From: 2 Corinthians 4:7-15
The Trials He Has Experienced
He Is Sustained By Hope in Heaven
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Commentary:
7-12. In contrast to the greatness of the Gospel—the “treasure” entrusted to them
by God—St. Paul emphasizes the limitations of its ministers: they are “earthen
vessels” (v. 7). To illustrate this he describes the afflictions and persecution to
which he finds himself subjected and in which God’s grace always comes to his
aid.
In some way these sufferings of the Apostles and of all Christians reproduce in
their lives the sufferings of Christ in his passion and death. In his case his suf-
fering opened the way to his glorification after the Resurrection; similarly his ser-
vants, even in this life, are experiencing an anticipation of the life they will attain
in heaven; this helps them overcome every kind of affliction.
7. St. Paul again stresses that the effectiveness of all his apostolic activity
comes from God (cf., e.g., 1 Cor 1:26-31; 2 Cor 3:5); he it is who places his trea-
sures in poor earthenware vessels. The image the Apostle uses—which is remini-
scent of the clay which God used to make Adam (cf. Gen 2:7)—helps Christians
realize that through grace they bear in their souls a wonderful treasure, God him-
self; like earthen vessels they are very fragile and they need to be put together
again in the sacrament of Confession. As a gloss on these ideas St. Escriva
taught that Christians by bearing God in their souls are enabled to live at one
and the same time “in heaven and on earth, divinized: but knowing that we are
of the world and made of clay, with the frailty that is typical of clay — an earthen-
ware pot which our Lord has deigned to use in his service. And whenever it has
got broken, we have gone and riveted the bits together again, like the prodigal
son: ‘I have sinned against heaven and against you...’” (quoted in Bernal, “Mon-
signor Escriva de Balaguer”).
8-9. The Apostle’s words assure the Christian that he or she can always count
on God’s help: no matter what trials they have to undergo, victory can be attained
with the grace of God as happened in St. Paul’s case. “God is faithful, and he will
not let you be tempted beyond your strength, but with temptation will also provide
you the way of escape, that you may be able to endure it” (1 Cor 10:13). More-
over, St. Paul’s example reminds us that more or less severe suffering and tribula-
tion will be a normal thing in the lives of Christ’s followers; theirs will never be a
comfortable, trouble-free life. “If it is your ambition to win the esteem of men, if
your desire to be well-regarded and seek only a life of ease, you have gone astray
[...]. In the city of the saints, entrance is given and rest and eternal rule with the
King, only to those who have made their way along the rough, narrow way of tribu-
lation” (Pseudo-Macarius, “Homilies”, XII, 5).
10-11. As happened in St. Paul’s case, in their daily lives Christians must relive
the sufferings of Christ through self-denial and penance: this is part of following
Christ and imitating him. “The Christian vocation is one of sacrifice, penance,
expiation. We must make reparation for our sins—for the many times we turned
our face aside so as to avoid the gaze of God—and all the sins of mankind. We
must try to imitate Christ, ‘always carrying in the body the death of Christ’, his
abnegation, his suffering on the cross, ‘so that the life of Jesus may be manifes-
ted in our bodies’ (2 Cor 4:10). Our way is one of immolation and, in this denial,
we find “gaudium cum pace”, both joy and peace” (St. J. Escriva, “Christ Is
Passing By”, 9).
Self-denial, mortification, does not have to be something overt; it should be
practiced in the ordinary circumstances of life—for example, by being punctual
for appointments, carefully fulfilling one’s duties, treating everyone with as much
charity as possible, accepting little setbacks in a good-humored way (cf. St. J.
Escriva, “Friends of God”, 138).
10. “The death of Jesus”: more exactly, the “dying” of Christ: the Greek word
refers to the situation of someone who is dying.
12. In the Apostles, and also in other Christians, the paradox of Jesus’ life is ve-
rified: his death is the cause of life for all men. “Unless a grain of wheat falls into
the earth and dies, it remains alone, but if it dies, it bears much fruit” (Jn 12:24).
Afflictions and tribulations, physical and moral pain, daily self-denial and penance,
cause Christ’s disciple to die to himself and, if united to the sufferings of his Mas-
ter, they become a source of life for others through the communion of saints.
13-18. The Apostle explains where he gets the strength to bear all the tribulations
of life — from his hope in the resurrection and his expectation of being in heaven
with those to whom he is writing (v. 14). There is nothing selfish about this desire
for heaven: it helps us to stay true to the faith and it enables us to see all the suf-
ferings of this life as something transitory and slight (v. 17), a necessary step to
heaven and a way to obtain incomparably greater happiness. “If we wish to enjoy
the pleasures of eternity,” St. Alphonsus reminds us, “we must deprive ourselves
of the pleasures of time. ‘Whoever would save his life will lose it’ (Mt 16:25) [...].
If we wish to be saved, we must all be martyrs, either by the tyrant’s sword or
through our own mortification. Let us have this conviction — that everything we suf-
fer is nothing compared with the eternal glory that awaits us. ‘I consider the suffe-
rings of this present time are not worth comparing with the glory that is to be re-
vealed to us’ (Rom 8:18). These momentary afflictions will bring us eternal happi-
ness (cf. 2 Cor 4:17)” (”Treasury of Preaching Material”, II, 9).
13. The Apostle’s faith leads him to keep on preaching, despite all the difficulties
this may involve. There is nothing else he can do: he is convinced that his faith
is what can save the world and he cannot but strive to spread it. If he acted other-
wise it would mean his faith was asleep and he did not truly love others. “When
you find that something has done you good,” St. Gregory the Great explains,
“try to bring it to the attention of others. You should, therefore, desire others to
join you on the ways of the Lord. If you are going to the forum or the baths, and
you meet someone who is not doing anything, you invite him to go along with
you. Apply this earthly custom to the spiritual sphere, and as you make your
way to God, do not do so alone” (”In Evangelia Homiliae”, 6, 6).
14. What inspires St. Paul’s apostolic activity and enables him to bear all the dif-
ficulties it involves, is his firm belief in resurrection in glory, the basis and cause
of which is Christ’s resurrection. He also has the hope of sharing this happiness
in heaven, in the presence of God, with all the faithful for whose salvation he is
working on earth.
15. After reminding the Corinthians that all the sufferings he has been speaking
about he has borne for their sake (cf. 4:5), St. Paul tells them what motivates him
most—the greater glory of God, to whom the faithful should turn in deep gratitude
(cf. 1:11; 9:12). This should be man’s primary attitude to God—one of profound
adoration and thanksgiving for all his benefits, as we are daily reminded in the
Preface of the Mass.
“If life’s purpose were not to give glory to God, how contemptible, how hateful it
would be” (St. J. Escriva, “The Way”, 783).
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Source: “The Navarre Bible: Text and Commentaries”. Biblical text from the
Revised Standard Version and New Vulgate. Commentaries by members of
the Faculty of Theology, University of Navarre, Spain.
Published by Four Courts Press, Kill Lane, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland, and
by Scepter Publishers in the United States.
From: Matthew 5:27-32
Jesus and His Teaching, the Fulfillment of the Law (Continuation)
[31] “It was also said, ‘Whoever divorces his wife, let him give her a certificate
of divorce.’ [32] But I say to you that every one who divorces his wife, except
on the ground of unchastity, makes her an adulteress; and whoever marries a
divorced woman commits adultery.”
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Commentary:
27-30. This refers to a sinful glance at any woman, be she married or not. Our
Lord fills out the precepts of the Old Law, where only adultery and the coveting
of one’s neighbor’s wife were considered sinful.
“Lustfully”: feeling is one thing, consenting another. Consent presupposes that
one realizes the evil of these actions (looking, imagining, having impure thoughts)
and freely engages in them.
Prohibition of vices always implies a positive aspect—the contrary virtue. Holy
purity, like every other virtue, is something eminently positive; it derives from the
First Commandment and is also directed to it: “You shall love the Lord your God
with all your heart, with all your soul, and with all your mind” (Matthew 22:37).
“Purity is a consequence of the love that prompts us to commit to Christ our
soul and body, our faculties and senses. It is not something negative; it is a
joyful affirmation” (St. J. Escriva, “Christ Is Passing By”, 5). This virtue demands
that we use all the resources available to us, to the point of heroism if necessary.
“Right eye”, “right hand”, refers to whatever we value most. Our Lord lays it on
the line and it not exaggerating. He obviously does not mean that we should
physically mutilate ourselves, but that we should fight hard without making any
concessions, being ready to sacrifice anything which clearly could put us in the
way of offending God. Jesus’ graphic words particularly warn us about one of the
most common occasions of sin, reminding us of how careful we need to be guar-
ding our sight. King David, by indulging his curiosity, went on to commit adultery
and crime. He later wept over his sins and led a holy life in the presence of God
(cf. 2 Samuel 11 and 12).
“The eyes! Through them many iniquities enter the soul. So many experiences
like David’s!—If you guard your sight you will have assured the guard of your heart:
(St. J. Escriva, “The Way”, 183).
Among the ascetical methods of protecting the virtue of holy purity are: frequent
Confession and Communion; devotion to our Lady; a spirit of prayer and mortifi-
cation; guarding of the senses; flight from occasions of sin; and striving to avoid
idleness by always being engaged in doing useful things. There are two further
means which are particularly relevant today: “Decorum and modesty are younger
brothers of purity” (St. J. Escriva, “The Way”, 128). Decorum and modesty are a
sign of good taste, of respect for others and of human and Christian dignity. To
act in accord with this teaching of our Lord, the Christian has to row against the
current in a paganized environment and bring his influence for good to bear on it.
“There is need for a crusade of manliness and purity to counteract and undo the
savage work of those who think that man is a beast. And that crusade is a mat-
ter for you” (St. J. Escriva, “The Way”, 121).
31-32. The Law of Moses (Deuteronomy 24:1), which was laid down in ancient
times, had tolerated divorce due to the hardness of heart of the early Hebrews.
But it had not specified clearly the grounds on which divorce might be obtained.
The rabbis worked out different sorts of interpretations, depending on which
school they belonged to—solutions ranging from very lax to quite rigid. In all
cases, only husband could repudiate wife, not vice-versa. A woman’s inferior
position was eased somewhat by the device of a written document whereby the
husband freed the repudiated woman to marry again if she wished. Against these
rabbinical interpretations, Jesus re-establishes the original indissolubility of mar-
riage as God instituted it (Genesis 1:27; 2:24; cf. Matthew 19:4-6; Ephesians
1:31; 1 Corinthians 7:10).
[The RSVCE carries a note which reads: “unchastity”: The Greek word used here
appears to refer to marriages which were not legally marriages, because they
were within the forbidden degrees of consanguinity (Leviticus 18:6-16) or contrac-
ted with a Gentile. The phrase “except on the ground of unchastity” does not
occur in the parallel passage in Luke 16:18. See also Matthew 19:9 (Mark 10:
11-12), and especially 1 Corinthians 7:10-11, which shows that the prohibition
is unconditional.] The phrase, “except on the ground of unchastity”, should not
be taken as indicating an exception to the principle of absolute indissolubility of
marriage which Jesus has just re-established. It is almost certain that the phrase
refers to unions accepted as marriage among some pagan people, but prohibited
as incestuous in the Mosaic Law (cf. Leviticus 18) and in rabbinical tradition.
The reference, then, is to unions radically invalid because of some impediment.
When persons in this position were converted to the True Faith, it was not that
their union could be dissolved; it was declared that they had never in fact been
joined in true marriage. Therefore, this phrase does not do against the indissolu-
bility of marriage, but rather reaffirms it.
On the basis of Jesus’ teaching and guided by the Holy Spirit, the Church has
ruled that in the specially grave case of adultery it is permissible for a married
couple to separate, but without the marriage bond being dissolved; therefore,
neither party may contract a new marriage.
The indissolubility of marriage was unhesitatingly taught by the Church from the
very beginning; she demanded practical and legal recognition of this doctrine,
expounded with full authority by Jesus (Matthew 19:3-9; Mark 10:1-12; Luke 16:
18) and by the Apostles (1 Corinthians 6:16; 7:10-11; 39; Romans 7:2-3; Ephe-
sians 5:31f). Here, for example, are just a few texts from the Magisterium on
this subject:
“Three blessings are ascribed to matrimony [...]. The third is the indissolubility
of matrimony — indissoluble because it signifies the indivisible union of Christ
with the Church. Although a separation from bed may be permitted by reason
of marital infidelity, nevertheless it is not permitted to contract another matrimo-
ny since the bond of a marriage lawfully contracted is perpetual” (Council of Flo-
rence, “Pro Armeniis”).
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Source: “The Navarre Bible: Text and Commentaries”. Biblical text from the
Revised Standard Version and New Vulgate. Commentaries by members of
the Faculty of Theology, University of Navarre, Spain.
Published by Four Courts Press, Kill Lane, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland, and
by Scepter Publishers in the United States.