The FReeper Foxhole Remembers Marie Dorion and The Astoria Expedition (1811-1812)

Pierre Dorion Junior had been hired the previous year by the Missouri Fur Company, based in St. Louis. That company, formed in 1808 by Manuel Lisa, Andrew Henry, Pierre Chouteau and others, sent its first fur trapping expedition up the Missouri River the next year. Lisa was the most prominent Indian trader in St. Louis, as the Spanish had granted him a monopoly of trade with the nearby Osage Indians. He had been the principal supplier for Lewis and Clark. As Lisa's employee, Dorion had gotten in debt for liquor at the Fort Mandan trading post and was looking for a way to avoid paying. Hence, Hunt's offer of employment was a welcome outlet. Lisa was eager to keep Dorion away from Hunt, because Astor's new Pacific Fur Company, chartered in 1810 as a subsidiary of the American Fur Company, would be in direct competition with his company.

John Jacob Astor

Dorion's wife, Marie, and their two sons ages 2 and 4 were with him in St. Louis and all four left with Hunt in the spring. It is believed that Dorion had taken the young Iowa Indian woman for a wife about 1806, after abandoning a Yankton woman named Holy Rainbow. En route up the Missouri River Dorion learned that Lisa intended to have him arrested at the frontier town of St. Charles, in western Missouri. That news prompted Dorion and family to leave the boat. After Hunt had departed from St. Charles, Dorion rejoined him, but without his family. All were not contented in the Dorion family. Pierre and Marie had quarreled; he had beat her, causing her to flee into the woods. Not wanting to delay, Hunt shoved off without her. The next morning, though, Marie and the children voluntarily rejoined them.

The party continued upriver to Fort Osage, where they stayed three days. Again the Dorions quarreled. Marie wanted to stay with new-found friends, so Pierre had to physically place her in one of the boats. Marie's desire to not undertake the journey may have been influenced by the fact that she was then about three months pregnant. There is no record that she ever again rebelled and the couple remained together until Pierre's violent death.

Nine days after the Tonquin party established Astoria, Hunt's party left their winter camp on April 21, 1811. At that time, the expedition was composed of 60 persons, five of whom were partners of Astor's Pacific Fur Company. With Hunt were two English naturalists, John Bradbury and Thomas Nuthall. The employees were not mountain men but were mostly French-Canadian river-men, similar to those that Astor's American Fur Company employed in the Great Lakes region. The armament on their four boats consisted of two howitzers and a swivel gun. They were not the only expedition on the river. Behind and gaining on them was Lisa's party, which had left St. Louis on April 2.

Wilson Price Hunt lead an expedition, the first to follow the route of Lewis and Clark, in 1811 that wended up the Little Missouri River in Wyoming near Devils Tower.

Lisa was going up the Missouri to collect the furs his trappers and traders had obtained during the winter and to search for his partner Andrew Henry, who had not been heard from for two years. Blackfoot Indians had dislodged Henry from a post that he had tried to establish at the Forks of the Missouri River in what would become western Montana. That was at the junction of the three rivers that Lewis and Clark had named the Jefferson, the Madison, and the Gallatin, with the Jefferson leading them southwest toward the Lemhi Pass and across the Continental Divide. Most of Henry's men had returned to St. Louis, but Henry and a few others had crossed the Continental Divide and built Fort Henry near the headwaters of the Snake River (in present-day southeast Idaho).

Lisa was not only in a competition race with Hunt, but he was also trying to catch up with Hunt so they could pass through Sioux country together. The word was out that the Sioux were upset, insisting on collecting a sizable payment from all river-men. Lisa sent a message to Hunt to wait up, but Hunt pressed forward.

On May 26, 1811, Hunt met up with three veteran hunters, who were on the way to St. Louis--Edward Robinson, John Hoback and Jacob Reznor. They had been with Henry the previous year and had spent a few months at Fort Henry. Although they were headed back to Kentucky, Hunt persuaded them to join him and go all the way to the Pacific Ocean. They in turn persuaded Hunt to change his route. Instead of following Lewis and Clark's path to the Forks, through Lemhi Pass, and north to the Lolo Trail, they told him he should take a southern route to avoid the Blackfeet. Those three were about Hunt's only experienced mountain men, although one of the partners, Ramsey Crooks, had been trading up the Missouri.

Lisa caught up with Hunt just below the Arikara village, near the northern border of present-day South Dakota, and together they reached that Indian village at the mouth of Grand River on June 12. Hunt's new plan called for him to leave his boats there and go overland, but his departure was delayed until July 18, because of the difficulty of bargaining for horses. When at last his party left, he had only 82 horses, most of which were used as pack animals. The partners, plus Pierre Dorion and the two children, rode, but Marie walked until after additional horses were obtained from the Cheyenne and Crow Indians.

Lewis and Clark had wintered with the Mandans, just upriver from the Arikaras (in present-day central North Dakota). They started out early in the year, when the ice melted, reaching their goal in early November. Hunt wintered in Missouri, did not reach the Arikaras until June, 1811, and did not get underway overland until the middle of July. Thus he was forced to spend the following winter trying to get through the mountains, not reaching Astoria until February, 1812.

Hunt left the Arikaras moving west and southwest, crossing into present-day Wyoming near its extreme northeast border. They skirted the northern side of the Black Hills, within view of Devil's Tower, continuing in an approximate straight line to cross the Powder River just south of its junction with Crazy Woman Creek.

Marie Dorion - Escape 1814, c. 1982 by John Clymer

It was a few miles south of that area, near present-day Kaycee, where 65 years later the Battle of Powder River and the Battle of Dull Knife occurred. Cheyenne chief Little Wolf was camped there when General George Crook's forces under J.J. Reynolds attacked on March 17, 1876. Both Little Wolf and Dull Knife were there when Colonel Ranald Mackenzie struck on Thanksgiving Day that same year.

Between the Powder River and the Big Horn Mountains to the west, Hunt's party bisected the region where the famous Bozeman Trail was to run along the foot of the Big Horn Mountains from Fort Laramie north to Montana Territory. That first attempt to create a road in the Powder River country sparked the Red Cloud War of the 1860s. The point at which the Bozeman Trail intersected with Hunt's route was very near where Fort McKinney would be erected in 1877. Just to the north was where Fort Kearny would be built and where the Fetterman Fight and Wagon Box Fight would take place.

Fort Astoria

While with the Arikaras, Hunt had employed a veteran mountain man named Edward Rose, although Hunt did not trust him. Rose had been an employee of Lisa, and he had lived with the Crow Indians. Before abruptly leaving the Astoria Expedition, Rose and some Crow friends helped Hunt and the others make two difficult mountain crossings, showing them the Powder River Pass in the Big Horn Mountains of north-central Wyoming. That 9,666 foot pass, which was previously unknown to them, is between the 12,420 foot Mather Peak and 10,555 foot Hazelton Peak.

The expedition reached the Bighorn River probably north of present-day Worland. They followed it south to the Wind River, and proceeded up near its headwaters. There they crossed the Continental Divide at Union Pass, which separates the Wind River and Gros Ventre ranges. They sighted the Grand Tetons, calling them the Pilot Knobs. Union Pass had been recently discovered in 1807-1808 by John Colter, then an employee of Lisa and formerly with the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Colter was also the first white man to see Jackson Hole, Pierre Hole, the Teton Range and the Yellowstone Park area. The Grand Tetons and Pierre's Hole received their present names in 1818-19 by a party of the Hudson's Bay Company headed by Donald McKenzie. After passing through Teton Pass, Hunt's party proceeded northwest to the abandoned Fort Henry, near present-day St. Anthony in southeastern Idaho. Their journey that far had been aided by the guidance of the three hunters Robinson, Hoback and Reznor.

At that point, along the headwaters of the Snake River, Hunt made a nearly fatal error of judgment. He abandoned his horses and constructed 15 dugout canoes. Since the Snake was a contributory of the Columbia River, Hunt assumed that the remaining 1,000 miles could be made by water. They soon found out differently. At Fort Henry, the party divided. Some men, including the three new hunters, were dispatched on trapping expeditions, to make their separate way to Oregon.

Wind River

After leaving Fort Henry on October 18, 1811, the rest of the Hunt party soon encountered a series of rapids, where portages had to be made along high bluffs. While attempting to run one set of rapids on October 28, about 340 miles below Henry's Fort, a canoe wrecked and one man drowned. After some of the men scouted the river ahead, they were forced to recognize the futility of trying to travel by water. The river was declared unnavigable.

Now without horses, it became necessary to cache a large part of their supplies and continue on foot. To increase the chance of obtaining game to supplement their meager supply of food, the party again split, with half traveling on each side of the river. One party of 18 men, under Ramsey Crooks, walked along the south bank of the barren, rocky Snake River. Another 18 led by Hunt, including the Dorion family, stayed on the north side. A third small group, giving up, left to retrace their steps.

Upon encountering a small Indian band on November 17, Hunt succeeded in buying a horse to use as a pack horse. Two days later, he obtained a second horse for his personal use. At the next Indian camp that they stumbled on, an Indian claimed that Hunt's second horse had been stolen from him. Hunt was forced to give it up, but he was able to buy two others.

Snake River crossing

Pierre Dorion was also able to buy a horse for his family, so that Marie and the two children were again able to ride. They had been walking since leaving the canoes. Since the children were presumably ages 2 and 4, Marie must have carried the younger one on her back most of the time, even though she was by then eight months pregnant.

Near the end of November, Hunt's party was forced to start killing their few horses for food. Dorion resisted all efforts to kill his horse, even though it was almost starved. Having been away from the river for some time, they did not reestablish communication with Crooks until early December. Finding Crooks' party in worse physical condition for lack of food, Hunt was forced to spend much time and effort getting some horse meat across the river.

Twice in November and December they had to stay in Shoshone Indian camps for a short time because of the heavy snow and their lack of food. One time, they came upon a Shoshone camp that had a small herd of horses. The temptation was too great. They scared the Indians away and seized five mounts.

Marie Dorion's third child was born on December 30, 1811, but the baby died about eight days later. Apparently, Hunt's concern for Marie's welfare was not comparable to the concern Sacagawea had received from Lewis and Clark, for Marie gave birth to the child alone and caught up with the party the next day. It was another five weeks before Hunt's party struggled into Astoria on February 15, 1812. A party of hunters under Mackenzie, one of the partners who had separated at Fort Henry, had arrived a month earlier.

Additional Sources:

www.astorsbeechwood.com
www.wildlifeart.org
museum.bmi.net
www.thefurtrapper.com
www.odot.state.or.us www.cr.nps.gov
www.turtletrack.org

Because of Crooks' poor health, Hunt was forced to leave him with an American hunter named John Day and four Canadians to rest on the north side of the Snake River. They stayed there three weeks before continuing, arriving at Astoria on May 11, 1812. Crooks and Day had been picked up by David Stuart, one of the partners, who was leading a small canoe party up the Columbia River. Altogether, only 45 of the original 60 men reached Astoria, compared to Lewis and Clark, who had only one death (it was due to appendicitis) on their entire expedition.

Ramsey Crooks

In July 1813 the Dorion family left Astoria on a beaver trapping trip. The party, led by John Reed, established their base of operations for the winter up the Snake River, at the mouth of the Boise River in present-day southwest Idaho, beyond the area now called Hell's Canyon. There, the party was divided into smaller units with Pierre Dorion, Giles Le Clerc, and the Kentucky hunter Jacob Reznor assigned to trap along the Boise River.

Marie and the children remained at the base camp. In January 1814 she learned from friendly Indians that a band of Bannocks were burning other camps, so she set out on a horse with her two children to warn her husband. Three days later she discovered their hut and found Le Clerc wounded. They had been ambushed that morning, while on their trapping line, and Pierre and Reznor were killed. Marie got Le Clerc on the horse with her children and set out for the base camp, but he died two days later. At the base camp she found Reed and all the men in camp killed and mutilated. Leaving immediately, Marie headed back, seeking refuge with friendlier Indians along the Columbia River.

After nine days of struggling through snow, Marie was forced to halt and build a crude hut. Living on horse meat and melted snow, the three of them stayed there for 53 days. In mid-March, Marie and the children set out on foot. She was wandering partially snow blind, when rescued by Walla Walla Indians and taken to their village. There she was found in April by members of the Astoria group who were on their way back to St. Louis. They took her to Fort Okanogan, a Canadian fur station owned by the North West Company, located in the northeastern part of present-day Washington.

Robert Stuart

Marie lived at Fort Okanogan for several years, with a French-Canadian trapper named Venier. Their daughter, Marguerite, was born about 1819. Marie later lived with Jean Baptiste Toupin, who was a French-Canadian interpreter at Fort Nez Perce (later called Fort Walla Walla), another North West Company trading post, at the juncture of the Columbia and the Walla Walla rivers. It had been constructed in 1820 and lasted until it was burned by Indians in 1855. By Toupin, Marie Dorion had two more children: Francois (born about 1825) and Marianne (born about 1827).

In 1841 the Toupins settled on a farm in the Willamette Valley near Salem, Oregon and on July 19 of that year, they were formally married in a Roman Catholic ceremony. Marie died in 1850 and was buried at the parish church of St. Louis, 12 miles northeast of Salem. The officiating priest recorded her age as about 100, which was in error by about 40 years.

Marie Dorion's story became well known in her lifetime through the published recollections of Astoria pioneers and through Washington Irving's book Astoria. Since then, her name has been largely forgotten.

Astor's entire endeavor to control the northwest fur trade came to an end soon after the beginning of the War of 1812. When a supply ship failed to arrive and news that a British warship HMS Raccoon was approaching, the partners were forced to sell Fort Astoria to the North West Company of Montreal. It was renamed Fort George. Astoria's legacy was that it was the first permanent American settlement in the Pacific Northwest, and it became a strong argument in the United States' claim for that land. The immediate result of Astor's presence was that the North West Company had hastened to take control over the area. Representatives of that company arrived in the area just four months after Tonquin.

Hunt was not present when Astoria was sold. He had left Oregon on August 4, 1812 on Beaver en route to New Archangel, Alaska, to negotiate trade with the Russian-American Company. He sold a cargo of supplies for sealskins that he took to the Orient by way of the Sandwich Islands, where he left the ship. After learning of the declaration of war, he chartered Albatross and returned to Astoria, arriving after his partners had already arranged to sell out to the North West Company.

Before learning of the beginning of war, some of the Americans made plans to return to the East overland, carrying dispatches. One group of six men, led by Robert Stuart, left in June 1812, the month war was declared. Both Stuart and his uncle, David Stuart, were partners who had traveled west on Tonquin. With Stuart were both Ramsey Clark and John Day, who had had such a bad experience traveling with Hunt. Their route took them much farther south than Hunt's westward expedition and was extremely difficult, causing them to go many miles out of the way. In the process they discovered a pass through the Rockies in what would become Wyoming. At an elevation of only 7,550 feet, South Pass was later to become the preferred route for the Oregon Trail. The Bonneville Expedition took the first wagon through South Pass on 24 July 1832. A large portion of Hunt's route along the Snake River became part of the Oregon Trail.

Veterans for Constitution Restoration is a non-profit, non-partisan educational and grassroots activist organization. The primary area of concern to all VetsCoR members is that our national and local educational systems fall short in teaching students and all American citizens the history and underlying principles on which our Constitutional republic-based system of self-government was founded. VetsCoR members are also very concerned that the Federal government long ago over-stepped its limited authority as clearly specified in the United States Constitution, as well as the Founding Fathers' supporting letters, essays, and other public documents.

Actively seeking volunteers to provide this valuable service to Veterans and their families.

We here at Blue Stars For A Safe Return are working hard to honor all of our military, past and present, and their families. Inlcuding the veterans, and POW/MIA's. I feel that not enough is done to recognize the past efforts of the veterans, and remember those who have never been found.

I realized that our Veterans have no "official" seal, so we created one as part of that recognition. To see what it looks like and the Star that we have dedicated to you, the Veteran, please check out our site.

Veterans Wall of Honor

Blue Stars for a Safe Return

UPDATED THROUGH APRIL 2004

The FReeper Foxhole. America's History. America's Soul

Click on Hagar for
"The FReeper Foxhole Compiled List of Daily Threads"

LINK TO FOXHOLE THREADS INDEXED by PAR35

My last post for tonight. :-)

I know you like this guy.

Nighty night.

And here we are, living at the End of the Oregon Trail. Kinda neat.

"FALL IN" to the FReeper Foxhole!

Good Monday Morning Everyone.

If you want to be added to our ping list, let us know.

If you'd like to drop us a note you can write to:

Wild Bird Center
19721 Hwy 213
Oregon City, OR 97045

Looking at that route map, that is some nice country.

I have a bunch of relatives out your way, my father's side. A half brother, and many cousins including five first cousins.

The half brother was the great family secret of my father's era. Well, it embarrassed him, anyway!! Don't even know his name.

Good morning Snippy.

Good morning, Snippy and everyone at the Foxhole.

Good morning

Monday Bump for the Northwest Freeper Foxhole

Regards

alfa6 ;>}

March 28, 2005

The Center Of History

Read:
Matthew 16:13-20

Simon Peter answered and said, "You are the Christ, the Son of the living God." -Matthew 16:16

Bible In One Year: 1 Samuel 8-10

cover In its biographical archives, The Washington Post identifies famous people with a single vocational notice, such as "home-run king" or "motion-picture star." According to a reporter, one of these files is marked, "Jesus Christ (martyr)."

Every individual who considers Jesus Christ makes some judgment about Him. French philosopher and historian Ernest Renan said, "All history is incomprehensible without Christ." American author Ralph Waldo Emerson concluded, "His name is not so much written but plowed into the history of the world."

Kenneth Scott Latourette, former chairman of the department of religion at Yale Graduate School, wrote, "That short life of Jesus has been the most influential ever lived. Through Him millions have been transformed and have begun to live the life which He exemplified. Gauged by the consequences which have followed, the birth, life, and death and resurrection of Jesus have been the most important events in the history of man."

What label do you put on Jesus Christ? If you agree that He is who He claimed to be, then let Him who is the center of history be not only the center of your creed but also the object of your loyalty and love. -Haddon Robinson

Christ wants to be the center of your life,
The reason for your being here at all;
He gave Himself a sacrifice for you,
And now He waits for you to hear His call. -Hess

Your decision about Jesus determines your destiny.

FOR FURTHER STUDY
Who Is This Man Who Says He's God?

On this Day In History

Birthdates which occurred on March 28:
1468 Charles I Duke of Savoy
1472 Fra Bartolomeo monk, Florentine Renaissance painter
1483 Raphael Urbino Italy, painter (School of Athens)
1515 Theresa of Avila/Teresa de Jesus Spanish mystic writer/saint
1592 Jan Amos Komensky [Comenius] Moravian educational reformer
1660 Georg Ludwig German monarch of Hanover/King George I of Great Britain
1760 Thomas Clarkson English abolitionist
1811 Saint John Nepomucene Neumann(1st U.S. male saint)
1818 Wade Hampton Charleston SC, Lieutenant General (Confederate Army), died in 1902
1868 Maxim Gorki [Aleksei Peshikov] Russia, writer (Mother)
1890 Paul Whiteman Denver CO, orchestra leader
1905 Marlin Perkins Carthage MO, TV host (Mutual of Omaha's Wild Kingdom)
1909 Nelson Algren US, novelist (Man with the Golden Arm)
1912 A[rthur] Bertram Chandler UK, sci-fi author (Empress of Outer Space)
1914 Edmund Sixtus Muskie (Senator-Democrat-ME), US Secretary of State (1980) (there's no crying in politics)
1914 Frank Lovejoy Bronx NY, actor (Man Against Crime, Meet McGraw)
1921 Dirk Bogarde Hampstead London England, actor (Death in Venice, The Servant)
1924 Freddie Bartholomew Dublin Ireland, actor (Anna Karenina, David Copperfield)
1928 Zbigniew Brzezinski Warsaw Poland, national security advisor (Carter)
1942 Brian Jones [Lewis B Hopkin] Cheltenham Gloucestershire England, guitarist (Rolling Stones)
1942 Neil Kinnock Wales, leader of the British opposition (Labour)
1944 Ken Howard El Centro CA, actor (Ken-White Shadow, Dynasty, 1776)
1944 Rick Barry Elizabeth NJ, basketball player (San Francisco Warriors/1966 NBA rookie of the year)
1955 Reba McEntire McAlester OK, country singer (Can't Even Get the Blues)
1969 Cheryl "Salt" James rocker (Salt 'n' Pepa-Shake Ya Thang)

Deaths which occurred on March 28:
0193 Publius Helvius Pertinax Roman Emperor (192-93), assassinated
1134 Stefanus Harding 3rd abbott of Cîteaux/saint, dies
1285 Martinus IV [Simon de Brion], Pope (1281-85), dies
1712 Jan van der Heyden Dutch inventor (street lantern), dies at 75
1758 Jonathan Edwards US theologist (Great Awakening), dies at 54
1863 James Cooper US attorney/senator/Union-Brigadier-General, dies at 52
1865 Albert G Bilders Dutch landscape painter, dies at 26
1908 John Eliot English meteorology, dies at 68
1941 Virginia [Adeline] Woolf-Stephen author (To Lighthouse), commits suicide at 59
1943 Sergei Vasilyevich Rachmaninoff Russian composer/pianist, dies at 69
1944 Rabbi Chayyim Most Maggid of Kovono, killed by Nazis
1953 James Francis Thorpe decathlete (Olympics-gold-12), dies at 64
1956 Arthur "Big Boy" Crudup vocalist, dies of a heart attack
1958 W[illiam] C[hristopher] Handy US conductor/composer (St Louis Blues), dies at 84

1969 - Dwight D Eisenhower, 34th president and general (WW 2),dies in Washington at 78. Born in Denison, Texas in 1890

1979 Emmett Kelly circus clown (Weary Willy), dies at 80
1980 Dick Haymes actor (Real Life, Betrayal), dies
1980 Jesse Owens (Olympics-gold-36), dies in Tucson AZ at the age of 66
1985 Marc Chagall French painter, dies at 97
1987 Maria Augusta Trapp singer (Trapp Family Singers), dies at 82
1995 Hugh Edward R O'Connor actor (In the Heat of the Night), ODs at 32

GWOT Casualties

28-Mar-2003 3 | US: 2 | UK: 1 | Other: 0
US Sergeant Fernando Padilla-Ramirez An Nasiriyah Hostile - hostile fire
US Sergeant Roderic Antoine Solomon Central part Non-hostile - vehicle accident
UK Lance Corporal of Horse Matty Hull Southern part Hostile - friendly fire

Afghanistan

Jallah, Jr., Dennis Command Sergeant 49 Army 2nd Bat., 10th AV Reg., 10th AV Brig., 10th Mtn. Div. Non-hostile

http://icasualties.org/oif/
Data research by Pat Kneisler
Designed and maintained by Michael White

On this day...
1556 Philip II crowned king of Spain
1738 English parliament declares war on Spain (War of Jenkin's Ear)
1774 Britain passes Coercive Act against Massachusetts
1794 Louvre opens to the public (although officially opened since August)
1796 Bethel African Methodist Church of Philadelphia is 1st US-African church
1797 Nathaniel Briggs of New Hampshire patents a washing machine
1799 New York State abolished slavery
1804 Ohio passed law restricting movement of Blacks, 1804
1834 Senate censure President Jackson for taking federal deposits from Bank of US
1845 Mexico drops diplomatic relations with US
1854 During the Crimean War, Britain & France declare war on Russia
1859 1st performance of John Brahms' 1st Serenade for orchestra
1862 Skirmish at Bealeton Station, Virginia
1864 A group of "Copperheads" attacked Federal soldiers in Charleston Ill. Five were killed and twenty wounded
1866 1st ambulance goes into service

1885 US Salvation Army officially organized

1879 Battle of Hlobane Mountain the worst rout of British cavalry—and the last Zulu victory—of the Anglo-Zulu War in South Africa.
1891 1st world weightlifting championship held
1910 1st seaplane, takes off from water at Martigues France (Henri Fabre)
1917 Jews are expelled from Tel Aviv & Jaffa by Turkish authorities
1920 Actor Douglas Fairbanks marries actress Mary Pickford
1922 1st microfilm device introduced
1924 WGN-AM in Chicago IL begins radio transmissions
1930 Constantinople & Angora changes names to Istanbul & Ankara
1933 Nazis ordered a ban on all Jews in businesses, professions and schools.
1933 German Reichstag conferred dictatorial powers on Hitler
1935 Goddard uses gyroscopes to control a rocket
1939 Philip Barry's "Philadelphia Story" premieres in New York NY
1939 Spanish Civil War ends, Madrid falls to Francisco Franco
1941 Sea battle at Cape Matapan: British fleet under Cunningham defeats Italy
1942 234 RAF bombers attack Lübeck
1944 Astrid Lindgren sprains ankle & begins writing Pippi Longstocking
1945 Last German V-1 (buzz bomb) attack on London
1953 KCAU TV channel 9 in Sioux City IA (ABC) begins broadcasting
1957 1st National Curling Championship held
1959 11 days after Tibet uprising, China dissolves Tibet's government & installs Panchen Lama
1960 Pope John raises the 1st Japanese, 1st African & 1st Filipino cardinal
1960 Scotch factory explodes burying 20 firefighters (Glasgow Scotland)
1962 Military coup in Syria, President Nazim al-Kudsi flees
1963 AFL's New York Titans become the New York Jets
1967 UN Secretary General U Thant makes public proposals for peace in Vietnam
1970 1,086 die when 7.3 earthquake destroys 254 villages (Gediz Turkey)
1972 Wilt Chamberlain plays his last pro basketball game
1979 British government of Callaghan falls
1982 JN Duartes christian-democrats win elections in El Salvador
1985 International Cometary Explorer measures solar wind ahead of Halley's Comet
1986 Extremist Sikhs kill 13 hindus in Ludhiana India
1990 President Bush awards Jesse Owens the Congressional Gold Medal
1993 Conservatives win French parliamentary election
1993 Type II supernova detected in M81 (NGC 3031)
1994 Armed Zulus demonstrate in Johannesburg, over 53 killed
1994 Italy's right-wing alliance under Silvio Berlusconi wins election
1995 Julia Roberts & Lyle Lovett split-up
2001 A federal appeals court in San Francisco threw out a record $107 million verdict against anti-abortion activists, ruling that a Web site and wanted posters branding abortion doctors "baby butchers" and criminals were protected by the First Amendment.
2001 EU expresses concern over Pres. Bush’s abandonment of the Kyoto Treaty for cutting carbon dioxide emissions
2003 10th day of Operation Iraqi Freedom the biggest bombs dropped on Baghdad so far, two 4,700-pound "bunker busters," struck a communications tower. In the south, Iraqi fighters defending the besieged city of Basra fired on hundreds of civilians trying to flee. The British supply ship Sir Galahad docked at the port of Umm Qasr. The Bush administration said fighting might not be over for months.

Holidays
Note: Some Holidays are only applicable on a given "day of the week"
Czechoslovakia : Teachers' Day
Libya : Evacuation Day
Alaska : Seward Day (1867)
US Virgin Island : Transfer Day (1917)
US : Beer Brewers Day
US : Respect Your Cat Day
Something on a Stick Day
Foot Health Month.

Religious Observances

old Roman Catholic : Feast of St John Capistran, confessor (now 10/23)

Religious History
1661 Scottish Parliament passed the Rescissory Act, which repealed the whole of the legislation enacted since 1633. Its effect was to overthrow Presbyterianism and to restore the Anglican episcopacy to Scotland.
1747 Colonial missionary to the American Indians David Brainerd wrote in his journal: 'Oh, how happy it is, to be drawn by desires of a state of perfect holiness.'
1915 Birth of Kurt Aland, New Testament textual scholar. He co-edited the two most definitive modern critical editions of the Greek Scriptures: the United Bible Society's "Greek New Testament" and Eberhard Nestle's "Novum Testamentum Graece."
1936 Birth of Bill Gaither, contemporary Gospel songwriter and vocal artist. Together with his wife Gloria, he wrote some of the most popular Christian songs of the 1960s-1970s, including "Because He Lives," "The King is Coming," "The Longer I Serve Him" and "Something Beautiful."
1961 English apologist C. S. Lewis wrote in "Letters to American Lady": 'The main purpose of our life is to reach the point at which one's own life as a person is at an end. One must in this sense "die," relinquish one's freedom and independence... "He that loses his life shall find it."'

Source: William D. Blake. ALMANAC OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. Minneapolis: Bethany House, 1987.

Thought for the day :
"A religious awakening which does not awaken the sleeper to love has roused him in vain."

Good morning everyone.

1921 Dirk Bogarde Hampstead London England, actor (Death in Venice, The Servant)

During WW-II Dirk Bogarde was a RAF Photo Interperter. During the expansion of the Normandy bridgehead he was credited with spotting several collums of German tanks that were attempting to get in position to launch a counterattack. See the book Patton's Gap, a Canadian publication, for the details. BTW The author blamed Monty for the Falasie Gap

Regards

alfa6 ;>}

Good Morning there Miss 'feather. 'Ow about a nice pic for some inspiration, eh :-)

Well off to the sheetrock I must go, Y'all have a great day

Regards

alfa6 ;>}

The author blamed Monty for the Falasie Gap

Oh if only Monty had just gotten a few more troops I'm sure he would of closed it.
/worldclass sarcasm

Morning Snippy.

Hi Victoria.

My "favorite" monkey. ;-)

The Center Of History

Read:Matthew 16:13-20

Simon Peter answered and said, "You are the Christ, the Son of the living God." -Matthew 16:16

Bible In One Year: 1 Samuel 8-10

Read:
Matthew 16:13-20