Posted on 03/10/2010 3:50:35 PM PST by NYer
Every word of God is flawless; he is a shield to those who take refuge in him. Do not add to his words, or he will rebuke you and prove you a liar.
Proverbs 30:5-6, NIV
The canon of scripturethat is, the official list of whats in the Bibleis not revealed to us by any saying of Jesus, nor does scripture itself contain any list. The canon of scripture is determined by the Church, and there are differences among the various church bodies.
But first a little clarification, because the word apocrypha has a second, relatively obscure scholarly use, and we dont want to get confused. Sometimes youll see a reference to the so-called New Testament Apocrypha, which is a general term for ancient Christian religious writings in the form of gospels, acts, and epistles that no one in the ancient church ever thought were scriptural. Thats not the topic here.
The historic Church never suppressed or destroyed religious writings it deemed heretical. Some ancient Christian writings, both orthodox and heretical, have been lost, either through happenstance, neglect, or lack of popularity. It wasnt until the middle ages, and only in the west, that anyone burned heretics or books.
The Apocrypha that we are discussing here consists of books whose canonical status in the Old Testament has come under criticism. The Apocrypha is also called the deuterocanonical books. (You can find out the difference between the terms apocrypha and deuterocanonical.)
The Hebrew Bible is divided into three parts, Torah (the Law), Neviim (the Prophets), and Ketuvim (the Writings) in Hebrew. Sometimes the Hebrew Bible is called the Tanakh, which is an acronym of Torah, Neviim, and Ketuvim. In the New Testament era, the third portion, the Writings, were still in the process of becoming canonicalthough pretty far alongso the New Testament calls it either the Law, the Prophets, and the Psalms or the Law and the Prophets.
The modern Jewish Bible is the same as the ancient Hebrew Bible.
About 300 years before the Christian era, the Jews in Alexandria, Egypt, undertook a translation of the Bible (which we call the Old Testament) into Greek. About 70 translators worked on it; hence it is called the Septuagint, from the Latin word for seventy. The Temple in Jerusalem furnished the Hebrew scrolls that they used for the translation. Since it is the oldest translation of the Old Testament, translators consult it today for places where it isnt clear which vowels should go between the consonants in the Hebrew text.
The Septuagint translators gave the books of the Bible Greek names and put them in a different order, categorizing them as Law, history, writings, and prophecy.
So far we have been talking about two Jewish Bibles that differed slightly in content: the Hebrew Bible (the Palestinian canon) and the Greek Bible (the Alexandrian canon), which had a few more books than the Hebrew Bible. The reason they differed is that the third portion (the Writings) were still in the process of becoming canonical.
Christians were so adept at using the Septuagint to make converts that the rabbis decided very early in the Christian era that synagogues would thenceforth only use Hebrew scrolls. Jews have not used the Septuagint for nearly 2,000 years, even though it was a Jewish translation of the Bible. Many lay Christians accused the Jews of editing the Hebrew text to make it less messianic. (See Justin Martyrs Dialogue with Trypho, chapters 71-73.) This is hardly possible, because the Jews have too much respect for the text to do such a thing. The motive for this accusation was mainly emotional: Christians were under persecution because the rabbis had disowned the church as a Jewish sect, making it an illegal religion; therefore, Christians were quick to accuse the Jews. The changes are interpretive and came from the translators who lived a couple of centuries before Christianity.
The Septuagint was the canonical Old Testament of the ancient church, and has remained so in Orthodox churches to this day, which explains its presence here in the Orthodox Study Bible.
The Orthodox Study Bible uses an English-language translation of the Septuagint as its Old Testament.
Greek-speaking Jews in the Diaspora and therefore also the ancient church used the Septuagint as authoritative Scripture. When you flip back to check a New Testament quotation against the Old Testament text, you may have noticed that they sometimes dont match. That is because your Old Testament was translated out of Hebrew, but the New Testament writers quote the Septuagint. If your Old Testament had been translated from the Septuagint, the quotes would match.
Because ancient Christians used the Septuagint, Christian Bibles have the books roughly in Septuagint order and use the Septuagints names for them. For example, the fourth book of the Bible is Numbers in the Septuagint and in Christian Bibles, but it is In the Wilderness in Hebrew Bibles. Christian Bibles also follow the Septuagint by splitting the following books into two books each: Samuel, Kings, Ezra-Nehemiah, and Chronicles. None of these books fit on a single scroll when they are translated into Greek, because Hebrew is written without vowels. Since Greek requires more letters than Hebrew to say the same thing, the translation takes up more space than the original.
The Septuagint was the foundation for the Christian Bible:
The Septuagint is still the authoritative Old Testament in Eastern Orthodoxy. The Old Testament of the Orthodox Study Bible is an English-language translation of the Septuagint.
The exact content of the Writings portion of the Hebrew Bible hadnt been fixed even by the New Testament era. The Jews in Alexandria and the Greek-speaking Diaspora had more books in their Bible than the Jews in Palestine had in theirs, so we refer to them as the Alexandrian canon and the Palestinian canon. The books in the Alexandrian canon that do not appear in the Palestinian canon are called the Apocrypha or the deuterocanonical books.
The ancient church universally used the Septuagint, which included what we call the Apocrypha. If a person says, Our church is just like the first-century church, then for that to be true, theyd have to use Bibles that include the Apocrypha.
By the fifth century, Latin had supplanted Greek as the language of the people in the western Roman Empire, so the bishop of Rome commissioned St. Jerome to make a new Latin translation of the Scriptures, because the older Latin ones were not very good. Jerome went to Bethlehem to learn Hebrew, where he discovered that some of the books in the Septuagint were not in the Palestinian canon. He decided they should not be part of the Bible and refused to translate them. Since those books were in liturgical use, the Roman church supplemented his translation with an older translation of the missing books. The result is called the Vulgate, and it became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church for over 1,000 years.
During the Middle Ages, the public Scripture readings that have always characterized Christian worship gradually excluded the Old Testament, and along with it, the Apocrypha. Many hymns, anthems, and other acts of praise in Christian worship that were widely used from the very beginning were taken from the Apocrypha. One good example of this is verses 29-34 of the Song of the Three Young Men, which is still used in the Rite One Morning Prayer of the Protestant Episcopal Church of the USA.
All churches, Protestant, Catholic, and Orthodox, used the Apocrypha through the Protestant Reformation. The Catholic Church uses it on a par with the rest of Scripture. Martin Luther, who had a doctorate in biblical studies and knew German, Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, felt they could be used as a worship resource, for faith and morals, and so far as doctrine is concerned, to corroborate it but not to formulate it. In practice, that is how non-Catholic Christians use the Apocrypha.
Martin Luther translated the entire Bible into German, and in doing so, started the convention of placing the Apocrypha in a separate section, apart from the Old Testament and New Testament.
All of the original Protestants used the Apocrypha, though, like everyone else, not very much.
Three committees of translators produced the King James Version: one for the Old Testament, one for the Apocrypha, and one for the New Testament.
Originally it was effectively against the law to print the Bible in America, because the Crown held the copyright on the King James Version (it still does in England) but did not license any printers in their American colonies. The American Revolution made the United States an independent country. Since there were no international copyright treaties at the time, it was possible to print an English Bible in the United States. Shortly after the Revolution, the First Great Awakening created a big demand for Bibles.
For the first time, it was both profitable and legal to print English-language Bibles in America.
American printers discovered that they could leave out the Apocrypha and sell the Bible for the same price, and no one would care because it wasnt used much. So they left out the Apocrypha to increase their profits. Some of the homegrown religious groups naïvely assumed that whatever was not in their Bible was not in the canon. Later, when Catholics became a significant segment of the population, a non-Catholic would say, Thats not in my Bible to a Catholic, completely unaware that it was the printer who left it out. A Lutheran pastor told me that one of his parishioners was insistent that the Lutheran Church did not recognize the Apocrypha as Scripture. The parishioner was astonished when he saw the church by-law that says it is. The parishioner had assumed that his copy of the Bible was complete when it wasnt.
Catholics, Protestants, and Orthodox Christians use the Apocrypha and it is part of the Bible for them. Many independent churches and low-church denominations are only aware that it is not in their printing of the Bible, and think it is a Catholic addition when it is really a printers subtraction.
In other words, printers removed the Apocrypha from the Bible, not any church.
The Apocrypha contains a number of edifying stories (some fictional, such as the detective story in which Daniel cross-examines witnesses and saves Susanna from an accusation of adultery) and some good wisdom (Sirach says Then give the physician his place, for the Lord created him; do not let him leave you, for you need him. There may come a time when recovery lies in the hands of physicians, for they too pray to the Lord that he grant them success in diagnosis and in healing, for the sake of preserving life.)
The most valuable book is 1 Maccabees, which is required reading for anyone studying the New Testament, because it contains an account of the Maccabean War, which took place about a century before the New Testament. Its a better source than Josephus. Many of the religious parties that appear in the New Testament, such as Pharisees, Sadducees, and Zealots, were founded during that time. That war also led to the Jewish misconception that the Messiah would be another Judas Maccabee.
The Apocrypha also contains a lot of polemic against idolatry (such as Bel and the Dragon), which helps us understand what form it took in that era, and that is good background information for studying the Old Testament and the New Testament.
This proverb is not involved in policing the canon, because what we consider to be the Old Testament was not finished yet, and the New Testament lay centuries in the future. In fact, there is no statement in scripture about which books are canonical and which are not; the canon is a feature of the church you belong to. What we are warned against here is a more fundamental, more serious sin: failing to distinguish between what God says and what wed like Him to say, passing out our own opinions and traditions as if they were the very Word of God. Whether we do this by blatantly appending our own writings to the Bible and proclaiming it as Gods Word or by more insidiously making our own interpretations into a new standard of orthodoxy, it is equally wrong.
The canon was accepted late in the 4th century and not in the 1500s. Its acceptance was essentially restated at that time for obvious reasons - Luther and other reformers were commiting heresy.
I could come at this discussion from a number of angles and paste off the internet, but I won’t do that. I will just leave you with a few questions. Which Old Testament did Jesus read? Did he read or use the Hebrew cannon or did he use the Greek cannon (which had the “apocrypha” as you call it)? Another question you can ask yourself is what languages were Jesus and the apostles fluent in? What was the language they spoke and used? When you answer these questions you will see in your own heart what books were cannon and what were not cannon.
It’s my understanding that Jesus quoted from the Septuagint. I also understand he only cited non-Apocryphal books. I did read the list of apocryphal phrases or references he was supposed to have made, but I think those phrases are too general and/or are also traceable to non-Apocryphal sources.
The Council of Trent’s official declaration is easily accessed. I can’t help that I use the internet. I of course am not a theologian and am not sitting in a library full of works by the many theological fathers that I can read at my leisure all day. I am not a seminarian and simply don’t have the decades of study that it would take to come up with reams of original thought on the subject on my own.
As best I understand Jesus used Greek and Aramaic, which is a Hebrew dialect. I don’t know why that would argue for or against the Apocrypha. Jesus of course could have used any language He wished, since He could raise the dead; He was not limited by language.
A question that crosses my mind - didn’t mean to post two times -
what, if any, essential Roman Catholics doctrine(s) that you know of would change if the Apocrypha were not considered to be the Word of God?
Hebrew cannon.
Greek cannon.
how many decades appart are those?
but seriously where is the old picture from?
I just nobbled it from a Greek music & history website. It’s a group of Greek soldiers dancing around a cannon during the war with Italy in 1940.
My understanding is that 1) praying for the dead, 2) communion of saints in Heaven, and 3) purgatory are the Catholic teachings that call on the Deuterocannon. I am certain of 1 and 3 and mostly certain about number 2.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.