yes, Polish, Russian and other Slavic languages still use the locative.
In Polish in particular, it works like this forma używana do opisu miejsca akcji. W języku polskim samodzielny miejscownik nigdy nie występuje, do opisu miejsca zawsze używa się wyrażeń przyimkowych.
you generally use it after prepositions w,na, o, po, przy.
The declinations for this are crazy. If you have a noun that ends in a hard consonant (or in the case of feminine nouns that has a root that ends in a hard consonant) like p, b,m, etc. then you add in "e" while softening the stem
Na przykład, for example:
klub == w klubie
mama = o mamie
sklep = w sklepie
if you have a noun stem ending in "t", it becomes "cie" like
uniwersytet = na uniwersytecie,
kobieta = o kobiecie
if you have a noun stem "d" it softens to "dzie" (pronounced djeeAh" like obiad = na obiedzie
if you have a stem "zd" it becomes "żdzie" like gwiazd = o gwieżdzie.
oh and there is always the alternative between 'a' and 'e'.
Then for stół (table) it becomes na stoly, namely ó becomes o, ł becomes l
And, to makes things crazier, you need to look at stems "k","g", "ch" --> in Męski and nijaki (masculine and neuter) the declination is always "u" like przystanek = w przystanku (you have to drop the "e") while in Żenski (feminine) it's nuts --
for stems "K" it becomes "sce" like Polska = w Polsce! And for g it becomes dze, Praga = w Pradze, droga = w drodze
Then for "ch" it becomes "sz" so mucha = o musze!
For nouns ending in l, the declination is a simple e, like Kościół (Catholic Church) becomes Kościele (ok, that was from ł to l)