[Mad Dawg]

And please tell us about all of these secular universities in Europe, so free to contradict the papacy. circa 1600.

How did Protestants respond to heliocentric theories? Is there any data?

[Mr. Lucky]

The introduction to Copernicus' major work on heliocentricism was written by Andreas Osiander, a prominent Lutheran theologian.

On the other hand, the book was dedicated to Pope Paul III, so go figure.

[Varda]

“How did Protestants respond to heliocentric theories? Is there any data?”

There is information that takes a fair amount of digging. I recall that the “authorities” against Copernicus were all Protestant. Specifically the University of Wittenberg, Luther and Calvin all spoke out against the theory. An early effort to publish “De revolutionibus orbium caelestium” resulted in a rejection by Wittenberg to use their press. They did agree to publish only the chapter on mathematics.