There were no books removed. Christians just made it up. The Jewish canon was closed before the Second Temple was built.
The Mishna was written in classic Hebrew, followed (hundreds of years later) by the Gemara, in Aramaic.
http://www.torah.org/learning/basics/primer/torah/oraltorah.html
There was no Jewish canon until well after the Second Temple was destroyed.
The Zadokite priesthood (known to Christians as the Sadduccees) and their adherents insisted that only the five books of the Torah were Scripture.
The Perushim (known to Christians as the Pharisees) insisted that prophetic and historical works were part of the canon as well.
Most Jews worldwide used the Septuagint as their text, since most Jews knew Greek better than Hebrew.
There were disputes among different Jewish schools as to what list of books should accompany the Torah.
There were also various Aramaic translations of the Torah and the Prophets being used in different synagogues - these were known as Targums.
It wasn't until after the destruction of the Second Temple that the school of Yochanan ben Zakkai began advocating a very specific, Pharisaic list of canonical books.
For one thing, it radically simplifies Biblical Hebrew by replacing most constructs with Aramaic genitives.
For another, it eliminates the Biblical Hebrew tense structure by replacing consecutives with participles.
There is a reason why there are separate published grammars for Mishnaic Hebrew (or as it used to be called, Rabbinic Hebrew).
Also, the Gemara does not follow "hundreds of years later" - the last of the Tannaim were alive while the first Amoraim were teaching.