Posted on 10/27/2006 8:28:46 AM PDT by Hank Kerchief
I seldom read book reviews, and would not have read the one entitled, "Suicide of the West," if it had been written by anyone other than Theodore Dalrymple and if someone I greatly admire had not suggested I do so. So I did. The opening paragraph explains exactly what the three books reviewed are about:
"That Western Europe suffers from a state of general paralysis is a truth too universally acknowledged to require much reiteration. Slow growth and high unemployment; an aging and shrinking population; scientific and cultural irrelevance to the rest of the world; a large, unassimilated alien population much of which is hostile to the very countries into which it has immigrated—these are just a few of the problems that Western Europe not only fails to solve, but even properly to recognize."
America Is Part of The West
The title of the review is a bit misleading because the books are all about Western Europe's rapid decline and it's causes, and though mentioned, does not include America in that suicide. It is that neglect I want to address, because many of the symptoms of Western Europe's decline are already apparent in the US, and the causes of Europe's descent are rampant in America, but generally unrecognized. My impression when I read the review was, "we're next," because America is already sick with the same poison killing Europe and if we keep on in our present direction, the death of Western Civilization will be total, including America, which will certainly succumb to the same toxins.
This paragraph, in particular, directly relates to America:
"... There is a crisis of meaning and purpose in Western European societies .... They are almost entirely post-religious, but they have found no form of transcendence to replace religion, and none is on the horizon. ... Modern Europeans believe in very little, except in as comfortable and safe a life as possible. Indeed, health and safety have altogether replaced faith, hope, and charity as the cardinal desiderata. It is scarcely any wonder that, when faced by people who, quite mistakenly and with a combination of staggering ignorance and arrogance, believe themselves to be in possession of a truth that justifies almost any atrocity committed, if not by them, exactly, then by those whom they have indoctrinated, modern Western Europeans do not know how to react. ..."
Religion, Tolerance and Intolerance
There is in the above paragraph a significant mistake which I left out. After pointing out the end of religion in Europe left an unfilled moral/philosophical vacuum, Dalrymple wrote: "An awareness of belonging, or of contributing to, a collectivity or endeavor of world-importance is no longer possible for them ..." He is wrong that what is missing, is a sense of "belonging" or "endeavor of world-importance," which are collectivist-statist concepts, the very thing that is finishing off what is left of Europe. He correctly identifies what is missing in the next sentence, "modern Europeans believe in very little."
In fact, they believe in nothing at all. It's called post-modernism, and pervades the universities, the media, and most of society in the United States in two contradictory forms, multicultural "tolerance", on the one hand, and "zero tolerance," on the other. The multicultural madness is about the destruction of values and "zero tolerance" is about forcing people, especially children, to conform to that madness. While multiculturalism promotes something called, "diversity," it despises anyone who is truly different, that is, exceptional. Every kind of outrage is "tolerated" as diversity, unless it exhibits exceptional intelligence, decency, or strength of character.
Religious tolerance, for example, is extended to all religions, and the more backward, oppressive, cruel, and savage it is (e.g. Islam) the more it is tolerated. There is one religion that is not tolerated, however, and that is Christianity. This fact is becoming more apparent every day. While little girls are being threatened with punishment for reading the Bible during their lunch recess, and virtually all Supreme Court Decisions seek to eliminate any evidence or practice of Christianity from the schools, Islam is being taught in American schools and even to American troops. The reason Christianity is singled out as the untolerated religion bewilders most Americans. I'm going to explain it and show why that intolerance is the measure of America's decline.
Religion in America
There is one other mistake Mr. Dalrymple makes about religion, particularly Christianity in America. He wrote, "Both Bawer and Berlinski insist that one great difference between Western Europe and America is the survival of religion in America, which gives Americans a moral backbone (for want of a better term) that Western Europeans do not have. For myself, I am somewhat skeptical of the strength of American religious feeling compared with the breadth of the religious affiliation that they claim."
I think Mr. Dalrymple is mistaken about the depth of religious influence and feeling in America and think he would be surprised by the actual number of people for whom religion is a fundamental part of their personal and public lives. The impression he has, I think, comes from the way religion is presented in the media. Publicly, many people claim to be religious, and many others are nominally religious, but beyond that, have no real religious convictions. It is that kind of "religion" which I think is more visible, especially to a non-American, and therefore somewhat distorts their view. While religion has no magic power to confer anything on people, especially backbone, there is an aspect of religion, particularly Christianity, that is part of the distinction between America and Western Europe. It is that which I want to identify.
Objective Perspective on Religion
I would gladly take the credit for that identification if it were mine, but it is not. It was Ayn Rand who made that identification, and clarified it in a way that few of those who call themselves by the name of the philosophy she developed, Objectivism, understand. I'm afraid many "Objectivists" find themselves on the wrong side of this issue, siding with those who would tear down all values, that is, on the side of the postmodernists and multiculturalists.
In a Feb. 4, 1963 letter to US Congressman Bruce Alger, she wrote: "In accordance with the principles of America and of capitalism, I recognize your right to hold any beliefs you choose—and, on the same grounds, you have to recognize my right to hold any convictions I choose. I am an intransigent atheist, though not a militant one. This means that I am not fighting against religion—I am fighting for reason. When faith and reason clash, it is up to the religious people to decide how they choose to reconcile the conflict. As far as I am concerned, I have no terms of communication and no means to deal with people, except through reason.
The difference between "not fight against religion" and fighting for reason is profoundly important. She is not just speaking of "freedom of religion" because she has a profound respect for religion, and an equally profound contempt for those who would destroy it. For example, she wrote, in the April 1966 issue of The Objectivist, in the article, "Our Cultural Value-Deprivation," the following:
"From a report on a television discussion in Denver, Colorado, I gather that one member of this movement has made its goal and meaning a little clearer. 'God,' he said, 'is a process of creative social intercourse.'
"This, I submit, is obscene. I, who am an atheist, am shocked by so brazen an attempt to rob religion of whatever dignity and philosophical intention it might once have possessed. I am shocked by so cynically enormous a degree of contempt for the intelligence and the sensibility of people, specifically of those intended to be taken in by the switch.
"Now, if men give up all abstract speculation and turn to the immediate conditions of their existence—to the realm of politics—what values or moral inspiration will they find?"
The answer, of course, is none! Rand is not saying or implying that religion provides men with the right values, only that men embrace religion because they seek values and believe in them. She's not saying religion provides the right inspiration, only that religion is, for those who embrace it, an acknowledgement that principles matter, that there is something to revere, that life is important, and there is an absolute truth. When that is taken from men, they become what all Europeans have become, men who value nothing, reverence nothing, believe in nothing, and live for nothing. Rand described that too:
The Road to Nihilism
"Most people lack [the capacity for] reverence and "taking things seriously. "They do not hold anything to be very serious or profound. There is nothing that is sacred or immensely important to them. There is nothing—no idea, object, work, or person—that can inspire them with a profound, intense, and all-absorbing passion that reaches to the roots of their souls. They do not know how to value or desire. They cannot give themselves entirely to anything. There is nothing absolute about them. They take all things lightly, easily, pleasantly—almost indifferently, in that they can have it or not, they do not claim it as their absolute necessity. Anything strong and intense, passionate and absolute, anything that can't be taken with a snickering little "sense of humor"—is too big, too hard, too uncomfortable for them. They are too small and weak to feel with all their soul—and they disapprove of such feelings. They are too small and low for a loyal, profound reverence—and they disapprove of all such reverence. They are too small and profane themselves to know what sacredness is—and they disapprove of anything being too sacred."
[Journals - Part 1: Early Projects, "The Hollywood Years," circa February 1928, ... her first attempt in English to plan a novel. The working title was "The Little Street."]
The thing that is hated about religion is not what any specific religion teaches so much, but that it is something sacred to men, something worth living for, a source of values and profound reverence. It is that which must be destroyed if men are to be enslaved. Rand puts these words in the mouth of the ultimate collectivist, Ellsworth Toohey:
"Don't set out to raze all shrines—you'll frighten men. Enshrine mediocrity—and the shrines are razed. Then there's another way. Kill by laughter. Laughter is an instrument of human joy. Learn to use it as a weapon of destruction. Turn it into a sneer. It's simple. Tell them to laugh at everything. Tell them that a sense of humor is an unlimited virtue. Don't let anything remain sacred in a man's soul—and his soul won't be sacred to him. Kill reverence and you've killed the hero in man. One doesn't reverence with a giggle. He'll obey and he'll set no limits to his obedience—anything goes—nothing is too serious...."
[FTNI - The Fountainhead "The Soul Of A Collectivist"]
Notice, it is not the absurdities of specific religious teachings that is laughed at, but religion itself. In my long satire on religion, I laugh at many of those absurdities, but point out that what men seek in religion, and the fact they seek it, is not to be laughed at. It is precisely what is laughed at today. It is not the impossible things some believe, but the fact they do believe in something that is laughed at. It is not the irrationality of what some hold as sacred, but the fact they hold anything sacred that is ridiculed. It is not that some things men revere are absurd, but reverence itself that is sneered at. It is the attempt to steal from men all sense of purpose, meaning, hope, and aspiration.
Why Christianity
On the face of it, the almost fanatical hatred of Christianity, especially when compared to other religions, is inexplicable. Certainly, the history of Christianity is filled with some terrible chapters of cruelty and oppression, but no more than other religions, and it doesn't even show on the meter when compared to the horrors associated with modern socialistic ideologies or Islam. In most of its present day forms it is the most innocuous and benign of religions.
From its beginning, the dominant religion in America was Christianity, and in that context, the freest and most prosperous society in history came into existence. It is because of this fact that many, especially the religious, mistakenly attribute the unique nature of this country's government, culture, and society to what is frequently called its Judaeo-Christian heritage. There is a mistake in this, but it is a mistake, not about religion itself, but the exact nature of its role and contribution to what is considered Western Civilization.
The mistake is in attributing religion's contribution to it's actual doctrines or teachings—the"ten commandments" are frequently cited. In fact, if the doctrines of either Judaism or Christianity were really the basis of a political system it would be intolerably oppressive. Examples are The Holy Roman Empire and Geneva under Calvin. It was not any of the specific teachings of Christianity that were the source of its positive influence on first, the enlightenment, and secondly, the enlightenment's highest achievement, the founding of America's free society. The source of the positive influence of Christianity on history and society are three characteristics of the Christian religion that make it unique among religions, and the reason that, of all religions, it is the most hated. These characteristics, ironically, seem to contradict some of the specific teachings of Christianity, and this conflict is not unknown to Christians; it is partly the attempt by Christian theologians to resolve these ironies that is the reason for the many different varieties of Christianity.
Christianity and Reason
Despite it's emphasis on "faith" and "authority," Christianity encourages reason and scholarship, even to questioning its own teachings. In it's original meaning, "faith" did not imply blind acceptance, but a faithful allegiance to what one's best reason showed them was true and was more closely allied to, "faithfulness," than, "belief." Throughout the Bible, "faith" was always predicated on "evidence" and reason. "Come now let us reason together, saith the Lord." [Isaiah 1:18] When Thomas doubted the resurrection of Jesus, he was convinced by, "evidence," [John 20:27] not a demand to simply believe. It is not evidence that you are I can accept, but the principle, that only evidence and reason serve as the basis of our knowledge is correct. The highly influential 19th century American theologian and evangelist, Charles Finney expressed the common Christian view, "God has given us minds and expects us to use them."
It was from within the context of Christianity the reformation broke the oppressive and intellectually stultifying influence of Rome, and within the context of society dominated by the "reasoning from evidence" influences of Christianity that the enlightenment and Western Civilization were spawned.
Two of the most important and positively influential philosophers, Thomas Aquinas (13th century) and John Locke (17th century) were Christians and Aristotelians, and it was Aquinas who actually reintroduced Aristotle to philosophy. It is not the doctrines of Christianity that influenced these philosophers, the content of their philosophies came from Aristotle, but the character of their philosphies and what all right philosophy ought to be came from Christianity.
"Philosophy," Ayn Rand wrote, "is the goal toward which religion was only a helplessly blind groping. The grandeur, the reverence, the exalted purity, the austere dedication to the pursuit of truth, which are commonly associated with religion, should properly belong to the field of philosophy." [The New Left: The Anti-Industrial Revolution, "The Chickens' Homecoming"] It was this sense of grandeur, reverence, exalted purity, and dedication to the pursuit of truth that was necessary to a correct philosophy and one of the most important of Christianity's contributions to Western Civilization.
Christianity, Purpose and Values
Those who would destroy religion out of hand, like Christopher Hitchens who can say, "My hope is that literature can replace religion as the source of our ethics," thus admitting religion is a source of ethics for those who have a religion, but in the space of two paragraphs can describe his "hatred and contempt for religion" demonstrates it is not what is wrong in religion they hate, but the fact that men have any basis for values, and what they wish to destroy is mans belief in any source of ethics. It is instructive that he would replace religion with literature, of all things, as that source, and not philosophy.
It is not any particular teaching of religion that is hated by the likes of Hitchens (although they appropriately hate that too). What they hate and want to destroy is that spirit of man that needs the, "grandeur, the reverence, the exalted purity, the austere dedication to the pursuit of truth," without which the spirit withers and dies. So they kill religion itself, and replace it with literature or something worse, and are then bewildered by the fact that men have no values, revere nothing, and are contemptuous of all meaning, and all virtue.
When nothing is sacred, when nothing is revered, when there is no absolute truth, there is nothing to live for beyond the moment, nothing to inspire one to do or be more than they can get away with, nothing to believe in beyond what one sees and feels, "right now," and what they see is bewildering and what they feel is fear. When it is not the particular things that people believe that are addressed, but the fact they believe in something that is held in contempt, all that's left is nihilism, in philosophy and hedonism, in ethics--the dominate philosophy and ethics of today's Western society, a society without purpose or values, ripe to be taken over by the first man who or ideology which claims to have values or purpose, such as Islam.
The specific teachings may be wrong, but in today's world, about the only people who still have that sense of personal dignity, integrity, self-respect, and (though they would never call it that) personal pride appropriate to the truly civilized are Christians. For that, they are hated, hated even by those whose own sense of personal dignity and integrity ought to be the highest, but in fact, is frequently the lowest. It is Christian women, for example, who still have a sense of modesty and privacy, that sense of self-worth that means my person and my body are mine, private, and to be shared only with the one I have judged to be worthy of it. It is Christian men, for example, who still have a respect for women that will not only not let them treat women in a low or crude manner, but not even have low thoughts about them. For that crime they're laughed at, frequently by those who believe they hold the moral high ground—but who would not survive in a truly civilized society.
Christianity and Individualism
Perhaps the most ironic aspect of Christianity is it's inspiration toward individualism. The early American pioneers and most Americans until the middle of the twentieth century were, above all, self-sufficient, competent, honest, and proud of their ability to live on their own merits--without anyone's help, especially the government's. Most of them were Christians.
Christianity is a highly personal religion concerned with man's relationship with God. Though not true of the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox traditions, all other Christians believe there is no human mediator between them and their God and that their relationship with God is determined by the individual, and they are judged or rewarded by their God for their own choices and actions. (This contradicts the Reformed view of original sin, of course, and some other specific teachings--which of course is problematic for the specific religions themselves.)
Except for the mystic content, this view is not far from the view of the objectively rational. It is not God, but Reality for the rational individual, but in the same way the Christian is responsible to no one but God, the Rational individual is responsible to nothing but Reality.
Reality is as ruthless and unforgiving, even less forgiving than the Christian's God. The Christian believes he cannot do wrong and get away with it, because God knows everything he does, even his thoughts, and will judge him based on what he thinks and does. The difference is, the Christians God will forgive them, reality never forgives. The rational individual knows he cannot do wrong and get away with it, because the final arbiter is reality itself--he cannot defy reality (which is what doing wrong is). He cannot defy the nature and requirements of his own mind, the necessity of knowledge, of choosing and acting in accordance with the truth that describes that reality. He cannot evade the truth and get away with it. He can hide what he thinks from the world, and there is no God reading his mind, but he knows what he thinks, and it is his own mind that will judge him.
While the rational individualist cannot accept or condone any of the superstitious notions of Christianity, and must, when faced with them, plainly identify both the irrationality and harm such beliefs entail, he must stand with the Christian on two things—the freedom of every individual to come to their own conclusions about the truth of reality and the freedom to live according to those conclusions, and the knowledge that reality and truth are absolute and that there is something sacred, something eternal and ideal to be revered that makes life worth living.
The Danger is Government, Not Christianity
Now there is a great mistake about Christianity and politics that is frequently made that must be made clear. The Christian view in the United States has always been clearly a separation of state and religion. That, in fact, is a specific teaching of Christianity, exemplified in the words of the Christian's Jesus, "Render to Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and to God the things that are God's." [Mark 12:17]
It is true today, that certain aspects of the religious community are influencing some government policies, which is a violation of both the US Constitution and Christian doctrine. The danger here, however, is not Christianity, but that fact there is a government which not only some religious factions, but any other group that wishes to put over an agenda can manipulate to their own ends.
Despite the altruistic aspects of Christianity, it is Christians who have understood better than any of the secular philosophers and teachers, the necessity of all charity being voluntary, and the evil of, so-called, government charity or welfare. The very American hero, David Crocket, is the perfect example of a devout Christian and anti-government welfare proponent.
Christians have always been political activists, but only as private citizens. The abolition movement was almost entirely a Christian movement, for example. That movement would no doubt have successfully wiped out slavery in this country without the politically motivated and horrible Civil War. The civil war was not initiated by Christians, but politicians.
The Virtue of Christianity
I, like Rand, "am an intransigent atheist, though not a militant one." Like she, "I am not fighting against religion—I am fighting for reason." Christianity, in its doctrines is no doubt, "a helplessly blind groping," for that which philosophy, not just any philosophy, but a rationally objective philosophy is the only means of discovering. It is not Christianity, the religion itself I am defending, but its character in the abstract, as both a symbol of that which is man's highest purpose, seeking the truth and living according to it; and man's highest virtue, achieving his own moral perfection. Rand identified that too:
"Pride is the recognition of the fact that you are your own highest value and, like all of man's values, it has to be earned—that of any achievements open to you, the one that makes all others possible is the creation of your own character—that your character, your actions, your desires, your emotions are the products of the premises held by your mind—that as man must produce the physical values he needs to sustain his life, so he must acquire the values of character that make his life worth sustaining—that as man is a being of self-made wealth, so he is a being of self-made soul—that to live requires a sense of self-value, but man, who has no automatic values, has no automatic sense of self-esteem and must earn it by shaping his soul in the image of his moral ideal, in the image of Man, the rational being he is born able to create, but must create by choice—that the first precondition of self-esteem is that radiant selfishness of soul which desires the best in all things, in values of matter and spirit, a soul that seeks above all else to achieve its own moral perfection, valuing nothing higher than itself." [Atlas Shrugged, Part Three / Chapter VII, "This Is John Galt Speaking"]
This is what the religion destroyers would take from men, because however mistaken it is, Christianity is a form of "abstract speculation" and when that is taken from men, they have only "the immediate conditions of their existence" to turn to, and you end up with a society of men with nothing to value, nothing to revere, nothing to believe, and nothing to live for beyond fulfilling their immediate desires—and the dominant desires of that society are for security, comfort, and immediate gratification. As Dalrymple observed, "health and safety" are now "the cardinal desiderata," only I'd make it "health, safety, and pleasure," and call them "cardinal rights."
If you want to know why no woman is safe alone on any American city street at night, why parents don't care that their children are having simulated sex on the dance floor and the real thing before they are even teens [the CDC thinks its important to promote a new HPV vaccine for pre-teen girls but sees nothing to be concerned about when "national surveys have found that about 7 percent of children have had sexual intercourse before 13 years of age."], if you want to know why our society is a moral cesspool rivaling the decadence of Pompeii, it's because there is no philosophical basis for values in this country, and those who at least have values and know why they're needed, however wrong they are about the source of those values, are ridiculed and oppressed, not for their mistakes, but for their virtues.
With the exception of the libertarians, it is mostly Christians who are actively opposed to big government, welfarism, government schools, and government interference in the economy. It is mostly Christians speaking out against post-modernism and the entire PC, multi-cultural, hedonistic anti-philosophy rot pervading every aspect of American society. It is Christians who are leading and carrying out the home-school movement, for example. They are wrong about some political issues, (abortion, for example, which in this country should not be a political issue), but they are right about what is going on in the schools, and the total decadence in the media, and they are the only one's speaking out about it; certainly the Libertarians are not, nor are most so-called Objectivists. [The link is to a story about Greece, but it is even more true of the US.]
In any community, the most honest, decent, dependable, independent, responsible, individuals are usually the Christians. I'm not saying there are no Christian hypocrites, but those Christians who are true to what they believe hold the principles of integrity, decency, respect for others (and their property), honesty, and purity, that ought to be the virtues of the rationally objective, but frequently are not, at least not in the staunch and uncompromising way it is for Christians. The moral courage to live according to one's values and principles in the face of all opposition, even to the death, which they have demonstrated throughout history and in some places, even today, is a distinctly Christian virtue. It is also a singularly individualistic virtue.
Those who call themselves Objectivists or individualists wonder why people are so resistant their philosophy of objective reason. Most men are not philosophers, but they know the kind of men a right philosophy would produce—men of character, decency, and integrity—that's the kind of philosophy they want. They look around and see the kinds of things men stand for, or stand against, the kind of language they use, the entertainment they enjoy, and how they live their lives, and after they look, they can see no difference between those who call themselves Objectivists, individualists, or libertarians and the rest of corrupt society. Then they look at Christians and find in them all the attributes of character and moral rectitude they expect to find in those whose philosophy is the correct one—and the Christians win.
Before we choose to rid the world of the horrors of religion, especially Christianity, and convert it to our cherished philosophy, we must first tend to our own characters, to ensure we truly seek the "best in all things, in values of matter and spirit," that ours is, "a soul that seeks above all else to achieve its own moral perfection." It does not matter what our arguments are, what we are and what we truly value shows in all we do, and all men can see it. However clear our reason, however vaunted our ethical views, if how we live is no different than how the rest of the world lives, then we are no different from the rest of the world and have no business telling other men what they ought to believe.
Thanks for pinging me to the thread. I really have no comment on this article, though. I have always recognized the influence of religion on society, and would agree that it generally has a positive effect.
Christianity has done a fair job of influencing society for good...at least in recent years. There have been times, however, when the influence was not so positive. Even today, we can see the remnants of those times in Northern Ireland.
Overall, though, it has provided a center of belief that has held people more or less together. I wonder, though, whether that can last. Christianity, in the past couple hundred years, has fractionated itself into a vast multitude of sects and denominations, each believing that it has the correct interpretation of Christianity.
We see this every day here on Free Republic, and even here in the Religion topic. Even though the Religion Moderator does a fine job of keeping the dissension among Christians to a low roar, I'm alarmed at the number of posts that discount one denomination or another as somehow not "true" Christianity.
It is a shame, and it is divisive. I'm sure it's not what Jesus would have taught.
For me, as an outsider, but a former believer, there is a core to Jesus' teachings that should suffice to unite all Christians. It used to, I think, mostly. These days, I am not sure.
I'm sure someone will come along now and ask me, in either a nasty or reasonable way, what right I have to even discuss Christianity, since I am an atheist. Well...I've been studying Christianity (along with other religions) all my life. It is the most successful of all modern religions, reaching worldwide. Islam is probably the second most successful.
Christians should unite, despite their differences, it seems to me. Islam has far less sectarianism in it. It is that unity that makes it such a dangerous enemy.
H.G Wells was a antheist and socialist, with an intense hatred of the Roman Catholic Church.
You might find these links interesting:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Wells
http://www.online-literature.com/wellshg/
Hank
Hi American Quilter
Didn't mean to mislead you, but the article is Dalrymple's review of three books and not about a book he has written. However all three of the books he reviews are very good.
Hank
Please don't judge Christians and Christianity by what you see posted on FR. This forum is a self-selected group of vocal people who come to FR for reasons of their own and is in no way representative of Christianity any more than it is representative of the silent majority of conservatives.
As to Northern Ireland, are those really religious problems or a historical political fight dressed up in religous clothing for cover by people seeking power?
Were the Crusades religious violence or a response to an Islamic invasion of Europe? Was the Inquistion really a witchhunt or a response to injustices and depredations occuring in the feudal and civil courts at the time?
A great many beliefs about historical Christianity are misguided or propaganda by those who dispise the idea of a Creator God and those who worship Him.
There is a lot of unhistorical history being taught these days.
Who, then, would you say is representative of Christianity. There are many who consider themselves Christians here. I take their word for it.
As to Northern Ireland, are those really religious problems or a historical political fight dressed up in religous clothing for cover by people seeking power?
The answer is both. The roots of the situation occurred when England separated itself from the RCC. That created both religious and political tension, which is still being expressed.
Were the Crusades religious violence or a response to an Islamic invasion of Europe? Was the Inquistion really a witchhunt or a response to injustices and depredations occuring in the feudal and civil courts at the time?
Again, the answer is both.
The reformation occurred in response to certain abuses of the Roman Catholic Church during one of its periods of needing more money. That split was the beginning of the fractionalizing of Christianity.
For this discussion, I am ignoring the Eastern church, which is, today, relatively irrelevant.
For greater clarity, the life of society could be divided in three more or less autonomous areas [albeit they influence and interpenetrate one another]:
1. Economics;
2. Culture [everything man-made [excepting economics and sociology] in the life of that society - from national cuisine and architecture to song, dance and pottery shards - the stuff of ethnologists and archaeologists.
3. Sociological [i.e. civilization proper] aspects - how that society exists and self-perpetuates as a sociologically distinct entity, i.e. how its members relate to one another and to their groups in socially important situations. Sociological aspects of "national character", value systems [weltanschauung] and dominant religions come right here. This is merely an elaboration of Huntington's thesis - he used the whole religion [and not only its sociological side] as a convenient marker. Such an elaboration is perfectly justified - Huntington did not split the Western Civ into several Protestant civs and a Catholic civ, after all.
Now, the objectionable [or praiseworthy] parts of any religion are to be found in its sociological/civilizational aspects. This boils down to what kind of a society the particular religion favors or helps to promote - in the here and now, on this earth. These are the fruits by which one knows the tree, and not the immaterial parameters like 'filioque', the number of prescribed daily prayers or whether its clergy is married or celibate, wears beards or shaves, and whether their ritual headgear resembles overturned chamberpots or not. The Western Civ grew out of Western christianity, but outgrew it when the civilization assumed its secular orientation. This orientation and the Western individualistic focus have been the cause of all Western progress since the Renaissance at least.
I thought so. Which was why it was very telling that he said Christianity made the most sense.
The author understands that reality is the final arbiter of the rightness of one's decisions and actions. But the author does not yet see that a personal, loving God who came and died on the Cross for us is the creator of our reality. We don't get to choose that reality. We can only recognize and accept it. Our life has to be molded by that, not by philosophical grasping-at-straws to find objective truth and morality thru reason.
The Jews got this early-on. The fundamental tension of early Genesis is between obedience to God and eating of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. I have always understood that to mean that, on the ultimate questions that religion and philosophy address, it is God who sets the rules (who establishes reality), we do not make them up on our own and should not attempt to. As Genesis describes in IMHO, allegory (but TRUE allegory), down that path of "knowledge of good and evil" lies insanity and death. We see this process being acted out all over America and Europe today.
The author bemoans that Objectivists do not model the philosophy they espouse. But that is inevitible, given the author's notion that reality is the final arbiter. He assumes that reality will punish what he intuitively knows to be wrong behavior. But it doesn't--hence the eloquence of many of the Psalms and Job. Were he consistent with his philosophy, he would do whatever he liked as long as his odds of getting away with it were good--strictly reality driven. But he's not doing that because of his intuition that there is good and evil, regardless of consequences. As CS Lewis points out, that intuition is universal and it comes from Someone.
I always find it best to judge people by what they do, not what they say. A poster who comports himself respectfully most of the time (everyone loses it at least once on forums, it seems) may be exactly what he claims to be. But this is the internet, not reality and should not be substituted for reality. Those who are most representative of Christianity are those around you in the real world who are striving to live Christ-like lives in a decidedly unChrist-like world.
Here's a very good article on the Inquisition from National Review Online The Real Inquisition that I found interesting.
If I had more time I'd dig something up for you on the actual roots of North Ireland violence which has more to do with power and fascism that it does with religion.
Please remember that religion is often used by evil men to cloak their ambitions from the simple, but that doesn't make Christ or Christianity responsible for their activities.
I've never seen the fractionalizing of the Christianity as a bad thing. There are many peoples on the earth with different histories and spiritual needs to minister to. God did not make a one size fits all humanity, why should he make a one size fits all church? We will all one day worship Him in spirit and in truth and how many ways that truth is celebrated in the here and now is inconsequential to eternity.
the spirit of Christianity....that's the Holy Spirit
Cutting to the chase... Thanks for the ping.
"I always find it best to judge people by what they do, not what they say. "
Yes, that's my rule, too. Still, writing or speaking is an action, too, so I judge based on what people say or write as well.
If someone tells me he or she is a Christian, I must take their word for it. They're "confessing with the mouth," and that's part of the whole deal.
Now, if that person acts otherwise in a way that is not in keeping with the teachings of Christianity, I might consider that person something of a poor Christian, but if he or she proclaims Christianity, then what can I do but accept that?
Certainly you may accept it, but remember my original reply to you was to not accept the the postings of a self selected subset as representatives of a whole. Any mathmatician or scientist (Christian or Athiest) would tell you the same ;-)
Then the author is not consistent. He decrys that Objectivists do not model exemplary behavior. But why should they? The "objective" rule if we are only meat can only be "do whatever you want as long as the consequences don't outweigh the pleasure or survival benefit gleaned from doing as you choose." So murder is OK as long as you have a very low probability of getting caught. Or, if like Ted Bundy, the pleasure of murder outweighs the consequences.
I was an Objectivist many, many years ago. The author is starting down the same path that eventually lead me to the Cross.
It all depends on how you assess reality. As a non-Christian, I did not believe that reality included God. But then I looked hard at the evidence for the Resurrection and it is simply overwhelming. That's what made me a Christian.
Once you accept the Resurrection as a highly probable part of reality--that is, it really happened--your belief about what is real changes; not because you have become subjective and squishy, but because that's the verdict the evidence demands.
So I don't disagree with the author's basic approach. I disagree about what is the nature of the reality we confront. Back to my original question; if the nature of reality is that we are meat, why does the author concern himself with great questions? Why does he believe there is a standard of behavior that is exemplary other than: "do what'cha want; but don't get caught?" Why does he care that Objectivists do not model good behavior?
Just think, what is one of America's most popular books of modern times? How about American Psycho?
http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/Porn/Ellis2.html
You might dig this.
Once you accept the Resurrection as a highly probable part of reality--that is, it really happened--your belief about what is real changes; not because you have become subjective and squishy, but because that's the verdict the evidence demands.
Amen.
bump
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