“How did Protestants respond to heliocentric theories? Is there any data?”
There is information that takes a fair amount of digging. I recall that the “authorities” against Copernicus were all Protestant. Specifically the University of Wittenberg, Luther and Calvin all spoke out against the theory. An early effort to publish “De revolutionibus orbium caelestium” resulted in a rejection by Wittenberg to use their press. They did agree to publish only the chapter on mathematics.
Thanks to both of you. I did’t know the Osiander connection.