia 29 August 1943, Cowpens arrived at Pearl Harbor 19 September to begin the active and distinguished war career in which she was to earn a Navy Unit Commendation. She sailed with TF 14 for the strike on Wake Island on 5 and 6 October, then returned to Pearl Harbor to prepare for strikes on the Marshall Islands preliminary to invasion. She sortied from Pearl Harbor 10 November to launch air strikes on Mille and Makin atolls between 19 and 24 November, and Kwajalein and Wotje on 4 December, returning to her base 9 December.

Joining the vast carrier TF 58, Cowpens sailed from Pearl Harbor 16 January 1944 for the invasion of the Marshalls. Her planes pounded Kwajalein and Eniwetok the last 3 days of the month to prepare for the assault landing on the 31st. Using Majuro as a base, the force struck at Truk on 16 and 17 February and the Marianas on 21 and 22 February before putting in to Pearl Harbor 4 March. Returning to Majuro, TF 58 based here for attacks on the western Carolines; Cowpens supplied air and antisubmarine patrols during the raids on Palau, Yap, Ulithi and Woleai from 30 March to 1 April. After operating off New Guinea during the invasion of Hollandia from 21 to 28 April, Cowpens took part in the strikes on Truk, Satawan and Ponape between 29 April and 1 May, returning to Majuro 14 May for training.

From 6 June to 10 July 1944, Cowpens operated in the Marianas operation. Her planes struck the island of Saipan to aid the assault troops, and made supporting raids on Iwo Jima, Pagan, Rota, and Guam. They also took part in the Battle of the Philippine Sea on 19 and 20 June, accounting for a number of the huge tally of enemy planes downed. After a brief overhaul at Pearl Harbor, Cowpens rejoined the fast carrier task force at Eniwetok on 17 August. On the 29th, she sailed for the preinvasion strikes on the Palaus, whose assault was an essential preliminary to the return to the Philippines. From 13 to 17 September, she was detached from the force to cover the landings on Morotai, then rejoined it for sweep, patrol, and attack missions a gainst Luzon from 21 to 24 September. Cowpens, with her task group, flew strikes to neutralize Japanese bases on Okinawa and Formosa from 10 to 14 October, and when CANBERRA (CA-70) and HOUSTON (CL-81) were hit by torpedoes, Cowpens provided air cover for their safe withdrawal, rejoining her task group 20 October. En route to Ulithi, she was recalled when the Japanese Fleet threatened the Leyte invasion, and during the Battle of Surigao Strait phase of the decisive Battle for Leyte Gulf on 25 and 26 October, provided combat air patrol for the ships pursuing the fleeing remnant of the Japanese fleet. Continuing her support of the Philippines advance, Cowpens' planes struck Luzon repeatedly during December. During the disastrous typhoon of 18 December, Cowpens lost one man, planes and equipment but skillful work by her crew prevented major damage, and she reached Ulithi safely 21 December to repair her storm damage.

Between 30 December 1944 and 26 January 1945, Cowpens was at sea for the Lingayen Gulf landings. Her planes struck targets on Formosa, Luzon, the Indo-Chinese coast and the Hong Kong-Canton area and Okinawa during January. On 10 February, Cowpens sortied from Ulithi for the Iwo Jima operation, striking the Tokyo area, supporting the initial landings from 19 to 22 February, and hitting Okinawa on 1 March.

After overhaul at San Francisco and training at Pearl Harbor, Cowpens sailed 13 June for San Pedro Bay, Leyte, on her way striking Wake Island on 20 June. Rejoining TF 58, Cowpens sailed from San Pedro Bay 1 July to join in the final raids on the Japanese mainland. Her planes pounded Tokyo, Kure, and other cities of Hokkaido and Honshu until 15 August. Remaining off Tokyo Bay until the occupation landings began 30 August, Cowpens launched photographic reconnaissance missions to patrol airfields and shipping movements, and to locate and supply prisoner-of-war camps. Men from Cowpens were largely responsible for the emergency activation of Yokosuka airfield for Allied use. Between 8 November 1945 and 28 January 1946 Cowpens made two voyages to Pearl Harbor, Guam, and Okinawa to return veterans. Placed in commission in reserve at Mare Island 3 December 1946, Cowpens was decommissioned 13 January 1947.

Reclassified as an "Aircraft Transport", with hull number AVT-1, on 15 May 1959, while in reserve. Stricken from the Navy List on 1 November 1959 and sold for scrap in 1960.

In addition to her Navy Unit Commendation, Cowpens received 12 battle stars for World War II service.

[tomball]

EXCELLENT! As long as there is a Free Republic, there is be no excuse for not knowing why we are supposed to live in a Free Republic.