From: 1 Corinthians 6:1-11
Recourse to Pagan Courts
[7] To have lawsuits at all with one another is defeat for you. Why not rather suf-
fer wrong? Why not rather be defrauded? [8] But you yourselves wrong and de-
fraud, and that even your own brethren.
[9] Do you not know that the unrighteous will not inherit the kingdom of God?
Do not be deceived; neither the immoral, nor idolaters, nor adulterers, nor homo-
sexuals, [10] nor thieves, nor the greedy, nor drunkards, nor revilers, nor robbers
will inherit the kingdom of God. [11] And such were some of you. But you were
washed, you were sanctified, you were justified in the name of the Lord Jesus
Christ and in the Spirit of our God.
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Commentary:
1-6. As usually happens in his letters, in the course of dealing with some more
or less important event in the Christian community, the Apostle moves on to a
much higher plane, and from there focuses light onto the particular problem.
In this case, the scandal is that Christians are involved in lawsuits against one
another (v. 7) and are bringing these cases before pagan courts instead of trying
to settle them within the sphere of the Church; Paul, as we can see, is quite
incensed: “How dare any of your members...”
Through Baptism, Christians are become holy, justified; that is, they have ob-
tained a share in the life and virtues of Christ and are called to follow his example.
Furthermore, like the Apostles (cf. Mt 19:28; Lk 22:30), Christians will judge men
and angels on the Last Day. They are, therefore, instruments of and witnesses to
divine justice. So, they really should not go to law against each other; and if they
do have grievances the Christian community itself should provide people who are
equipped to act as arbitrators and have the grace of state to solve the problems
that arise. St Paul is not down-playing civil authority and its autonomy, for all au-
thority comes from God (Rom 13:1-5); he himself submitted to Roman tribunals,
and he even appealed to Caesar (cf. Acts 25:11-12). The specific advice he gives
here — that Christians should not bring cases before pagan court — ties in with
Jewish practice. Primarily, the Apostle is recommending to Christians to practice
fraternity and solve disagreements without going to pagan courts.
Moreover, going to law would be a great disservice to the Gospel: what attraction
could a community hold which was divided within itself? [7] It is this grave scan-
dal that he particularly wants to avoid.
3. The only Judge of the living and the dead, of angels and men, is Jesus Christ.
Christians are so intimately linked to Christ that St Paul sees no objections to
attributing the actions of the head to all the members. Therefore, he does not at-
tempt to speculate on the particular form the Last Judgment will take — whether,
for example, men will judge angels or at least the fallen angels. His aim here
may be simply to emphasize the intimate union of the Christian with Christ,
which ought to be reflected in just dealings with one another.
7-8. This is the reason why St Paul is so hard on the Corinthians. They have
failed to understand and to apply what our Lord said in the Sermon on the Mount
about bearing injuries (Mt 5:39-42). Worse still, they have gone to law against
each other in contravention of the standard set by those early Christians, who
had one heart and soul (cf. Acts 4:32). And they have tried to solve their disa-
greements in pagan courts which know nothing of Christian brotherhood. St John
Chrysostom points out the transgressions the Corinthians are guilty of: “For one
thing, not bearing injuries patiently; for another, offending others; then looking for
arbitrators to decide on the matter, finally, using this procedure in a dispute with
a Christian, a brother in the faith” (”Hom. on 1 Cor, ad loc.”).
St Paul’s advice about money can usefully be read in the light of Romans 12:
17-21: this shows us that he is not saying that a passive and weak attitude to
difficulties is the right one: difficulties should be faced and an effort made to do
positive good, at all times, to everyone.
“Let us especially resolve not to judge others, not to doubt their good will, to
drown evil in an abundance of good, sowing loyal friendship, justice and peace
all around us. And let us resolve never to become sad if our upright conduct is
misunderstood by others; if the good which, with the continuous help of our Lord,
we try to accomplish is misinterpreted by people who delight in unjustly guessing
at our motives and who accuse us of wicked designs and deceitful behavior. Let
us forgive always, with a smile on our lips. Let us speak clearly, without hard fee-
lings, when in conscience we think we ought to speak. And let us leave every-
thing in the hands of our Father God, with a divine silence — Jesus was silent’
(Mt 26:63 — if we are confronted with personal attacks, no matter how brutal and
shameful they might be. Let us concern ourselves only with doing good deeds:
God will see to it that they shine before men (Mt 5:16)” (”Christ Is Passing By”,
72).
9-10. In this list of sins, similar to that given in the previous chapter (cf. 1 Cor
5:10-11), St Paul explicitly teaches that those who commit these sins will not
inherit the Kingdom, that is, will not attain eternal salvation. The whole list is a
kind of explanation of what “unrighteousness” means. Thus, not only those go
against righteousness who wrongly go to law or defraud others: righteousness,
justice, in the language of the Bible is equivalent to holiness and therefore is op-
posed to every kind of sin.
“Do not be deceived”: the Greek can also be translated as “Do not let yourselves
be deceived” (cf. Eph 5 :5-6). Certainly, to make out that such actions are good
is worse than to commit them. And yet in Corinth, and in other places at other
times, there have been and are false ideologies which interpret sinfulness as vir-
tue. To combat tendencies that seek to tone down or deny the reality of grave
sin, the Church points out that “a person sins mortally not only when his action
comes from direct contempt for love of God and neighbor, but also when he con-
sciously and freely, for whatever reason, chooses something which is seriously
disordered [...]. Pastors of souls must exercise patience and generosity; but
they are not allowed to render God’s commandments null, nor to reduce unrea-
sonably people’s responsibility” (SCDF, “Declaration Concerning Sexual Ethics”,
10). Like Christ, pastors should be uncompromising with evil and merciful to evil-
doers.
11. This reminder about the dignity of Christians brings to an end this series of
warnings. It reminds the Corinthians of their Baptism, its effects and their need
to return to their initial holiness.
These last words clearly contain a reference to the Trinitarian formula used at Bap-
tism (cf. Mt 28:19). The inclusion of the name of the three persons of the Blessed
Trinity implies an act of faith in God, One and Three, and recognition that grace
and justification are given us by the Father, have been merited by his Son Jesus
Christ, and are applied to us through the action of the Holy Spirit.
Three words sum up the effects of Baptism—”washed”, “sanctified”, and “justified”
(cf. Acts 22:16; Eph 5:16; Tit 3:5); in addition to erasing original sin, and any per-
sonal sin, Baptism gives us sanctifying grace and the infused virtues: “The follo-
wers of Christ, called by God not in virtue of their works but by his design and
grace, and justified in the Lord Jesus, have been made sons of God in baptism,
the sacrament of faith, and partakers of the divine nature, and so are truly sanc-
tified. They must therefore hold on to and perfect in their lives that sanctification
which they have received from God” (”Lumen Gentium”, 40).
Reminding them of baptismal innocence, St Paul encourages the Corinthians to
return to that state by a new conversion. After Baptism, the sacrament of Pe-
nance received with the right dispositions restores sanctifying grace and is, more-
over, a means Christ chooses to conserve men in grace and bring them growth in
grace: “The sacrament of Penance contributes [much] to the development of the
Christian life” (Vatican II, “Christus Dominus”, 30).
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Source: “The Navarre Bible: Text and Commentaries”. Biblical text from the
Revised Standard Version and New Vulgate. Commentaries by members of
the Faculty of Theology, University of Navarre, Spain.
Published by Four Courts Press, Kill Lane, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland, and
by Scepter Publishers in the United States.
From: Luke 6:12-19
The Calling of the Apostles
The Sermon on the Mount
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Commentary:
12-13. The evangelist writes with a certain formality when describing this impor-
tant occasion on which Jesus chooses the Twelve, constituting them as the apo-
stolic college: “The Lord Jesus, having prayed at length to the Father, called to
Himself those whom He willed and appointed twelve to be with Him, whom He
might send to preach the Kingdom of God (cf. Mark 2:13-19; Matthew 10:1-42).
These Apostles (cf. Luke 6:13) He constituted in the form of a college or perma-
nent assembly, at the head of which He placed Peter, chosen from among them
(cf. John 21:15-17). He sent them first of all to the children of Israel and then to
all peoples (cf. Romans 1:16), so that, sharing in His power, they might make all
peoples His disciples and sanctify and govern them (cf. Matthew 28: 16-20; and
par.) and thus spread the Church and, administering it under the guidance of the
Lord, shepherd it all days until the end of the world (cf. Matthew 28:20). They
were fully confirmed in this mission on the day of Pentecost (cf. Act 2:1-26) [...].
Through their preaching the Gospel everywhere (cf. Mark 16:20), and through its
being welcomed and received under the influence of the Holy Spirit by those
who hear it, the Apostles gather together the universal Church, which the Lord
founded upon the Apostles and built upon Blessed Peter their leader, the chief
cornerstone being Christ Jesus Himself (cf. Revelation 21:14; Matthew 16:18;
Ephesians 2:20). That divine mission, which was committed by Christ to the
Apostles, is destined to last until the end of the world (cf. Matthew 28:20), since
the Gospel, which they were charged to hand on, is, for the Church, the principle
of all its life for all time. For that very reason the Apostles were careful to appoint
successors in this hierarchically constituted society” (Vatican II, “Lumen Gen-
tium”, 19-20).
Before establishing the apostolic college, Jesus spent the whole night in prayer.
He often made special prayer for His Church (Luke 9:18; John 17:1ff), thereby pre-
paring His Apostles to be its pillars (cf. Galatians 2:9). As His Passion approa-
ches, He will pray to the Father for Simon Peter, the head of the Church, and so-
lemnly tell Peter that He has done so: “But I have prayed for you that your faith
may not fail” (Luke 22:32). Following Christ’s example, the Church stipulates that
on many occasions liturgical prayer should be offered for the pastors of the
Church (the Pope, the bishops in general, and priests) asking God to give them
grace to fulfill their ministry faithfully.
Christ is continually teaching us that we need to pray always (Luke 18:1). Here
He shows us by His example that we should pray with special intensity at impor-
tant moments in our lives. “’Pernoctans in oratione Dei. He spent the whole night
in prayer to God.’ So St. Luke tells of our Lord. And you? How often have you
persevered like that? Well, then....” (St. J. Escriva, “The Way”, 104).
On the need for prayer and the qualities our prayer should have, see the notes
on Matthew 6:5-6; 7:7-11; 14:22-23; Mark 1:35; Luke 5:16; 11:1-4; 22:41-42.
12. Since Jesus is God, why does He pray? There were two wills in Christ, one
divine and one human (cf. “St. Pius X Catechism”, 91), and although by virtue of
His divine will He was omnipotent, His human will was not omnipotent. When we
pray, what we do is make our will known to God; therefore Christ, who is like us
in all things but sin (Hebrews 4:15), also had to pray in a human way (cf. “Sum-
ma Theologiae”, III, q. 21, a. 1). Reflecting on Jesus at prayer, St. Ambrose com-
ments: “The Lord prays not to ask things for Himself, but to intercede on my be-
half; for although the Father has put everything into the hands of the Son, still
the Son, in order to behave in accordance with His condition as man, considers
it appropriate to implore the Father for our sake, for He is our Advocate [...]. A
Master of obedience, by His example He instructs us concerning the precepts
of virtue: ‘We have an advocate with the Father’ (1 John 2:1)” (”Expositio Evan-
gelii sec. Lucam, in loc.”).
14-16. Jesus chose for Apostles very ordinary people, most of them poor and un-
educated; apparently only Matthew and the brothers James and John had social
positions of any consequence. But all of them gave up whatever they had, little or
much as it was, and all of them, bar Judas, put their faith in the Lord, overcame
their shortcomings and eventually proved faithful to grace and became saints, ve-
ritable pillars of the Church. We should not feel uneasy when we realize that we
too are low in human qualities; what matters is being faithful to the grace God
gives us.
19. God became man to save us. The divine person of the Word acts through
the human nature which He took on. The cures and casting out of devils which
He performed during His life on earth are also proof that Christ actually brings
redemption and not just hope of redemption. The crowds of people from Judea
and other parts of Israel who flock to Him, seeking even to touch Him, anticipate,
in a way, Christians’ devotion to the holy Humanity of Christ.
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Source: “The Navarre Bible: Text and Commentaries”. Biblical text from the
Revised Standard Version and New Vulgate. Commentaries by members of
the Faculty of Theology, University of Navarre, Spain.
Published by Four Courts Press, Kill Lane, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, Ireland, and
by Scepter Publishers in the United States.