William Casey made a long speech on George Washington's intelligence gathering and disinformation. I can't find it in my stuff, forget the book it is in, but the following is interesting, perhaps:
During the Revolutionary War, General George Washington was an avid user of intelligence as well as a consummate practitioner of the intelligence craft. Records show that shortly after taking command of the Continental Army in 1775, Washington paid an unidentified agent to live in Boston and surreptitiously report by use of "secret correspondence" on the movements of British forces. Indeed, Washington recruited and ran a number of agents, set up spy rings, devised secret methods of reporting, analyzed the raw intelligence gathered by his agents, and mounted an extensive campaign to deceive the British armies. Historians cite these activities as having played a major role in the victory at Yorktown and in the ability of the Continental Army to evade the British during the winters at Valley Forge.
In a letter to one of his officers written in 1777, Washington wrote that secrecy was key to the success of intelligence activities:
"The necessity of procuring good intelligence is apparent and need not be further urged-All that remains for me to add is, that you keep the whole matter as secret as possible. For upon Secrecy, success depends in most Enterprises of the kind, & for want of it, they are generally defeated, however, well planned...." [letter to Colonel Elias Dayton, 26 July 1777]
Washington was not the only one to recognize the importance of intelligence to the colonials' cause. In November of 1775, the Continental Congress created the Committee of Secret Correspondence to gather foreign intelligence from people in England, Ireland, and elsewhere on the European continent to help in the prosecution of the war.
Washington's keen interest in intelligence carried over to his presidency. In the first State of the Union address in January 1790, Washington asked the Congress for funds to finance intelligence operations. In July of that year the Congress responded by establishing the Contingent Fund of Foreign Intercourse (also known as the Secret Service Fund) and authorizing $40,000 for this purpose. Within three years, the fund had grown to $1 million, about 12% of the Government's budget at the time. While the Congress required the President to certify the amounts spent, it also allowed him to conceal the purposes and recipients of the funds.
Arnold's role at Saratoga is central to victory beyond dispute. Indeed, without Saratoga the French would not have come in, and the colonists would have lost. DeGrasse kept the British Fleet from intervening in the ground war at a crucial time, and as is stated above, Yorktown was much more a French affair than American.
Speaking of the British Fleet, (and army) it was tied up at the time with the 1778 - 1783 Anglo-French War, the 1779 - 1783 Anglo-Spanish War, and the 1780 - 1784 Anglo-Dutch War. The French were essentially leveraging the colonist's war with England for their own purposes.
More Americans were Loyalist than secessionist, that is a fact. Their property was confiscated and they were generally thrown into prison. Benjamin Franklin's nephew was one of them, and this nephew died in a rebel prison from cold, damp, inadequate blankets and cold, and bad rations. Franklin would not lift a hand to help him.
Hope you folks don't mind too much me using the British nomenclature for the two sides in this struggle.
On This Day In History
Birthdates which occurred on January 30:
1616 William Sancroft Archbishop (Canterbury)
1797 Edwin Vose Sumner Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1863
1816 Nathaniel Prentiss Banks Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1894
1822 John Basil Turchin [Ivan Turchinoff], Brigadier General (Union volunteers)
1829 Alfred Cummings Georgia, Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1910
1841 Alfred Townsend George Civil War journalist, died in 1914
1882 Franklin Delano Roosevelt New Hyde Park NY, 32nd President (D) (1933-1945)
1885 John Henry Towers aviator/naval hero
1892 Charles Trowbridge Haubiel composer
1894 Boris III tsar of Bulgaria (1918-43)
1902 Sir Nikolaus Pevsner England, art historian (The Buildings of England)
1909 Saul David Alinsky Chicago IL, radical writer (John L Lewis)
1912 Barbara Tuchman US, historian/author (Pulitzer, Guns of August)
1914 David Wayne Traverse City MI, actor (Andromeda Strain, Adams Rib)
1914 John Ireland Vancouver BC, actor (Rawhide, Gunfight at OK Corral)
1915 John D Profumo England, politician (C)
1920 George Skibine Russian/US dancer/choreographer (Tragedy in Verona)
1922 Dick Martin Detroit MI, actor/comedian (Laugh-In, Carbon Copy)
1925 Dorothy Malone Chicago IL, actress (At Gunpoint, Night & Day, Peyton Place)
1927 Olof Palme Stockholm, PM of Sweden (1969-76, 1982-86) assassinated
1931 Gene Hackman California, actor (Bonnie & Clyde, Under Fire, Superman)
1933 Louis Rukeyser financial whiz (Wall Street Week, Channel 13)
1935 Richard Brautigan Tacoma WA, novelist/poet (Trout Fishing...)
1937 Boris Spassky USSR, world chess champion (1969-72)
1937 Vanessa Redgrave London, actress (Blow-Up, Julia, Orient Express)
1939 Eleanor Smeal femanazi/president (NOW)
1941 Dick Cheney (Representative-R-WY/George Bush's secretary of defense 1989-93/Vice President 2001- )
1942 Marty Balin Cincinnati OH, singer (Jefferson Starship-Miracles)
1951 Phil Collins England, singer/drummer (Genesis-Against All Odds)
1955 Judith Tarr US, sci-fi author (Isle of Glass, Ars Magica)
1973 Holly Noelle Roehl Miss Indiana-USA (1996)
Deaths which occurred on January 30:
1649 Charles I King of Great Britain (1625-49), beheaded for treason
1730 Peter II Alekseyevitch emperor of Russia (1727-30), dies at 14
1838 Osceola chief of Seminole Indians, dies in jail
1890 Karl Merz composer, dies at 53
1948 Mahatma Gandhi India spiritual and political leader, assassinated by Hindu extremists in New Delhi, at age 78
1948 Orville Wright US aviation pioneer, dies at 76
1951 Ferdinand Porsche German car inventor (Porsche), dies at 75
1958 Earnest H Heinkel German airplane builder (WWII), dies at 70
1969 Allan Welsh Dulles US diplomat/director (CIA 1953-61), dies at 75
1976 Jesse "Lone Cat" Fuller San Francisco Blues Great, dies at 80
1980 Professor Longhair king of New Orleans music, dies at 61
1982 Stanley Holloway comedian (My Fair Lady, Our Man Higgins), dies at 91
1991 John McIntire actor (Virginian, Psycho), dies of emphysema at 83
1998 Ricky Sanderson stabbed 16-year old girl in NC, executed at 38
Reported: MISSING in ACTION
1973 DUENSING JAMES ALLYN---LOS ALTOS CA.
1973 HAVILAND ROY ELBERT---NEW YORK NY.
POW / MIA Data & Bios supplied by
the P.O.W. NETWORK. Skidmore, MO. USA.
On this day...
0435 Rome recognized the Vandal territories in Northwest Africa as "federati," in an effort to stave off their invasion of Italy. (The invasion was successfully postponed for 20 years.)
1077 Pope Gregory VII pardons German emperor Henry IV
1349 Jews of Freilsburg Germany are massacred
1487 Bell chimes invented
1592 Ippolito Aldobrandini elected Pope Clement VIII
1647 Scots agree to sell King Charles I to English Parliament for £400,
1713 England & Netherlands sign 2nd anti-French boundary treaty
1774 Captain Cook reaches 71º 10' S, 1820 km from S pole (record)
1781 Articles of Confederation ratified by 13th state, Maryland
1790 Lifeboat 1st tested at sea, by Mr Greathead, the inventor
1797 Congress refuses to accept 1st petitions from American blacks
1798 Representative Matthew Lyon (Vermont) spits in face of Representative Roger Griswold (Connecticut) in US House of Representatives, after an argument
1800 US population 5,308,483; Black population 1,002,037 (18.9%)
1804 Mungo Park leaves England seeking source of Niger River
1815 Burned Library of Congress reestablished with Jefferson's 6500 volumes
1818 Keats composes his sonnet, "When I Have Fears"
1835 Richard Lawrence misfires at President Andrew Jackson in Washington DC
1854 1st election in Washington Territory; 1,682 votes cast
1862 US Navy's 1st ironclad warship (Monitor) launched
1894 Pneumatic hammer patented by Charles King of Detroit
1911 1st rescue of an air passenger by a ship, near Havana, Cuba
1917 1st jazz record recorded (Dark Town Strutters Ball)
1921 French rapist-murderer Henri-Désiré Landru sentenced to death
1922 World Law Day, 1st celebrated
1931 Charlie Chaplin's "City Lights" premieres at Los Angeles Theater
1933 "The Lone Ranger" premieres on ABC radio
1933 German President von Hindenburg appoints Hitler chancellor, Hitler forms government with Von Papen
1934 Hitler proclamation on German unified states
1935 Ezra Pound meets Mussolini, reads from a draft of "Cantos"
1936 Fans asked to pick a new name for Boston Braves; they choose "The Bees" it doesn't catch on & is scrapped by 1940 season
1937 2nd of Stalin's purge trials; Pyatakov & 16 others sentenced to death
1939 Hitler calls for the extermination of Jews
1943 6 British Mosquito's daylight bomb Berlin
1943 German assault on French in Tunisia
1943 German under officers shot down in Haarlem Netherlands
1943 Hitler promotes Friedrich von Paul to General - field marshal
1943 USS Chicago sinks in Pacific Ocean
1944 US invades Majuro, Marshall Islands
1945 German ship "Wilhelm Gustloff" torpedoed off Danzig by Soviet sub-c 7,700 die
1946 1st issue of Franklin Roosevelt dime
1951 Belgium refuses to allow communists to make speeches on radio
1954 Italy's Fanfani government resigns
1956 Martin Luther King Jr's home bombed
1956 Elvis Presley records his version of "Blue Suede Shoes"
1958 House of Lords passes bill allowing women in
1958 Baseball announces players & coaches rather than fans pick all stars
1960 CIA oks Lockheed to produce a new U-2 aircraft (Oxcart)
1961 Bobby Darin is youngest performer to headline a TV special on NBC
1961 JFK asks for an Alliance for Progress & Peace Corps
1962 UN General Assembly censures Portugal (because of Angola)
1962 2 members of Flying Wallendas' high-wire act killed when their 7-person pyramid collapsed during a performance in Detroit
1964 Military coup of General Nguyen Khanh in South Vietnam
1965 "The Name Game" by Shirley Ellis hits #3
1965 State funeral of Winston Churchill
1966 -19ºF Corinth MS (state record)
1966 -27ºF New Market AL (state record)
1968 Vietcong launch Tet-offensive on US embassy in Saigon
1969 Beatles perform their last gig together, a 42-minute free concert on the roof of Apple HQs
1972 Bloody Sunday British soldiers shoot on catholics in Londonderry, 13 die
1973 Jury finds Watergate defendants Liddy & McCord guilty on all counts
1976 George Bush becomes 11th director of CIA (until 1977)
1976 William E Colby, ends term as 10th director of CIA
1978 Mutual Broadcasting Network begins airing Larry King Show on radio
1979 Rhodesia agrees to new constitution
1989 Joel Steinberg found guilty of 1st degree manslaughter of daughter
1989 5 pharoah sculptures from 1470 BC found at temple of Luxor (It's always the last place you look)
1995 Car bomb explodes in Algiers, 42 killed/296 injured
1998 In Washington the creation of The National First Ladies Library
1999 The UN Security Council agreed to establish panels to assess Iraqi disarmament and adherence to other UN resolutions
2001 In the Netherlands a Scottish court convicted Abdel Basset Ali al-Megrahi, a Libyan intelligence officer, of murder in the 1998 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103. A 2nd Libyan, Lamen Khalifa Fhimah, was acquitted.
2002 Interim Afghan leader Hamid Karzai visited the World Trade Center site and placed a wreath of yellow roses by a memorial wall as he surveyed the ruins of the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attack
2003 Richard Reid, the British citizen and al-Qaida follower who'd tried to blow up a trans-Atlantic jetliner with explosives hidden in his shoes, was sentenced to life in prison by a federal judge in Boston
2005 Iraqis vote in the first ever FREE elections.
Holidays
Note: Some Holidays are only applicable on a given "day of the week"
World : International Clergy Appreciation Week Begins
England : Women Peerage Day (1958)
Kentucky, Virgin Islands : Franklin D Roosevelt Day
US : Backwards Day(yad sdrawkcab : SU)
National Hot Tea Month
Religious Observances
Christian : Feast of St Charles
Eastern Orthodox : Holiday of 3 Hierachs (Basil, Gregory & Chrysostom)
Roman Catholic : Feast of St Bathilde
Roman Catholic : Commemoration of St Martina, virgin/martyr
Roman Catholic : Feast of St Hippolytus of Rome (Orthodox)
Roman Catholic : Feast of St Felix IV, Roman Catholic pope (526-30)
Moslem : 'Id al-Fitr; end of Ramadan fast (Shawwal 1, 1418 AH)
Religious History
1750 In Colonial America, Rev. Jonathan Mayhew of Boston delivered a sermon entitled, "Discourse Concerning Unlimited Submission." The sermon attacked both the divine right of kings and ecclesiastical absolutism.
1788 Pioneer American Methodist bishop Francis Asbury wrote in his journal: 'Alas for the rich! They are so soon offended.'
1839 Scottish clergyman Robert Murray McCheyne wrote in a letter: 'God feeds the wild flowers on the lonely mountain side without the help of man.... So God can feed his own planted ones without the help of man, by the sweetly falling dew of his Spirit.'
1867 The American branch of the Evangelical Alliance was organized at the Bible House in New York City, with William E. Dodge elected president.
Source: William D. Blake. ALMANAC OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. Minneapolis: Bethany House, 1987.
Thought for the day :
"Well," said Pooh, "what I like best," and then he had to stop and think. Because although Eating Honey was a very good thing to do, there was a moment just before you began to eat it which was better than when you were, but he didn't know what it was called."