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NOTES:
1. Committee on the Liturgy, Environment and Art in Catholic Worship (Washington DC: National Conference of Bishops/United States Catholic Conference, 1978); idem, Built of Living Stones: Art, Architecture, and Worship (Washington DC: National Conference of Bishops/ United States Catholic Conference, 2000).
2. In this article Evelyn Carole Voelker’s, Charles Borromeo’s Instructiones Fabricae Et Supellectilis Ecclesiasticae, 1577: A Translation With Commentary and Analysis, (Ph.D. Diss., Syracuse University, 1977) is quoted. Voelker’s dissertation has three distinct portions; a translation of Borromeo’s text, notes on the text, and commentary. To distinguish here between Borromeo’s text and Voelker’s notes and analysis, whenever reference is made directly to Borromeo’s text, the citation appears as: Borromeo, Instructiones, and the page number. References made to Voelker’s notes and analysis are cited as: Voelker, Charles Borromeo’s Instructiones, and the page number. In both instances, the pagination refers to Voelker’s text.
3. Borromeo, Instructiones, 21–23.
4. Michael Andrew Chapman, The Liturgical Directions of Saint Charles Borromeo, Liturgical Arts 3–4 (1934): 142; Richard McBrien, Lives of the Popes, (San Francisco: Harper Collins, 1997), 287–289; R. Mols, Charles Borromeo, in New Catholic Encyclopedia; Voelker, Charles Borromeo’s Instructiones, 53.
5. Quotations from Durandus in this text are from: William Durandus, The Symbolism of Churches and Church Ornaments, trans. John Mason Neale and Benjamin Webb (Leeds: T. W. Green, 1843).
6. Voelker, Charles Borromeo’s Instructiones, 43–44.
7. Borromeo, Instructiones, on siting see: 35–38 and 122, 359; on the sanctuary’s alignment see: 124.
8. Palladio quotation in Voelker, Charles Borromeo’s Instructiones, 45.
9. Robert Jan Van Pelt and Carroll William Westfall, Architectural Principles in the Age of Historicism (New Haven:Yale University Press, 1991), 138–167.
10. Borromeo, Instructiones, on church plan con.gurations see: 51–52; on a church’s interior alignment see: 124, 125; on church entrances see: 75 and 287; on .oor area requirements see: 38; on church facades see: 63–64; on the number of doors see: 97–99; on windows see: 109–112.
11. Alberti quotation in Voelker, Charles Borromeo’s Instructiones, 117–118.
12. Durandus, The Symbolism of Churches and Church Ornaments, 29.
13. Borromeo, Instructiones, 326–330.
14. This is generally accomplished with a mallet that strikes the bell when it is not tolling, and by tolling the bell, which causes the suspended gong that hangs within the bell to strike the moving bell. The ritual ringing of the Angelus and other occasions that elicit bell ringing require these two types of bell tones; see Durandus, “Of Bells,” in The Symbolism of Churches, 87–97.
15. Durandus, cited in Voelker, Charles Borromeo’s Instructiones, 336.
16. Borromeo, Instructiones. for the sanctuary’s size and the construction and location of altars, see: 143–148 and 194–197.
17. Borromeo, Instructiones, 160; and Voelker, Charles Borromeo’s Instructiones, 164-168. Voelker establishes that prior to the Council of Trent, the tabernacle was sometimes within a niche on the Gospel side of the sanctuary, in a pyx in the shape of a dove hanging next to the altar, or within a tower somewhere in the sanctuary. Prior to the legislation of 1614, bishops or provincial synods had the discretion to determine the tabernacle’s location within cathedrals.
18. Voelker, Charles Borromeo’s Instructiones, 138.
19. Borromeo, Instructiones, 243–245.
20. John 8:12, The New American Bible; Durandus, The Symbolism of Churches and Church Ornament, 29.
21. Borromeo, Instructiones, 243–245.
22. Michael Andrew Chapman, The Liturgical Directions of Saint Charles Borromoeo, Liturgical Arts 4 (1935) 109.
23. Borromeo, Instructiones.
24. Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent, English trans. by J. J. Schroeder (Rockford, IL: Tan Books, 1978), 215–217. Quotations regarding Nicaea II from: “The Council of Nicaea II, 787,” in Leo Donald Davis, The First Seven Ecumenical Councils (325–787): Their History and Theology (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1983, 1990 ed.), 309, 310.
25. Information regarding these publications taken from The Roman Missal in Latin and English, (New York: P. J. Kenedy and Sons, 1930), xxvi–xxvii.
26. There were two directives that were commonly ignored even during Borromeo’s lifetime. One prohibited providing views from private residences into churches for use by wealthy individuals. Examples of the disregard of this directive include Rome’s Pamphilji Palace and Church of San Agnese (1645– 1650, 1653–1657), the Royal Chapel at Versailles, and the Residenz in Würzburg, Germany. The other directive that generally was ignored required that men and women be segregated not only within churches, but while receiving the sacraments or even upon entering or leaving a church.