The FReeper Foxhole Reviews Land Operations, 11/25/1950 - 01/25/1951 (Korean War) - Jan. 1st, 2005

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY -- NAVAL HISTORICAL CENTER ^

[snippy_about_it]

Lord,

Keep our Troops forever in Your care

Give them victory over the enemy...

Grant them a safe and swift return...

Bless those who mourn the lost.
.

FReepers from the Foxhole join in prayer
for all those serving their country at this time.


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The Korean War



A brief overview of
Land Operations
25 November 1950 - 25 January 1951

The weeks following 25 November 1950 formed one of the most miserable periods of U.S. military history. What on 24 November promised the conflict's early and victorious end was swiftly transformed into an "entirely new war", with UN (overwhelmingly American) and Republic of Korea troops fighting for their lives through Communist Chinese ambushes and roadblocks in the midst of wintery weather that often inflicted more casualties than did the enemy.

The Chinese proved themselves masters of infiltration, evading premature observation by moving mainly at night, skillfully covering their tracks and taking full advantage of the UN/ROK armies' thinly-manned front, roadbound tactics and inadquate patrolling. Not for the first time, nor for the last, superior air power was unable to detect and stop an enemy's buildup before he chose to engage. Even after the Chinese were out in the open, bad weather frequently curtailed air support.

On 29 November, General MacArthur ordered withdrawal on all fronts. In the west, the Eighth Army broke contact and retired rapidly through Pyongyang, which was abandoned on 5 December. The nearby port of Chinnampo, opened only a month before, was evacuated by sea on 4-6 December, providing a way out for many supplies and refugees.

In the east, X Corps was ordered to fall back on the port of Hungnam. Ships pulled some units out of Songjin and Wonsan, while others moved by road. To the North, on 1-4 December, the First Marine Division shot its way down from Yudam-Ni, west of the Chosin Reservoir, to Hagaru, at its base. Covered by Marine and Navy planes, it continued the fight down the road from Hagaru to Hungnam, completing the movement on 10-11 December. A general evacuation of Hungnam then commenced, taking the Marines and most other evacuated forces to Pusan to regroup.

After a lull of some weeks, the Chinese offensive was renewed as 1950 ended. Seoul was given up on for the second time on 4 January and a new defensive line established running across Korea well south of the city. With the evacuation of Inchon the UN Command was again left with Pusan as its only major seaport.

However, the Chinese soon exhausted their offensive push. They had lost a large proportion of their men, and their now extended supply line, subject to intense bombardment from the air, sea and ground, was unable to sustain attacks. Directed by a new and energetic commander, Lieutenant General Matthew B. Ridgway, in mid-January the Eighth Army (now including the previously independent X Corps) probed northwards, finding little of the enemy. On 25 January, a cautious general advance began, the first of a series that would ultimately stabilize the front beyond the old line between North and South Korea.

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FReeper Foxhole Armed Services Links

[snippy_about_it]

Related Photo Gallery


"Leathernecks inch forward under fire on the central Korean front"
Quoted from the original photo caption. This view was taken in late 1950 or early 1951, and was published in "All Hands" magazine's May 1951 issue.
Note scarf worn around the neck of this Marine and billed cap under his helmet. Photographed by Cpl. W.T. Wolfe, USMC.


Chosin Reservoir Campaign, November-December 1950
"Weapons Company, in line with Headquarters and Service Company, 2nd Battalion, 7th Marines, trying to contact the temporarily cut off Fox Company in a glancing engagement to permit the 5th and 7th Marines to withdraw from the Yudam-ni area. Nov. 27, 1950."
Quoted from original picture caption, released by Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, on 22 December 1950.
Yudam-ni, at the western extremity of the Chosin Reservoir, was the scene of early combat in the campaign, as Chinese forces attacked the two Marine regiments there. The Marines subsequently had to fight their way back to Hagaru along roads surrounded by the enemy.


Rear Admiral James H. Doyle, USN, Commander Task Force 90, Major General Field Harris, USMC, Tactical Air Commander for Tenth Corps, and Lieutenant General Lemuel C. Shepherd, Jr., USMC, Commanding General Fleet Marine Force Pacific.
Confer at Yonpo airfield, near Hungnam, North Korea, on 8 December 1950, shortly before the Hungnam Evacuation was undertaken.
Note planes in the background, including a F7F "Tigercat" (at left) and F4U "Corsairs".


First Marine Division in Korea
Marines "brushing up on marksmanship somewhere in Korea".
Photo probably taken about New Year's Day, 1951, following the withdrawal from North Korea to the Pusan area. It was published in "All Hands" magazine's March 1951 issue.
Marines in the foreground are firing M1 carbines. Most of those further up the line have M1 rifles.


Seventh Marine Regiment in Korea
Tug of war contest during "New Year 'Fun Day' competition held at the rest camp of the Seventh Marine Regiment, somewhere in Korea, 1951. These were the men who went into action against Chinese communists in North Korea Nov.2, and later led the breakout to Hamhung on December 10."
Quoted portions are from the original picture caption. This rest camp was probably in the the Pusan area.

**************Extra's*********


General Motors TBM-3E "Avenger" (Bureau Number 91404)Crashes into the barrier while landing on board USS Philippine Sea (CV-47), during operations in the Korean war zone on 17 January 1951.
Note: details of the carrier's island, with a Le Tourneau crane parked nearby; splintered wooden decking below the plane; and hydraulic fluid spilling from the plane's port side landing gear leg (seen in the air just below and in front of the tailplane).


USS Badoeng Strait (CVE-116)
Navy and Marine Corps ordnancemen load 5-inch rockets and napalm on USMC F4U-4B "Corsair" fighter-bombers, during operations off Korea in December 1950.

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Today's Educational Sources and suggestions for further reading:

www.history.navy.mil

[snippy_about_it]

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[snippy_about_it]

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The FReeper Foxhole. America's History. America's Soul

Click on Hagar for
"The FReeper Foxhole Compiled List of Daily Threads"

[SAMWolf]

from the Freeper Foxhole

[Colonel_Flagg]

Good (early) morning and a Happy New Year to you, Snippy and Sam! Falling in for the first read of 2005!

Take care and may the year bring you everything you hope for!

[radu]

Wishing everyone the very best in 2005!

[Iris7]

Thinking about Malmedy from last night.

I have never seen Americans mistreat prisoners. I strongly believe mistreatment of prisoners is dishonorable. Honor is what makes life bearable.

Probably the line between "mistreatment" and honorable aid and comfort to a captured enemy, in my view, is not huggy and kissy enough for many foolish and unworldly people. A wounded enemy is still the enemy, still an intelligent and tenacious man who wants you dead.

How many Americans are you willing to let be killed or maimed so as to treat a captive with tender loving care? One? Ten? A hundred? You, yourself?

The fundamental reality of someone seriously trying to kill you is fear. (We are talking about an unsuccessful attempt, obviously.) The fear is intense and does not lessen with experience. The body shakes, the hands so much so that a cigarette cannot be lit or magazines inserted.

In my experience fear and anger are really the same thing, really the same thing, without any distinction possible. (The first time a stranger tried to kill me with really serious intent I was 13 years old. Perhaps I have less trust in people than many.) The period of emotional pressure lasts a long time after the present danger is over, some minutes at least, usually longer. The pressure fades with time, but for me, for instance, the fade of it's echos is just part of life.

So I have some sympathy for the Malmedy aggressors. Not to say that they should not be hung. Hanging was proper, although shooting would also be adequate. The scales must be balanced, or else war turns into an Oriental horror of torture for fun. Balancing the scales, as such, is not the real point, but instead execution of those killing prisoners is needed to encourage the living not to give in to their impulses.

The Malmedy Germans said that the surrendered Americans went for their guns and started shooting. This happens all the time, everywhere, in every war. This is why the first thing you do with a prisoner is a body search, before treating wounds, and that an unsearched enemy must be shot at a suspicious move. Many people will lie doggo when overrun, this is very common, sometimes a quarter of them. The standard thing is to always shoot an enemy that is lying quietly, apparently wounded or healthy, that you see during an assault. Twenty bullet holes in a dead enemy is about right as follow up assault echelons pass through the engagement area. Normal doctrine, saves our people's lives. The Liberal preoccupation with a recent single event in Iraq is mindbogglingly idiotic, for instance. Whatever happened at Malmedy, I wasn't there, and have no idea what happened there. It was before I was born.

There are also times when our own people will shoot helpless enemy, actually naked, with hands up. It happened more than I like to think about in WWII. Usually the best thing is to ignore it.

[SAMWolf]

Happy New Year, Colonel.

Wishing you all the best in the coming year.

[SAMWolf]

HAppy New Year, Radu!

[radu]

*HUGZ*

[SAMWolf]

The first time it REALLY hits you that there is someone trying their best to kill you comes as a shock. It's not something you're really prepared for, you can train for it, hear about it and try to psych yourself up, but IMHO until it actually happens you're not really ready for it. When you finally BELIEVE it, then training and survival insticts kick in.

There's a big difference between what can happen during and immediately after an action and a purposeful shooting of prisoners and wounded. In some cases, iot may be hard to tell which is which.

Our current enemy is purposely trying to terrorize, IMHO they don't deserve any humane treatment, a quick death is all they deserve, wounded, surrendering or standing and fighting. I'd have a "surrender before the shooting starts and anyone who decides to keep on fighting dies, no prisoners" policy.

[Iris7]

That is usually how things work, surrender before we have to assault, or too bad, and it is your own fault, not mine.

As far as SHOCK, yeah, I would add that you are surprised, a sort of Who, Me? What? Hey, I am a good guy! Probably more accurate is "disbelief", lasting about a tenth of a second, but longer the first time.

I see you have trouble sleeping. I usually sleep only in short stretches, sometimes less than an hour. Don't like it much.

[Aeronaut]

Good morning Snippy.

[Grzegorz 246]

[E.G.C.]

Happy New year from Oklahoma.

[GailA]

Good morning, may our Lord grant each and every one a Happy and Properous new year.

[U S Army EOD]

The trick is to win the battle and especially the war, then you get to write the history books.

[U S Army EOD]

What I hated was having a few very hard days early in the tour and realizing you have got almost a year to look forward to. Then you start to understand how damn insignificant your life is to the general scheme of things and you really start to worry. The thought of, "Uh o, I can really get killed doing this sh#t", is planted firmly in your mind.

[alfa6]

Forgetton War bump for the Freeper Foxhole

And a Happy New Year to all

Regards

alfa6 ;>}

[Valin]

On This Day In History


Birthdates which occurred on January 01:
0379 Basilius the Great, of Caesarea, holyman (Moralia)
1387 Charles The Angry One, king of Navarra (1349-87)
1431 Alexander VI [Rodrigo Borgia] Spanish/Italian pope (1492-1503)
1449 Lorenzo de' Medici [The Magnificent] of Florence
1467 Sigismund I the old, king of Poland
1481 Huldrych Zwingli Swiss Protestant reformer
1504 Caspar Cruciger German church reformer
1520 Franciscus Balduinus [François Baudouin], lawyer
1709 Johann H H Bütz German/Dutch organ builder
1714 Kristijonas Donelaitis Lutheran pastor, Lithuanian poet (The Seas)
1729 Edmund Burke British author/famous Whig (Philosophy & Inquiry, Reflections on the Revolution)
1735 Paul Revere silversmith/US patriot (British are coming)
1745 "Mad" Anthony Wayne General
1752 Elizabeth Griscom (Betsy) Ross flag maker
1819 Arthur Hugh Clough poet, friend of Matthew Arnold
1819 George Foster Shepley Brigadier General (Union volunteers), died in 1878
1827 William Lewis "Old Tige" Cabell Brigadier General (Confederate Army)
1838 William Hugh Young Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1901
1846 Nikola Pasic Serbian nationalist/premier (1891-1926)
1853 Hans Koessler composer
1854 Sir James Frazer Britain, anthropologist/author (The Golden Bough)
1861 Isaac Murphy thoroughbred jockey, 628 wins on 1,412 mounts (44.5%)
1863 Baron Pierre de Coubertin France, revived Olympic games
1864 Alfred Stieglitz US photographer-father of modern photography/art dealer (Camera Work)
1867 Lew Fields New York NY, comedian/actor (of Weber & Fields, 23-Skidoo)
1879 E[dward] M Forster London England, novelist (Howard's End, Passage to India)
1879 William Fox Tulchva Hungary, US film pioneer (Nickelodeon)
1880 Shalom Asch Poland, yiddish writer (Motke Ganev)
1887 Wilhelm Canaris German admiral/head German military intelligence
1888 Chesley Bonestell San Francisco CA, special effects/actor/writer (Swiss Family Robinson, War of the Worlds)
1891 Charles Bickford Cambridge MA, actor (John-The Virginian, Days of Wine and Roses)
1895 J Edgar Hoover Washington DC, Director of US Fedreal Bureau of Investigation
1900 Xavier Cugat [Francisco de Asís Javier Cugat Mingall de Brue y Deulofeo] Tirona Catalonia Spain, bandleader (married Abbe Lane, Charo)
1906 Frank Stack Canada, speed skater (Olympics-bronze-1932)
1909 Barry Goldwater (Senator-R-AZ, 1953-65, 69-86)/Presidential candidate (R) 1964)
1912 Kim Philby British spy/Soviet mole
1912 Victor Reuther Wheeling WV, labor leader
1913 Eliot Janeway financial writer (Economics of Chaos)
1919 J[erome] D[avid] Salinger New York City, NY, novelist (Catcher in the Rye)
1923 Chalmers Goodlin US test pilot (XS-1)
1923 Milton Jackson US, vibraphonist (Milt of Bags)
1933 James A Abrahamson USAF/astronaut
1940 Frank Langella Bayonne NJ, actor (Dracula, Diary of a Mad Housewife, 12 Chairs)
1942 Country Joe McDonald California, rock guitarist/vocalist (& the Fish)
1942 Gennadi Vassilyevich Sarafanov USSR, cosmonaut (Soyuz 15)
1943 Don Novello [Father Guido Sarducci], Ashtabula OH, comedian (SNL)
1947 Alexei Ivanovich Bobrov Russia, cosmonaut
1947 Vladimir Georgiyevich Titov Russia, cosmonaut (Soyuz T-8, TM-4, STS 63)
1949 Nikolai Tikhonovich Moskalenko Russia, cosmonaut
1950 Svetlana Georgievna Beregovkina Russia, cosmonaut
1950 Yevgeni Vladimirovich Saley cosmonaut
1956 Anatoli Borisovich Polonsky Russia, Lieutenant-Colonel/cosmonaut
1956 Sergei Vasiliyevich Avdeyev Russian cosmonaut (Soyuz TM-15, SK TM-28)
1959 Abdul Ahad Mohmand Afghanistan, cosmonaut (Soyuz TM-6)
1962 Ravshanbek Aliyev Kirgiz, cosmonaut
1970 Brian Morton Wollongong Australia, canoeist (Olympics-96)

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Deaths which occurred on January 01:
0379 Basilius the Great of Caesarea, saint (Moralia), dies
0404 Telemachus Roman monk, murdered
0962 Boudouin III count of Flanders, dies
1502 Gregorius XIII [Ugo Buoncampagni], Italy, pope (1572-85), dies
1515 Louis XII Father of People, "the Justified" King of France (1498-1515), dies at 52
1557 Jacques Cartier French explorer (Canada), dies at 65
1559 Christian III king of Denmark/Norway (1534-59), dies
1560 Guillaume du Bellay Sieur de Langey, French soldier, dies
1661 Pieter Claesz Dutch still life painter, dies at about 64
1716 William Wycherley dramatist (The Country Wife), dies at about 75
1777 Emanuele Barbella composer, dies at 58
1782 Johann Christian Bach German composer/Mozart's tutor, dies at 46
1787 Arthur Middleton US farmer (signed Declaration of Independence), dies at 44
1817 Martin H Klaproth German chemist (uranium), dies at 73
1901 Ignatius Donnelly US attorney/Lieutenant-Governor (Minnesota), dies at 69
1919 William W Campbell Canadian poet (Ian of the Orcades), dies at 60
1949 Malcolm Campbell English cyclist (world speed-record), dies at 63
1953 Hank Williams country singer (Cold Cold Heart), dies at 29
1953 Ludomir Rózycki Polish composer/conductor (Casanova), dies at 68
1957 Ruth Draper US elocutionist, dies at 67
1966 Vincent Auriol President of France (1947-53), dies at 82
1972 Jane Morgan actress (Mrs Margaret Davis-Our Miss Brooks), dies at 91
1972 Maurice A Chevalier French actor (Can Can, Gigi), dies at 83
1982 Victor Buono actor (Mr Schubert-Man from Atlantis), dies at 43
1990 Gerhard Schröder West German minister of Defense, dies at 79
1994 Cesar Romero US actor (Joker-Batman), dies at 86
1995 Ted Hawkins US blues singer (Watch Your Step), dies at 58
1996 Arleigh Albert Burke British Admiral, dies at 94
1997 Townes Van Zandt musician, dies at 52 (Pancho And Lefty)

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Reported: MISSING in ACTION
1966 KIRKSEY ROBERT L.---MOBILE AL.
1968 DENNISON JAMES R.---ROCHESTER NY.
[LOST AT SEA]
1968 HANLEY TERENCE H.---GARDINER ME.
1968 HERRIN HENRY H. JR.---WEST SPRINGFIELD MA.
1969 CLACK CECIL J.---CHESTER SC.

POW / MIA Data & Bios supplied by
the P.O.W. NETWORK. Skidmore, MO. USA.

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On this day...
4714 -BC- Origin of Julian Period (Year 0)
0001 Origin of Christian Era
0069 Roman garrison of Mainz uprising
0089 Gov Lucius Antonius Saturninus of Germany becomes emperor of Rome
0313 Start of Roman (Pontifical) Indiction
0404 Last gladiator competition in Rome
0414 King Ataulf of Narbonne marries emperor Honorius sister Galle Placidia
0722 Hofmeier Charles Martel flees from bishop Willibrord
0990 Russia adopts Julian calendar
1430 Jews of Sicily are no longer required to attend conversionist services
1438 Albrecht II von Habsburg becomes king of Hungary
1502 Portuguese navigators discover Rio de Janeiro
1515 Jews are expelled from Laibach Austria
1583 1st day of the Gregorian calendar in Holland & Flanders
1610 German astronomer Simon Marius 1st discovers the Jupiter moons, but does not officially report it, Galileo does on July 1 1610
1622 Papal Chancery adopts Jan 1 as beginning of the year (was Mar 25)
1651 Charles II Stuart crowned king of Scotland
1660 1st entry in Samuel Pepys' diary
1660 General Moncks army battles with the Tweed on way to London
1660 Thomas Fairfax' New Model-army occupies York
1673 Regular mail delivery begins between New York & Boston
1700 Protestant West-Europe (except England) begin using Gregorian calendar
1700 Russia replaces Byzantines with Julian calendar
1739 J B C Bouvet de Lozier discovers Bouvet Island, near Antarctica
1772 1st traveler's checks issued (London)
1776 General George Washington hoists Continental Union Flag
1785 "Daily Universal Register" (Times of London) publishes 1st issue
1788 Quakers in Pennsylvania emancipate their slaves
1797 Albany replaces New York City as capital of NY
1798 Russia appoints 1st Jewish censor to censor Hebrew books
1800 Dutch East Indies Company dissolves
1801 Ireland & Great Britain (England & Scotland) form United Kingdom
1804 Jean Jacques Dessalines proclaims independence of Haiti from France
1807 Curaçao is taken by English (until March, 1816)
1808 Congress prohibits importation of slaves
1808 African Benevolent Society (education) forms
1808 Sierra Leone becomes a British colony
1814 Field marshal Blücher's troops cross the Rhine at Kaub
1818 Official reopening of the White House
1827 Dutch Trade Company NHM gets opium monopoly on Java
1831 William Lloyd Garrison publishes 1st issue of abolitionist journal
1833 British government demands Falkland islands
1838 1st official horse race in South Australia-Adelaide
1840 1st recorded bowling match in US, Knickerbocker Alleys, New York City NY
1842 1st illustrated weekly magazine in US publishes 1st issue, New York City NY
1847 Michigan is 1st state to abolish capital punishment
1851 City of Glasgow steamer inaugurates Philadelphia-Liverpool line
1852 1st US public bath opens in New York City NY
1853 1st practical fire engine (horse-drawn) in US enters service
1854 Lincoln University, a black college, chartered (Oxford PA)
1858 Canada begins using decimal currency system
1860 Slavery ends of in Netherlands Indies
1861 Porfirio Diaz conquers Mexico City
1862 1st US income tax (3% of incomes > $600, 5% of incomes > $10,000)
1862 Battle of Fort McRee FL, Battle of Port Royal SC (Port Royal Ferry)
1863 1st homestead under the Homestead Act claimed, near Beatrice NE
1863 Battle of Galveston, TX - Confederates recapture the city
1863 Battle of Helena AK
1863 Emancipation Proclamation (ending slavery) issued by Lincoln
1865 -Apr 26th] Carolinas' campaign
1871 Belgium disbands salt tax
1874 New York City annexes the Bronx
1877 England's Queen Victoria proclaimed empress of India
1879 John Brahms' Violin Concerto in D major premieres in Leipzig
1880 Building of Panama Canal, begins
1881 Dr John H Watson is introduced to Sherlock Holmes
1886 1st Tournament of Roses, Pasadena CA
1892 Ellis Island becomes reception center for new immigrants
1893 1st US college extension courses for credit, University of Chicago
1893 Japan adopts the Gregorian calendar
1894 Denmark adopts Mid-European time
1896 Wilhelm Röntgen announces his discovery of x-rays
1897 1st football game between black colleges-Atlanta University 10, Tuskegee 0
1897 Brooklyn merges with New York to form present City of New York
1899 Cuba liberated from Spain by US (National Day) (US occupies till 1902)
1900 Compulsory education in Netherlands goes into effect
1901 Australia declares independence from federation of UK colonies
1902 1st Rose Bowl game (Pasadena CA) (University of Michigan-49, Stanford-0)
1902 Nathan Stubblefield makes 1st public demonstration of radio, Pennsylvania
1906 Dutch law makes driver's license mandatory
1907 President Theodore Roosevelt shakes a record 8,513 hands in 1 day
1908 1st time, ball signifying new year dropped at Times Square
1909 Robert Fowler runs then world record marathon (2 52 45.4)
1911 Belgian Mining law introduces 9½-hour work day
1912 1st running of San Francisco's famed "Bay to Breakers" race (7.63 miles/12.3 km)
1912 Sun Yat-sen forms Chinese Republic
1913 Post office begins parcel post deliveries
1914 1st scheduled airline flight, St Petersburg-Tampa (Tony Jannus pilot)
1915 DW Griffith shows "Clansman" at a sneak preview
1915 Jews of Laibach Austria expelled
1916 1st issue of "Journal of Negro History" published
1919 Belorussian SSR established
1922 Vancouver BC starts driving on the right side of road
1925 Norway's capital Christiania changes name to Oslo
1926 Flood in Rhine strikes Cologne
1927 Communist uprising in West Java
1928 1st US air-conditioned office building opens, San Antonio
1929 Roy Riegels runs 60 yards the wrong way with Rose Bowl fumble recovery
1930 Earl Claus von Stauffenberg promoted to 2nd lieutenant
1930 Jurgens & Van den Berg merge with Lever Brothers to form Unilever
1932 Rasse und Siedlungshauptamt publishes Himmler's wedding laws
1934 Alcatraz officially becomes a federal prison
1934 Federal Deposit Insurance Corp (US bank guarantor) effective
1935 1st Sugar Bowl & 1st Orange Bowl
1935 Associated Press inaugurates Wirephoto
1935 Eastern Airlines hires Eddie Rickenbacker as GM
1935 President Mustapha Kemal Pasha names himself "Atatürk Father of Turkey"
1937 US Army Air Corps physiological research laboratory completed, Ohio
1937 Anastasio Somoza becomes President of Nicaragua
1937 Count Claus von Stauffenberg promoted to captain
1941 Netherlands begins taxing wages
1941 Russian General Zhukov appointed chief of General staff
1942 Rose Bowl played in North Carolina due to Japanese threat-Oregon 20, Duke 16
1942 US & 25 other countries sign a united declaration against the Axis
1943 Count Claus von Stauffenberg promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel
1944 Army defeats Navy 10-7 in football "Arab Bowl", Oran, North Africa
1944 General Clark replaces General Patton as commander of 7th Army
1945 France joins the UN
1945 German air raid on allied airports at Eindhoven/Saint-Trond/Brussels
1946 Emperor Hirohito of Japan announces he is not a god
1946 ENIAC, US 1st computer finished by Mauchly/Eckert
1947 Britain nationalizes its coal industry
1948 1st color newsreel filmed, Pasadena CA
1948 Britain nationalizes its railways
1948 General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade effective
1949 Tokelau (Union) Islands declared part of New Zealand
1950 Ho Chi Minh begins offensive against French troops in Indo-China
1951 Massive Chinese/North Korean assault on UN-lines
1952 Dmitri Shostakovich completes his 5th string quartet
1954 Rose & Cotton Bowl are 1st sport colorcasts
1956 Sudan (Anglo-Egyptian Sudan) gains independence from Britain & Egypt (National Day)
1956 Elvis Presley records Heartbreak Hotel for RCA in Nashville
1957 France returns Saar to becomes the 10th state of German Federal Republic
1957 International Geophysical Year begins; ends 6/30/1958 (18-month year)
1958 BOAC Britannia flies London to New York in a record 7hours 57minutes
1958 European Economic Community (Common Market) starts operation
1959 Castro leads Cuba to victory as Fulgencio Batista flees to Dominican Republic
1960 Cameroon (French Cameroon) gains independence from France
1960 Johnny Cash plays 1st of many free concerts behind bars
1960 US census at 179,245,000
1961 Largest check issued, National Bank of Chicago to Sears ($960.242 billion)
1961 Russia introduces a new ruble worth $1.11
1962 Rwanda granted internal self-government by Belgium
1962 Beatles' Decca audition is unsuccessful
1965 Palestinian al-Fatah organization forms
1966 12 day transit worker strike shuts down New York City NY subway
1966 All US cigarette packs have to carry "Caution Cigarette smoking may be hazardous to your health"
1966 Military coup by Colonel Jean-Bédel Bokassa in Central African Republic
1966 Simon & Garfunkel's "Sounds of Silence" reaches #1
1967 Green Bay Packers beat Dallas Cowboys 34-27 in NFL championship game
1967 Kansas City Chiefs beat Buffalo Bills 31-7 in AFL championship game
1968 ABC radio splits into 4 networks (Info, Entertainment, Contemp & FM)
1968 Evel Knievel fails in his attempt to jump Cæsar's Palace Fountain
1969 Jack Kent Cooke, owner of NHL's Los Angeles Kings, fines each player $100 for "NOT" arguing with the referee
1970 Revised calendar for Western (RC) Church goes into effect
1970 "The Epoch" (Time 0 for UNIX systems, Midnight GMT)
1971 Cigarette advertisements banned on TV
1972 International Book Year begins
1972 "Promises Promises" closes at Shubert Theater New York City NY after 1281 performances
1972 KDSD TV channel 16 in Aberdeen SD (PBS) begins broadcasting
1973 Britain, Ireland & Denmark become 7th-9th members of Common Market
1973 West African Economic Community formed (Benin, Ivory Coast, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Upper Volta)
1975 Haldeman, Ehrlichman, Mitchell & Mardian convicted of Watergate crime
1975 International Women's Year begins
1976 Liberty Bell moves to new home behind Independence Hall
1976 Venezuela nationalizes oil fields
1977 1st woman formally ordained an Episcopal priest (Jacqueline Means)
1977 Tony Dorsett runs for record 202 yards in the Sugar Bowl
1978 President Ford signs 1st major revision of copyright law since 1909
1978 Air India 747 explodes near Bombay killing 213
1979 International Year of the Child begins
1979 US & China (People's Republic) begin diplomatic relations
1980 International Decade of Water & Sanitation begins
1980 Mob storms Russian embassy in Teheran
1981 Palau (Trust Territory of Pacific Is) becomes self-governing
1982 Pope John Paul II prays for an end to martial law in Poland
1982 Javier Pérez de Cuellar becomes Secretary-General of UN
1984 AT&T's 22 owned Bell system companies divests into 8 companies
1985 US's 1st manadatory seat belt law goes into effect (NY)
1985 VH-1 made its broadcasting debut
1986 Iowa's All-American running back, Ronnie Harmon, fumbles the ball 4 times in his last game-the Rose Bowl
1986 Spain & Portugal become 11th & 12th members of Common Market (European Economic Community)
1987 Year of the Reader begins
1987 China's rudimentary civil code in effect
1990 David Dinkins sworn in as 1st black mayor of New York City NY
1991 Iraq rejects peace proposal from Egyptian President Hosi Mubarak
1992 Boutros Boutros-Ghali becomes UN Secretary-General
1993 Czechoslovakia separates into Czech Republic (Bohemia) & Slovakia
1993 Harry Connick Jr arrested at a New York airport for gun possession
1994 Microsoft CEO Bill Gates (38) marries Melinda French (29)
1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) goes into effect
1995 Centennial of Canadian Mounties presence in Canada's Yukon Territory
1995 Last "Far Side" by cartoonist Gary Larson (started 1980)
1998 All California bars, clubs & card rooms must be smoke-free
1998 Mongolia switches from a 46 hour to 40 hour work week

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Holidays
Note: Some Holidays are only applicable on a given "day of the week"

Alabama : Mobile Carnival
Cameroon : Independence Day (1960)
Cuba : Revolution Day
Haiti : Independence Day (1804)
Japan : New Year (year = AD + 660)
Mozambique : Universal Fraternity
Pasadena CA : Tournament of Roses Parade
Philadelphia : Mummers' Parade
Sudan : Independence Day (1956)
Western Samoa : Independence Day (1962)
Taiwan : Foundation of the Republic

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Religious Observances
Anglican, Lutheran : Feast of Holy Name of Jesus
Christian : Feast of St Odilo
old Roman Catholic : Commemoration of Circumcision of Jesus
Roman Catholic : Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God
Unification Church : God's Day
Orthodox : St Basil's Day

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Religious History
1780 Pioneer Methodist bishop and circuit rider Francis Asbury wrote in his journal: 'My God, keep me through the water and fire, and let me rather die than live to sin against thee!'
1802 Thomas Jefferson, in a letter written to the Danbury [CT] Baptist Association, coined the metaphor, "a wall of separation between Church and State." From 1947, the "wall of separation" concept gained acceptance as a constitutional guideline.
1832 In Lexington, KY, 12,000 followers of Alexander Campbell, (called "Campbellites") merged with 10,000 followers of Barton W. Stone (known as "Christians") to form the Disciples of Christ (Christian) Church.
1871 The Church of Ireland was formally disestablished. Aligned with Anglicanism from 1537, the Irish Church represented the faith of only 12% of the populace by the mid-19th century.
1977 Jacqueline Means, wife of an Indiana truck driver and mother of four, became the first woman in the U.S. to be ordained a priest in the Protestant Episcopal Church.

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Thought for the day :
"The hardest thing to do is to disquise your feelings when sending a large crowd of visiting relatives home."